松脂的贮藏运输

松脂的贮运以保持清洁，不渗漏，尽量减少松节油挥发为原则。采腊人员收集的松脂直装入不漏油的容器内，在安全处存放，容器需加盖，避免日晒和尘土混入，并及时运到收购点或工厂。收购点和工厂应将松脂分级并加盖贮存，注意防火。短期内不能调运或加工的松脂，应加清水保养，以防树脂氧化。松脂严禁与铁器直接接触，避免加深松脂颜色。松脂水运时，除脂用木桶装运外，如倾入船舱，务使舱板清洁，不漏油，并须密盖舱板。运输损耗一般约为1％－3％。汽车运输，如用木桶装运，松脂损耗较大，达3％一5％，若改用密闭槽车，则可大大提高运输效率…     

松脂澄清脂液质量在松香质量管理中的作用

本文通过对松脂澄清脂液检验的实践，论述了松脂澄清脂液的质量检验，在保证松香产品质量，评价熔解和蒸馏生产工序的工作状况，以及分析松香产品质量波动的原因等方面的作用。     

松脂澄清脂液质量在松香质量管理中的作用

本文通过对松脂澄清脂液检验的实践，论述了松脂澄清脂液的质量检验，在保证松香产品质量，评价熔解和蒸馏生产工序的工作状况，以及分析松香产品质量波动的原因等方面的作用。     

沙棘原汁产地鲜加工设备与工艺的应用研究

用KXJ-01-1型可移动鲜果蔬原汁加工设备在沙棘产地就近收购鲜果，进行了鲜榨、过滤、灭酶、巴氏灭菌、UHT灭菌、无菌灌装等工艺的研究，通过优选法确定了先进可靠的工艺参数，最大限度地保留了沙棘固有的营养成分和色香味，解决了沙棘原汁易腐败、易褐变、易老化等加工的难题，进而证明该成套设备及其生产工艺是可行和可靠的。     

桃综合贮藏保鲜技术研究：Ⅰ.采收成熟度及采前处理对贮藏效果的 …

桃的采收成熟度与果实的耐藏性有较密切的关系，在７－８成熟时的绿熟期采收，经贮藏后果面新鲜，果实硬面脆，褐变和腐烂少；采收过晚则果实易软化，容易褐变和腐烂。采前１个月用１００ｍｇ／ｋｇＧＡ３处理有利于提高桃果实的耐藏性情，贮藏后处理果的硬度比对照高１倍；采前１－２ｄ用５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ朴海因处理大久保，京玉和燕红桃，贮藏好果等分别增加２２．８％，２２．９％和１８．３％；     

山葡萄果汁褐变的主要原因及控制方法

由于山葡萄果汁发生褐变后，可以综合反映果汁的新鲜程度、卫生质量、营养概况、加工工艺及储藏过程是否合理。同时，直接影响产品的保质期，使产品的稳定性下降。因此，了解山萄萄果汁褐变的原因，掌握控制褐变的工艺将具有重要意义。现将褐变的原因和控制方法介绍如下。１褐变的主要原因１．１酶促褐变酶促褐变的反应比较复杂，一般解释为：多酚类物质在多酚氧化酶的催化下进行２次羟基化作用，生成三羟基化合物。邻酚具有较强的氧化能力，可将三羟化合物氧化成羟基醌。羟基醌非常容易聚合生成黑色素物质。１．２羰氨反应由于山葡萄果汁中…     

石楠组培快繁技术研究

对石楠茎段组织培养中外植体的灭菌、褐变预防、增殖培养、根诱导等进行了试验研究。结果表明：外植体诱导再生新梢时，在培养基中添加500mg／L的PVP可有效地控制褐变；以6-BA1．0＋IBA0．2为增殖和扩繁培养基效果较好，增殖倍数达5．5；幼茎在1／2MS＋IAA（0．1～0．3）mg，L的培养基上生根效果普遍较好，生根率可达90％左右；幼苗经炼苗后盆栽，成活率95％。     

废机油的回收利用

各种类型的汽车和拖拉机及其它机械设备,都要定期更换润滑机油,被更换的机油颜色变黑、闪点减少、油膜因被冲淡而变稀,同时含有水份和杂质。因此,在机修保养时,都被人们随手倒掉或烧掉了。生产实践证明,只要能够进行精心收集,加强管理,进行简易地再生处理,完全可以恢复其原有的性能,代替好油使用。开展废油的回收和利用,不仅是节约能源的具体措施,也是缓解国家油脂供需矛盾的好途径,降低企业生产成本的好办法。回收不同品种的废油(如润滑油、齿轮油、刹车油等)要分别盛装,作好标记,加     

核桃组织培养技术研究综述

外植体材料的选择与消毒灭菌方法、培养过程中的褐变问题、培养条件的选择以及组培苗生根技术的研究一直是影响核桃组织培养成功的关键，通过查阅大量相关文献，对以上几个方面做了较为全面的概述，并提出了相关问题的讨论，以期为以后的核桃组培工作开展提供借鉴和依据。     

枣果的保鲜与贮藏

一、选用耐贮性品种 我国栽培的鲜食枣品种极多，贮藏性因品种不同而有差异。早中熟品种耐贮性差，不适宜进行长期贮存，宜随采随销．避免损失。晚熟品种如冬枣、雪枣等。可以通过贮存来延长市场销售时间或在市场变档销售，以提高售价，增加收入。一般晚熟品种．在常温自然条件下可贮存5-7天；在科学管理、低温等条件下。有的品种保鲜期可达4个月以上。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.