省级农用地样地法分等研究——以重庆市为例

本文设计了省级样地法分等方案,其核心是分等单元自然质量分的计算,特点在于“土地剖面”的构建。应用该方法对重庆市农用地分等的五个试点区县进行了等别划分,共将研究区划分十二个等别。利用1034个调查样点单元的标准粮产量(y)及与之对应的自然质量分(x)进行线性拟合,判定系数R2=0.67。结果表明,样地法分等结果较好的反映了农用地的作物生产水平,该方法可以应用到其它同类区域。     

农用地分等因素法与样地法比较——以重庆市九龙坡区为例

以重庆市九龙坡区为例,对农用地分等中的因素法和样地法及其结果进行了比较。结果表明:①虽然两种分等方法在分等原理、计算方法等方面不同,但是其分等结果在等别面积和空间一致性方面差异较小;②因素法分等较复杂,不利于技术人员理解和掌握;③样地法分等简便易行,易于掌握,但建立跨区域的因素指标体系方法还不成熟。     

基于GIS的互助土族自治县农用地分等研究

农用地等别是衡量农用地质量的基本指标,是确定土地使用税、土地征用补偿及租赁费等的重要依据.MAPGIS具有强大的空间数据和属性数据的处理能力,将MAPGIS技术运用于农用地分等,不但可以减少大量烦琐的计算工作,而且可以大大提高分等的速度和准确度.本文应用MAPGIS软件针对青海省互助土族自治县农用地分等工作进行研究,概述MAPGIS支持下农用地分等技术路线与方法,探讨数据库建立、分等单元划分与属性提取和指数计算等几项关键步骤,探讨了MAPGIS技术在县域农用地分等中的应用,并提出了县域农用地分等应注意的问题.     

基于GIS的农用地分等研究——以江西省分宜县为例

GIS具有强大的空间数据和属性数据的处理能力.将GIS技术运用于农用地分等,不但可以减少大量烦琐的计算工作而且可以大大提高分等的速度和准确度。以江西省分宜县农用地分等为例,探讨了GIS技术在县域农用地分等中的应用,并提出了县域农用地分等应注意的问题。     

基于分等成果的农用地综合生产能力

分析了农用地综合生产能力的内涵,阐述了农用地综合生产能力和生产潜力的理论体系,对不同层次的生产能力和生产潜力的核算方法进行了探讨。以东北地区为例,测算了区域农用地的生产能力和生产潜力,揭示其空间分布规律,并划定生产潜力区,为实现区域的耕地保护和粮食安全战略提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

基于农用地分等的耕地产能监测体系研究

为了建立一个基于农用地分等的耕地产能监测体系,结合中国农用地分等和产能核算工作进展,确定了耕地产能监测的相关定义和原则.在土地可持续利用与管理的理论框架下,设计了耕地产能监测的体系,构建了监测样点与监测样区相结合、重点监测和基线监测相结合的耕地等别及其产能监测流程.基于农用地分等的耕地产能监测体系主要解决了监测样点与非监测样点的关系问题,耕地等别及其产能渐变与突变的监测问题和传统监测方法与新技术手段相结合的问题.     

基于GIS的农用地分等信息系统设计与开发

根据农用地分等规程同时参照分等试点省份的实践工作，设计开发了基于GIS的农用地分等信息系统。在系统设计中，综合运用了现代地理信息系统和数据库处理、分析技术，在充分体现系统透明性的前提下，实现了农用地分等过程的自动化。该文介绍了该系统的技术路线、数据库结构和功能结构，并根据该系统在安徽省明光市的应用情况进行了总结。实践验证表明，该系统符合规程思想，运行可靠，可以大大提高农用地分等工作效率。     

密云县农用地分等初步研究

 在分析密云县自然、社会、经济条件的基础上,采用因素法进行农用地分等,计算出密云县农用地分等成果,并对结果进行检验与分析。结果表明:采用因素法计算的分等结果与实际相符;密云县农用地总体等别偏低,等别呈现出明显的地域性与指标区差异。同时,提出农用地分等中存在的问题,即以乡镇行政界线划分指标区在县级农用地分等中存在一定的误差,建议采用分等单元实际地形地貌界线划分县级农用地分等指标区。     

基于农用地分等和LESA方法的基本农田划定

划定基本农田既要考虑耕地的自然质量条件,又要考虑耕地与社会经济条件的适宜性,基本农田才能具有长久稳定性。以辽宁省凌源市为例,以LESA方法（land evaluation and site assessment）为指导,结合农用地分等成果,进行耕地质量与立地条件评价分析,并以此为基础划定基本农田。结果表明:LESA体系综合评价结果将凌源市耕地分5级,其中1级、2级和3级耕地自然质量条件较优,与社会经济条件有良好的适宜性,可划定为基本农田,面积为42 697.69 hm²,基本农田保护率达到84.57%。通过分析认为LESA体系继承和沿用了农用地分等成果,可以为农用地定级方法体系研究提供参考。     

基于数据挖掘分类法的农用地分等

应用决策树模型、BP神经网络和Logistic回归模型等分类法,对龙川县农用地分等进行了实证研究,并对各方法的分等结果有效性进行了评价,同时利用混淆矩阵探讨了样本数量对3种模型分类精度的影响。结果表明,样本数量对模型影响有差异,其中对BP神经网络和决策树模型影响较大,在较多训练样本时,模型的精度较高。在较多样本支持下,BP神经网络精度最高,但训练模型的时间较长,可解释性差;决策树模型既具有较高的精度又具有良好的可解释性;Logistic回归模型表现较差。决策树模型最适合龙川县农用地分等工作。研究结果表明,数据挖掘分类法是有效而准确的土地评价方法,有助于提高土地评价的精度和准确性,对农用地分等方法的优化具有一定的借鉴意义。     

经济发达地区耕地景观格局对土壤重金属污染风险的影响分析

探讨耕地景观格局对土壤重金属污染风险的影响有利于丰富耕地可持续利用和保护路径,对维护国家粮食安全和景观生态安全具有重要意义。该研究以经济发达地区嵊州为研究对象,基于土地利用数据、耕地分等成果和93个样点采样数据,测算耕地重金属镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和汞（Hg）污染水平和耕地景观格局指数,采用逐步回归模型和空间回归模型分析耕地景观格局与重金属污染的关系。结果表明：1）研究区各土壤重金属因子污染指数及内梅罗综合评价指数的均值范围为0.22～0.42,Cd、Pb和Hg污染风险依次降低,整体污染风险较低,单个重金属污染指数变异系数均大于0.5,污染风险较高地区呈现团状聚集空间分布特征。2）耕地重金属污染与景观格局在城乡和道路梯度上存在明显的空间关联关系。3）耕地不同类型重金属污染与耕地景观格局各类指数呈现显著相关关系,耕地景观斑块规模、破碎度以及斑块形状复杂度与耕地重金属污染呈显著负相关关系,耕地景观聚集度与耕地重金属污染污染呈显著正相关关系。该研究进一步深化耕地景观格局与土壤重金属污染的定量关系,可为从景观格局优化路径控制土壤重金属污染提供参考。     

红壤重金属的复合污染

The effects of combined heavy metal pollution of red soil on the growth of wetland rice and the transfer of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn from soil into plants were sudied by greenhouse pot experiment,The results showed that the plantyields were markedly affected by heavy metals,with the exception of Pb,in soils under the experimental conditions,without taking into consideration all the interactions among the elements.The concentrations of the elemets in plants were mainly affected by the specific element added to the soil.The effect of interactions among the heavy metals was very significant either on plant yields or on the concentration of the elements in plants.The risk assessment of a combined pollution by heavy metals in the soil is discussed preliminarily in terms of the relative pollution equivalent.     

Suitability of soil microbial parameters as indicators of heavy metal pollution

Several microbial parameters (microbial biomass, respiration, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, sulphatase, glucosidase, protease and urease activities) were measured in soils from five sites located in urban green areas close to roads differing in traffic density. Our aims were to evaluate the suitability of such parameters as field biomarkers of stress induced by heavy metal pollution, and to compare results obtained by single microbial parameters with results given by an index expressing the average microbial (AME) response of the microbial community. Data showed that all parameters were significantly reduced in the sites characterized by the highest load of metals in soil. Dehydrogenase, sulphatase, glucosidase activities and respiration, declined exponentially with increasing metal concentration, whereas phosphatase activity and AME decreased following a sigmoidal type relationship. In contrast, protease, urease and microbial biomass were not significantly correlated with soil metal concentration. Microbial parameters differed both in sensitivity to critical metal concentrations and in the rate of decline at increasing metal loads in soil. Due to the complex interplay of chemical, physical and biological factors which influence microbial activities and biomass, the proposed index (AME) appeared more suitable than single microbial parameters for a biomonitoring study of this type.     

基于UNMIX模型的安徽大矾山废弃矿区土壤重金属源解析

为了摸清安徽庐江废弃矿区土壤重金属含量及其来源情况,该研究通过区域网格布点划分,以大矾山为中心向周围扩散,最终确定50个典型特征点位,分析测定土壤重金属元素砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)含量,应用UNMIX模型进行土壤重金属源解析,并结合ArcGIS地统计模块中的普通克里金插值法分析土壤重金...     

广东大宝山矿区土壤重金属污染

Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.     

贵溪冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特性及评价

在对贵溪冶炼厂周边区域的农田土壤及生产的稻谷进行采样调查和数据处理分析的基础上,对农田土壤重金属污染特性和现状进行了监测和初步评价,结果表明:农田土壤重金属污染可能来源于贵溪冶炼厂废水的排放及尾矿渣的堆放,与灌溉水源无关;用国家土壤环境质量二级标准进行评价可知,农田土壤重金属的综合污染指数较高,土壤污染已处于重度污染等级,单项重金属污染指数表明Cu、Cd的含量已严重超标,并处于重度污染等级,Zn、Pb和As的含量未构成污染;水泉村、竹山村与所生产的稻谷三者之间呈显著或极显著正相关,即农田生态系统呈复合污染的趋势。     

苏北典型新围垦海涂农田盐碱障碍因子特征分析

通过对苏北典型新围垦海涂农田(围垦于2005年,种植于2007年)盐碱障碍因子分析发现,农田土壤处于脱盐碱化阶段,其盐分均值为1.78 g/kg,属轻度偏中度盐渍化,但其变幅大,空间变异性强,盐分大值呈斑块状分布于田块中.同时,其pH高,均值达9.83,碱化特征明显.海涂围垦农田土壤盐分与pH的剖面分布均较均匀,垂直变异性弱.离子分析结果显示,海涂围垦农田土壤盐分以NaCl为主,除K+外,土壤可溶性离子按其与盐分和pH的关系大致可以分为两类,一类为Cl-、SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+,分别与土壤含盐量呈显著正相关;另一类为CO32-、HCO3-,分别与pH值具有极显著的正相关关系;且同类离子之间互呈显著正相关,而两类离子相互之间呈显著负相关或极弱正相关.K+既与土壤含盐量和pH呈极显著正相关,同时也与除SO42-和Ca2+外的所有离子呈正相关.结合研究区气候特征,在消减新围垦海涂农田土壤盐碱障碍因子的过程中应积极改善土壤的物理性质以增强盐分的淋洗,并重点防止土壤的碱化过程.     

用固定剂减少污泥中重金属污染土壤的研究

该研究将加有重金属固定剂的污泥装入废弃塑料容器制成施肥器,利用人工淋水或自然降水,使污泥中的养分从施肥器中流入土壤,而重金属被固定在污泥中,减少重金属土壤污染,再收集处理残渣,防止二次污染。通过淋滤试验和种植油麦菜、蕹菜的盆栽试验得出以下结论：硫酸钾作为固定剂和污泥混合,不仅肥效好,作物产量高,而且污泥重金属被水淋出量少,植物体内重金属的含量低。该文为污泥合理农用提供了新方法,同时充分利用了废弃塑料容器等废弃物,成本低而收效显著。     

基于模糊逻辑的北京城市边缘区土壤重金属污染空间预测

Fuzzy classification combined with spatial prediction was used to assess the state of soil pollution in the peri-urban Beijing area. Total concentrations of As, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb were determined in 220 topsoil samples （0-20 cm） collected using a grid design in a study area of 2 600 kin2. Heavy metal concentrations were grouped into three classes according to the optimum number of classes and fuzziness exponent using the fuzzy comean （FCM） algorithm. Membership values were interpolated using ordinary kriging. The polluted soils of the study area induced by the measured heavy metals were concentrated in the northwest corner and eastern part, especially the southeastern part close to the urban zone, whereas the soils free of pollution were mainly distributed in the southwestern part. The soils with potential risk of heavy metal pollution were located in isolated spots mainly in the northern part and southeastern corner of the study region. The FCM algorithm combined with geostatistical techniques, as compared to conventional single geostatistical kriging methods, could produce a prediction with a quantitative uncertainty evaluation and higher reliability. Successful prediction of soil pollution achieved with FCM algorithm in this study indicated that fuzzy set theory had great potential for use in other areas of soil science.     

乙二胺四乙酸在重金属污染土壤修复过程的降解及残留

为分析乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,EDTA)在修复重金属污染土壤中的环境风险,通过田间调查和培养试验研究EDTA在不同重金属污染土壤中的降解及其残留。田间调查结果表明,乐昌试验田EDTA施用6 a后,表层土壤及深层土壤中均没有检出EDTA残留。佛冈试验田在施用EDTA4个月后,表层土壤EDTA残留量为0.039~0.056 mmol/kg,仅为施入量的2%~5%,施用1a后土壤中未检测到EDTA。翁源试验田在EDTA施用45 d后,表层土壤中EDTA残留量约为施用量的一半,1 a后残留量为施入量的2,6%,深层土壤监测到EDTA残留,但地下水中并没有检测到EDTA,另外地下水中重金属含量并没有升高。因此,深层土壤对离子态和螯合态重金属具有较强的固定能力,可保护地下水免遭重金属的污染。培养试验结果表明,EDTA在土壤中降解遵循一级动力学方程,EDTA在赤红壤、褐土和重金属污染土壤中的降解速率常数分别为4.6×10~(-3)、1.4×10~(-2)和5.8×10~(-3),其降解的半衰期分别为71、25和53 d。EDTA在土壤中降解半衰期与土壤有机质含量和土壤阳离子交换量(cation exchange capacity)之间表现较好的相关性。微生物对EDTA在土壤中的降解具有显著的影响。总之,EDTA可在土壤中降解,建议在中国重金属污染土壤修复过程中可采用EDTA强化修复技术,EDTA的环境风险是可控的。