W6基因的过表达提高转基因烟草的耐盐性

W6基因是由普通小麦地方品种小白麦cDNA文库中克隆获得的ERF类转录因子, 属于ERF IV家族。将W6基因构建在由组成型CaMV35S强启动子控制的双子叶转化载体pBI121上, 通过农杆菌介导法将其转入烟草新华1号。利用RT-PCR技术分析W6基因的过量表达对下游抗性基因表达水平的影响, 并测定高盐胁迫下转基因烟草的SOD酶活性和叶绿素含量。结果显示, 所检测的转基因烟草阳性株中W6基因均有不同程度的表达, 其耐盐性明显提高。W6基因的表达诱导并增强了含有GCC box的PR(pathogenesis-related)基因和含有DRE/CRT元件的COR/RD基因的表达。在高盐胁迫下, 转基因烟草的SOD酶活性和叶绿素含量明显高于对照。W6基因既能诱导抗病相关的PR基因表达又能诱导与提高非生物胁迫能力的COR/RD基因表达, 可能与生物胁迫和非生物胁迫相关, 证实转录因子W6参与了耐盐胁迫相关基因的调节, W6基因的过表达提高了转基因烟草的耐盐性。     

ERF转录因子对生物胁迫的反应及对棉花抗性改良的意义

大量研究表明植物中ERF(ethylene responsive factor)类转录因子广泛参与外界环境胁迫应答基因表达的调控.它编码的蛋白能够特异结合GCC-box元件,从而调控启动子含有GCC-box的病程相关蛋白基因的表达,在植物抗病反应中发挥重要的调控作用.棉花中ERF基因表达受生物和非生物胁迫诱导,并在乙烯、茉莉酸和水杨酸信号传导途径中发挥一定的作用.一些ERF基因在转基因植物中的超表达表现出了一定的广谱抗性,因而在棉花分子育种中具有较为广阔的应用前景.本文主要论述了棉花等植物中ERF的结构与功能特征,当前相关研究进展,及其对棉花抗病性分子遗传改良的意义.     

水稻耐旱性基因OsERF65的克隆、表达及转录自激活活性分析

ERF家族转录因子普遍存在于植物中,在植物生长发育、抵抗逆境的过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究从‘珍汕97B’中克隆到一个耐旱相关基因OsERF65,属于ERF转录因子家族的成员。生物信息学分析表明,OsERF65含有一个保守的AP2结构域,与AtERF73等同源蛋白的亲缘关系较近。OsERF65的启动子区域含有多个响应非生物胁迫及激素处理的顺式作用元件,定量PCR结果显示该基因的表达明显受干旱、高盐等非生物胁迫处理的诱导;酵母中转录激活活性结果显示OsERF65具有一定的转录自激活活性;烟草瞬时表达结果表明Os ERF65蛋白定位于细胞核中。本研究为进一步研究OsERF65的生物学功能奠定了一定的基础。     

向日葵病程相关蛋白HaPR1基因的克隆与功能

病程相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related proteins)经常被用作植物抗病反应的分子标记。本文在核盘菌诱导向日葵转录组文库的基础上克隆1个病程相关蛋白1基因Ha PR1的c DNA全长序列,并进行了表达模式和功能分析。结果表明,该基因c DNA全长开放阅读框为489 bp,编码162个氨基酸,分子量为17.52 k D,等电点为8.19,具有6个保守半胱氨酸,4个保守的allergen V5/Tpx-1结构域,Gen Bank登录号为KR071874。经比较Ha PR1与多种物种PR1高度同源。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,Ha PR1相对表达量在向日葵叶中最高,根中其次,茎中最低。干旱、盐、草酸、核盘菌及其代谢物均可显著诱导其表达。利用农杆菌介导法将该基因导入烟草,提高了转基因株系对核盘菌的抗性。对抗性株系烟草防御酶活性及丙二醛含量测定发现转基因烟草叶片在核盘菌胁迫下显著提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了MDA含量。初步推断Ha PR1具有抗核盘菌的功能。     

植物抗旱耐盐机理的研究进展

干旱、盐碱均是影响植物生长发育及作物减产的非生物胁迫因素,研究植物的抗旱性和耐盐性对农业生产和生态建设具有重要的意义。植物在受到干旱胁迫或者盐碱胁迫时,可以通过渗透物质的变化以及保护酶活性变化来响应干旱胁迫或者盐碱胁迫,从而提高植物的抗旱耐盐能力。同时许多与植物抗旱耐盐相关的基因被克隆和分析,并通过转基因技术将这些基因转到植物中异源表达,同样提高了转基因植物的抗旱耐盐能力。笔者从植物形态、生理生化水平以及活性氧清除和转录因子等方面概述了植物的抗旱和耐盐机制。     

烟草转录因子NtNAC080在非生物胁迫下的表达分析及功能鉴定

NAC作为植物特有的转录因子,广泛参与植物生长发育、衰老及胁迫响应等生物学过程。为探究烟草NtNAC080在非生物胁迫响应中的功能,利用qRT-PCR技术分析了不同胁迫处理下NtNAC080的表达模式,结果表明,NtNAC080的表达受干旱、高盐胁迫以及ABA、MeJA和SA激素的诱导;以NtNAC080基因的敲除突变体及野生型(K326)烟株为材料,分析敲除株系在高盐和干旱胁迫下抗逆表型。试验表明,与野生型相比,2个敲除株系的耐盐抗旱能力均明显增强;干旱和盐胁迫下敲除株系的抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性以及可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量显著高于野生型,而丙二醛含量显著低于野生型。相反地,异源表达NtNAC080的转基因拟南芥与野生型(Col-0)相比对盐和干旱的耐受性明显减弱。qRT-PCR分析发现在干旱和盐处理后胁迫相关基因(NtDREB1A、NtKAT2、NtNHX1等)在NtNAC080基因敲除株系中表达水平显著高于野生型。以上结果表明,NtNAC080在烟草的非生物胁迫响应中起负调控作用,这可能是通过调控抗氧化酶活性及胁迫相关基因的表达来实现的。     

玉米中低温应答ERF基因鉴定及表达分析

ERF转录因子在植物的多种发育过程和非生物胁迫反应中发挥重要作用。在玉米中,虽然ERF家族基因对盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的响应研究已经有报道,但尚没有研究从全基因组水平鉴定ERF家族基因对低温胁迫的响应。本研究采用高通量测序技术Illumina HiSeq,分别在5℃和22℃处理下构建玉米叶组织转录组,从中筛选出57条低温响应ZmERFs,包括53条上调表达的Zm ERFs,4条下调表达的Zm ERFs。不同的Zm ERFs在不同组织部位和发育阶段的表达模式有很大变化。蛋白保守结构域分析表明ZmERFs蛋白中共有20个保守基序,EAR基序出现在组B1成员中,LWSY基序出现在A1,A5和B2成员中。启动子分析显示,多种逆境相关元件ABRE、ARE、LTR和MBS在低温响应ZmERFs的启动子中高度富集。RT-qPCR结果进一步显示GRMZM2G544539和GRMZM2G040664基因可以同时受低温、盐和干旱胁迫诱导表达,GRMZM2G434203基因可以同时受低温和干旱胁迫诱导表达,表明ERF转录因子可以参与包括低温在内的多重非生物胁迫反应。此外,启动子中含有7个ABRE元件的GRMZM2...     

甜菜ERF转录因子基因克隆及非生物胁迫响应分析

ERF(Ethylene-responsive element binding factors)是调控植物生长发育和响应胁迫的重要转录因子，在植物应对生物及非生物胁迫反应、调控胁迫相关功能基因的表达、提高植物的抗逆性中起着重要的作用。分析甜菜ERF转录因子基因在非生物胁迫下的表达规律，旨在为深入研究ERF转录因子在甜菜逆境胁迫应答中的作用机制提供理论依据。本研究以高糖型甜菜品系‘BS02’为试材，利用RT-PCR方法克隆得到Bv＿ammr基因，并对其进行生物信息学分析。该基因CDS区长906 bp，编码301个氨基酸。蛋白质分子量为33.19 kD，理论等电点为8.61，其二级结构以无规则卷曲和α-螺旋为主，具有一个AP2保守结构域；氨基酸序列的同源性和进化树分析显示其编码蛋白与马兜铃菌毛所编码的蛋白亲缘关系较近。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法观测非生物胁迫下该基因表达模式，结果表明，Bv＿ammr基因对低温、高温、干旱、盐、ABA等非生物胁迫有不同程度响应。     

红麻非生物逆境胁迫响应基因HCWRKY71表达分析及转化拟南芥

WRKY转录因子在植物响应非生物逆境胁迫过程中具有重要的调控作用。本研究根据红麻转录组unigene序列(CL3883.Contig4),设计引物进行PCR扩增,经sanger测序获得全长为957 bp的HcWRKY71基因cDNA序列。该基因开放读码框为957 bp,编码1个含有318个氨基酸的蛋白,具有1个WRKY功能保守结构域,属于II类WRKY转录因子。在盐胁迫下,HcWRKY71基因表达量随NaCl溶液浓度升高而增加;在干旱胁迫下,HcWRKY71基因表达量随干旱胁迫时间的增加呈现先下降再上升然后再下降的趋势;在重金属镉胁迫下,HcWRKY71基因表达量随CdCl2溶液浓度的增加而降低。表明该基因表达受盐、干旱和重金属镉胁迫的诱导。利用农杆菌介导花序浸染法将该基因转化拟南芥发现,HcWRKY71基因提高了转基因拟南芥幼苗的耐盐性,这为进一步研究HcWRKY71基因的耐逆机制奠定了坚实的基础。     

GsERF6基因过表达对水稻耐盐碱性的影响

乙烯响应因子(ERF)是植物特有的一类转录因子,在响应非生物胁迫中具有重要作用。本研究通过生物信息学发现,野生大豆耐盐碱ERF转录因子GsERF6与水稻ERF同源蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性很高,均包含1个高度保守的AP2结构域。为探究GsERF6基因在水稻耐盐碱应答中的作用,通过遗传转化、PCR和半定量RT-PCR鉴定,获得了2个纯合的GsERF6过表达转基因水稻株系。表型鉴定表明, 200 mmol L^–1 NaHCO3处理下GsERF6转基因水稻的存活率、相对含水量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均显著高于对照,活性氧积累则反之。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明, 40 mmol L^–1 NaHCO3处理6 h后渗透调节基因OsP5CS2和OsLEA14在GsERF6转基因水稻中的表达量显著高于对照。本研究表明,水稻中GsERF6的过表达可通过提高ROS清除水平、渗透调节能力及胁迫应答基因的表达来提高其耐盐碱性。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.