苹果及其浓缩果汁中农药残留分析进展

本文综述了苹果及浓缩苹果汁中农药残留的提取和净化方法、检测技术及其研究新动向。     

Viruses of grapevine in Albania

Grapevines were surveyed for the presence of virus and virus-like diseases in the Albanian viticultural districts of Shkoder, Lesh, Kruje, Durres, Tirana, Elbasan, Lushnje and Vlora. Symptoms of grapevine degeneration, leafroll and rugose wood were observed in all areas surveyed, whereas fleck was found in volunteer plants of Vitis rupestris at Elbasan, and enation disease in a few vines near Durres. Viruses identified were grapevine fanleaf nepovirus, grapevine fleck virus, grapevine virus A, and grapevine leafroll-associated closteroviruses I and III. ELISA tests showed that 83.5% of 530 Vitis vinifera vines and 46% of 24 American rootstocks individually checked were infected by one or more viruses. The presence of Xiphinema index , the major vector of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus, was recorded from vineyards affected by yellow mosaic.     

Viruses of stone fruits in Albania

Surveys were carried out in the main stone-fruit growing areas of Albania to assess the phytosanitary status of Prunus in conimercial orchards and varietal collections. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases and their identification was ascertained through field observations, sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, graft transmission to woody indicators, ELISA and IEM tests. The mean infection level was 42%. In particular, infections in apricot and almond were 12 and 16%, respectively, i.e. lower than in plum and cherry (47 and 56%, respectively). The following viruses were identified: plum pox potyvirus (PPV). apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV). prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) and prune dwarf (PDV) ilarviruses. PPV infection was very severe in plum, and limited in apricot and peach. Apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV), and six nepoviruses tested for (SLRV, TBRV, RRV, CLRV, ArMV and ToRSV) were not encountered in Primus.     

Viruses of vegetable crops in Albania

Field surveys were carried out in the main vegetable-growing areas of Western and Central Albania to evaluate the sanitary status of open-field and protected cultivations of capsicum, tomato, potato, watermelon, cucumber, courgette, aubergine, lettuce, cabbage, chicory, leek and celery. The following viruses were detected: Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Potato Y potyvirus (PVY), Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) and Watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV-2). The virus found most frequently was CMV and all the isolates identified were of subgroup IA. AMV was also detected in several areas and all isolates were of subgroup II, suggesting a French origin. Finally, at the time of this survey, TSWV infections appeared to be moderately relevant and absent in protected crops. This is the first documented record of AMV, CMV, PVY, TSWV and WMV-2 in Albania. No infection by Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus (TYLCV) or Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) was detected during this survey.     

A Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Method to Specifically Detect Alternaria alternata Apple Pathotype (A. mali), the Causal Agent of Alternaria Blotch of Apple

ABSTRACT Alternaria alternata apple pathotype (previously A. mali) causes Alternaria blotch on susceptible apple cultivars through the production of a host-specific toxin, AM-toxin. Identification of some Alternaria species, especially those that produce host-specific toxins, has been extremely difficult due to a high level of variability which extends even to nonpathogenic isolates. We have recently cloned and characterized a gene (AMT) that plays a crucial role in AM-toxin biosynthesis and demonstrated that it is only present in isolates of A. alternata apple pathotype. Using primers designed for the AMT gene, we developed a polymerase chainreaction-based method to specifically detect AM-toxin producing isolates of A. alternata apple pathotype.     

Occurrence of Erwinia amylovora on pear in Albania

Pear trees were observed in the province of Durres (AL) with typical symptoms of fireblight on the shoots, fruit and branches. Bacteriological analysis of samples of diseased material confirmed the presence of Erwinia amylovora. The isolates were identified on the basis of phenotypical and pathogenic characteristics. The total protein electrophoretic profiles of the Albanian isolates were indistinguishable from those of the strain found in the Po valley (IT).     

苹果果形剂的田间药效试验

苹果果形剂的生物学评价包括改良苹果果形,使果拉长,萼叶裂垂有明显的突起,提高单果及单株果重的效果及对果树的安全性。其效果取决于苹果品种,果形剂的施药量,喷药时期等。这些因素之间存在的显著的工作效应,本文提出了果形剂进行综合评价的时具备的条件及试验方法。     

Weed flora and weed management in established olive groves in Albania

Weed flora were surveyed during 2000 and 2001 in 10 established olive groves that were located in the area of Vlora, in south‐western Albania. The effectiveness of six weed management treatments (soil tillage, straw mulch, cover cropping [a mixture of rye with peas], and grazing, as well as glyphosate and diuron application) on the weed flora, olive yield, and fruit quality also were investigated in two locations during 2000, 2001, and 2002. More than 80 weed species were recorded, representing a total of 14 families, in which the families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, and Rosaceae predominated. The glyphosate application provided the highest and most consistent level of weed control, whereas diuron achieved sufficient weed control. The straw mulch provided acceptable weed control but the cover crop and the grazing did not sufficiently control the weeds. The highest fruit and oil yields were produced by the trees treated with the straw mulch as a result of the highest mean fruit weight in each year, followed by the soil tillage treatment. However, the olive trees in the plots treated with glyphosate or grazing provided lower or equal, respectively, fruit and oil yields than did those in the untreated plots (control). The results indicated that certain non‐chemical weed control methods, such as straw mulch, can be implemented successfully in established olive groves, providing satisfactory control of weeds and promoting the highest fruit and oil yields.     

Introduction of Frankliniella occidentalis and occurrence of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in Albania

The important quarantine pest Frankliniella occidentalis was found in Albania for the first time in 2001. A monitoring programme using blue and yellow sticky traps, and examination of flower samples from tomato, cucumber and Rubus , confirmed the presence of the pest at low levels in tomato glasshouses in Durrës and Tirana districts, and outdoors on Rubus . TSWV was also detected, and confirmed by ELISA, on tomato and weeds.     

苹果园瓢虫的助迁技术研究

在苹果蚜虫的防治关键期,间作冬油菜的苹果园中,冬油菜植株上瓢虫数量常远高于苹果树冠。本文通过研究发现,使用助迁技术能有效促使瓢虫从冬油菜向苹果树转移,能大量提高树冠上的瓢虫数量,增加对苹果蚜虫的自然控制力。     

The main parasitic nematodes on agricultural crops in Albania and their control1

From studies carried out on soil and root samples from the different agricultural crops in Albania, the following nematode genera have been detected: Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Tylenchulus, Globodera, Heterodera, Xiphinema, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Longidorus and Rotylenchus. The commonest species of nematodes are: M. incognita, X. pachtaicum, D. dipsaci, D. destructor, T. semipenetrans, G. rostochiensis, H. schachtii and P. penetrans. Trials on chemical control of root-knot nematodes on tomato have indicated that methyl bromide (500 kg ha^-1) and dichloropropane/dichloropropene are still the best chemicals. Certification of garlic crops, with selection of bulbs before and after sowing, has increased garlic yields to 5–10t ha^-1. Chemical methods to control D. dipsaci are not usually economical.     

苹果、香蕉和柑橘中腐霉利等4种防腐保鲜剂残留分析方法

采用乙腈提取、分散SPE净化的前处理方法以及气相色谱电子捕获检测器,测定了苹果、柑橘和香蕉中腐霉利、抑霉唑、异菌脲和咪鲜胺4种防腐保鲜剂的残留量,利用基质匹配标准校正方法补偿基质效应。结果表明,腐霉利、抑霉唑和咪鲜胺在3个添加水平(0.02、0.05和0.10 mg/kg)下的回收率为85.1% ~108.4%,相对标准偏差为0.5% ~7.9%;异菌脲在3个添加水 平(0.05、0.10 和0.20 mg/kg)下的回收率为82.9% ~98.8%,相对标准偏差为3.6% ~ 8.6%。方法的检出限(LOD)在0.001 ~0.008 mg/kg之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.003 ~0.03 mg/kg之间。     

苹果锈果类病毒辽宁分离物的克隆与序列分析

 类病毒是迄今为止发现的最小病原物,是一类单链共价闭合环状的裸露RNA分子,由246~401个核苷酸组成,具有自我复制能力,是感染某些高等植物的低分子致病性因子。目前已确定的果树类病毒有18种,分属于马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒科(Pospiviroidae)和鳄梨日斑类病毒科(Avsunviroidae)。     

The alien flora of Albania: history,current status and future trends

The first synthesis of the alien flora of Albania is presented here. In order to be able to compare with other published studies, the categories of the aliens are described using widely accepted terms. However, additional terms are also introduced in the text. Altogether, 196 alien species occur outside cultivation, including 81 naturalised and 16 partly naturalised weeds, 11 remnants of the former cultivation, nine old and 38 new casuals, 41 presumably extinct aliens and no invasives. Some authors regarded 25 native species incorrectly as aliens and nine alien species were erroneously documented as members of the Albanian flora. The changes of the alien flora of Albania differ considerably from that of most European countries, and the actual proportion of aliens in the Albanian flora is the lowest in Europe. The low number of aliens, the lack of invasives and the relatively low frequency of aliens in Albania are the consequences of the long‐term seclusion of the country during the 20th century, and the low level of economic development, the extended land use and also the fact that aliens have been present only for quite a short time in the flora. All recent social and economic changes facilitate the establishment and spread of aliens in the country, especially in the lowlands.     

Co~(60)γ射线辐照处理对苹果中微量元素的影响

本文利用60Co-γ射线对储藏期红富士苹果进行了200Gy、400Gy、600Gy和1kGy的辐照处理,研究了不同剂量对苹果中微量元素的影响,结果表明,辐照对苹果中大部分微量元素含量的影响无明显规律,但辐照后12d,对照与各处理之间的Zn元素含量存在显著差异,且Zn元素含量随剂量增加呈现递减的趋势。     

Expression of Endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum in Transgenic Apple Increases Resistance to Apple Scab and Reduces Vigor

ABSTRACT The goal of this research was to improve scab resistance of apple by transformation with genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes from the bio-control organism Trichoderma harzianum. The endochitinase gene, as cDNA and genomic clones, was transferred into apple cv. Marshall McIntosh by Agrobacterium-transformation. A total of 15 lines were identified as transgenic by NPTII enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by Southern analysis. Substantial differences in endochitinase activity were detected among different lines by enzymatic assay and western analysis. Eight lines propagated as grafted and own-rooted plants were inoculated with Venturia inaequalis. Six of these transgenic lines expressing endochitinase were more resistant than nontransformed cv. Marshall McIntosh. Disease severity compared with cv. Marshall McIntosh was reduced by 0 to 99.7% (number of lesions), 0 to 90% (percentage of leaf area infected), and 1 to 56% (conidia recovered) in the transgenic lines tested. Endochitinase also had negative effects on the growth of both inoculated and uninoculated plants. There was a significant negative correlation between the level of endochitinase production and both the amount of disease and plant growth.     

陕西省渭北高原冰雹灾害对苹果生产的影响研究

根据渭北高原苹果26个基地县1958～1980年冰雹史料和千阳历年的苹果产量, 并用Mapinfo6.0作专题图,研究了陕西苹果基地县冰雹的时空分布规律对苹果生产的影响。 应做好冰雹预报、预防和雹后的管理工作。