氧化锌、氧化铜纳米材料与杀虫剂混配对斜纹夜蛾毒杀的增效作用

采用浸渍法,将氧化锌、氧化铜纳米粉混入杀虫剂氯氰菊酯和辛硫磷中,测定对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura Fabricius)毒杀增效作用。同时也采用普通粒子氧化锌、氧化铜做对照试验,试验结果表明:两种纳米材料与氯氰菊酯杀虫剂混配具有一定的增效作用,而普通粒子氧化锌、氧化铜与其混配并没有增效作用。纳米氧化锌与氯氰菊酯按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数分别为146;纳米氧化铜与氯氰菊酯按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数为116;纳米氧化锌、氧化铜与辛硫磷按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数分别为128和116,试验结果表明:氧化锌、氧化铜纳米材料与杀虫剂混配对斜纹夜蛾毒杀有一定的增效作用。     

丙溴磷·高效氯氰菊酯混配制剂对小菜蛾幼虫室内毒力测定

采用Potter喷雾塔喷雾法测定丙溴磷与高效氯氰菊酯不同配比对小菜蛾的室内毒力,用孙云沛的共毒系数法评价了2种药剂的联合作用。结果表明,丙溴磷与高效氯氰菊酯制成的含量为42％丙溴磷·2％高氯(混配1)与40％丙溴磷·4％高氯(混配2)混剂在处理后24h和48h,表现出显著的增效作用。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株对东亚飞蝗的生物活性

通过生物测定比较了9种昆虫病原线虫共生菌对东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis 4龄蝗蝻的杀虫活性,其中嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310菌株(以下简称Xn HB310)对4龄蝗蝻的活性最高;采用浸叶法进一步测定了Xn HB310菌液对不同虫态的东亚飞蝗的毒力。结果表明:在饲喂96 h 后,Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为2.97×105、4.90×105和6.24×105 CFU/mL,致死中时间(LT50)分别为51.48、52.59和64.34 h。研究还发现该菌株对东亚飞蝗具有明显的拒食活性,处理48 h 后Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为1.15×105、2.36×105和3.16×105 CFU/mL。通过点滴或剪除东亚飞蝗成虫感觉器官的方法,证实了Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗产生拒食作用的器官是下颚须和下唇须,剪除下颚须和下唇须及两者均剪除的拒食率分别为37.36%、51.28%和100%。研究结果表明,嗜线虫致病杆菌Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗的杀虫速度快且活性高,具有开发为防治东亚飞蝗杀虫剂的潜力。     

不同杀虫剂对苹果黄蚜的毒力及复配研究

采用浸虫法测定不同药剂对苹果黄蚜的毒力,并对不同药剂进行复配,测定复配药剂对苹果黄蚜的毒力和复配效果.结果表明:苹果黄蚜对啶虫脒最敏感,其次是吡虫啉、联苯菊酯、阿维菌素,对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯敏感度较低,对马拉硫磷基本无敏感性.不同药剂复配以啶虫脒与阿维菌素配合效果最好,5种不同比例配合均表现为增效作用,其中啶虫脒与阿维菌素质量配比为2∶1时增效作用最明显,其余依次为啶虫脒与阿维菌素(1∶4)和(4∶1)、啶虫脒与高效氯氰菊酯(1∶4)、啶虫脒与氰戊菊酯(1∶4)、啶虫脒与联苯菊酯(1∶2),其共毒系数均高于400.田间试验同样表明:啶虫脒与阿维菌素(2∶1)桶混处理效果明显好于单剂.     

阿维菌素与三种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的联合毒力

阿维菌素是防治西花蓟马的常用药剂,为筛选出对西花蓟马具有增效作用的阿维菌素与其他药剂的混配组合,采用浸叶法测定了阿维菌素、毒死蜱、吡虫啉和吡蚜酮等药剂对西花蓟马2龄若虫的毒力,并通过共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。结果表明,阿维菌素与毒死蜱复配表现出明显的增效作用;阿维菌素与毒死蜱比值为2∶8与8∶2时,增效作用最显著;阿维菌素与吡蚜酮、吡虫啉均表现出拮抗作用。     

斑蝥素与几种杀虫剂混配的增效作用

在前期工作中,初步发现斑蝥素具有杀虫活性,同时发现其具有增效作用。为进一步探索斑蝥素与杀虫剂的混配增效效果,筛选具有增效作用的组合物,采用浸叶法在室内条件下测定了1．0%斑蝥素乳油与5种杀虫剂单剂及其混配制剂对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L．)的毒力,筛选出了药剂间的较佳配比,评价了各配方的增效作用。研究结果表明,斑蝥素与阿维菌素混配,协同毒力指数测定值为-1．75,表现为相加作用;斑蝥素与硫丹、氟啶脲、杀虫双和灭多威等4种杀虫剂分别以LC_(50)剂量比为1:1、2:3、3:7和4:1比例混配,其共毒系数分别为408．11、718．97、216．39和414．64,CTC测定值均显著大于100,表明斑蝥素与这4种供试药剂混配均具有不同的增效作用,其中与氟啶脲混配增效比值最大,增效效果最为显著。     

金龟子绿僵菌破坏素A与5种杀虫剂混配对苹果黄蚜的联合毒力

为了更科学合理地选择防治苹果黄蚜的药剂, 采用浸渍法测定了虫生真菌毒素-破坏素A和杀虫剂1.8%阿维菌素EC、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC、10%吡虫啉WP、40%啶虫脒WG、10%烯啶虫胺AS等对苹果黄蚜的毒力, 结果显示, 上述药剂对苹果黄蚜的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0.016、0.221、0.221、2.242、9.793和8.247 mg/L, 表明破坏素A对苹果黄蚜具有较高的毒力, 1.8%阿维菌素EC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC次之。进一步筛选破坏素A与杀虫剂的最佳混配比例, 结果表明, 当破坏素A和1.8%阿维菌素EC以4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3、8∶2、9∶1的比例混配时均具有显著的增效作用, 混配比为9∶1时共毒系数为176.36, 毒力效果最佳。生物杀虫剂破坏素A与阿维菌素的混配施用在苹果黄蚜的防治中具有较好的应用前景。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌对小菜蛾的致死和亚致死效应室内评价

嗜线虫致病杆菌是与昆虫病原线虫共生的细菌,对小菜蛾等多种害虫具有广谱的杀虫活性。为了深入了解该菌的杀虫活性,在室内测定了嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310 ( 简称 Xn HB310)菌株对小菜蛾幼虫的致死和亚致死效应以及持效期。结果表明, Xn HB310菌液对小菜蛾2龄和3龄幼虫72 h的LC50值分别是3.32×104 和8.56×104 CFU/mL,其活性组分主要存在于菌株细胞和经50 kDa超滤膜超滤后的上清液中。此外, Xn HB310菌液对小菜蛾幼虫还表现出明显的拒食活性,其2龄和3龄幼虫的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为4.03×105和8.48×105 CFU/mL。将2.24×106 CFU/mL菌液喷施到甘蓝苗上,其在室内的持效期为3~4 d。用亚致死剂量(LC30和LC50)的菌液饲喂小菜蛾2龄幼虫,存活幼虫的生长发育指标、蛹重、雌虫寿命以及成虫产卵量均明显下降,推测这可能导致小菜蛾下一代种群数量减少。研究结果表明,嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株具有开发成为杀虫剂的潜力。     

鱼藤酮与印楝素对小菜蛾毒力最佳配比的筛选

采用浸叶法测定了鱼藤酮与印楝素混配后对防治小菜蛾3龄幼虫的增效作用及最佳配比.结果表明:当鱼藤酮:印楝素位于7.52:2.16和7.20:3.60之间时,混配药剂表现出增效作用;当2种药剂混配比为7.52:2.16时,增效作用最强,共毒系数最高为164.     

阿维菌素与噻唑膦混配对南方根结线虫的联合毒力测定

为延缓根结线虫的抗药性发展,同时减少药剂使用剂量,对阿维菌素和噻唑膦进行了混配,测定这2种单剂及不同配比对南方根结线虫的毒力.结果表明,阿维菌素和噻唑膦原药单剂都有较高的杀线虫活性,LC50值分别为23.8和56.55mg/L;阿维菌素+噻唑膦(原药比例)1∶4,1∶2,1∶1,2∶1,4∶1比例混配LC50值分别为40.07,31.67,28.38,27.15和24.64mg/L,对南方根结线虫的共毒系数CTC分别为110.84,122.67,118.36,108.97和109.62.阿维菌素+噻唑膦(原药比例)1∶2有明显增效作用,具有广阔的应用前景和开发价值.     

The ovicidal action of insecticides and insect growth regulator/insecticide mixtures on the eggs of various ages of susceptible and diflubenzuron-resistant strains of Spodoptera littoralis boisd

The ovicidal action of four insecticides and three insect growth regulators, on eggs of various ages of the susceptible (S) strain of Spodoptera littoralis, was investigated. The results revealed that diflubenzuron was the most toxic compound tested on 0-1-day-old eggs, followed by triprene and then methoprene; chlorpyrifos came next in its toxicity, followed by cypermethrin then fenvalerate; methomyl was the least effective. With the progress of embryonic development, 1-2-day-old eggs showed slight tolerance to the action of the pesticides and juvenoids, but apparently resisted the action of diflubenzuron. Eggs 2-3 days old showed increased tolerance to the insecticides and diflubenzuron and, to a lesser extent, to the action of the two juvenoids. A total of 21 insecticide or insect growth regulator-insecticide mixtures, based on their toxicity equivalents (LD₂₅ + LD₂₅), were applied jointly on 0-1-day-old eggs of the S strain. The mixtures which produced high synergism on this stage could be arranged, according to their decreasing order of potentiation, as follows: fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, cypermethrin/triprene, methomyl/methoprene, cypermethrin/methoprene, fenvalerate/ methoprene, cypermethrin/methomyl, cypermethrin/diflubenzuron, fenvalerate/triprene, diflubenzuron/methoprene and methomyl/triprene. The mixtures that produced synergistic effects on 0-1-day-old eggs were also tested against the 1-2 and 2-3-day-oldeggs of the S strain. Theresults indicated that themixtures fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin with either triprene or diflubenzuron, when tested on 1-2-day-old eggs, produced levels of synergism nearly similar to those achieved on newly deposited eggs. On the other hand, the mixtures cypermethrin/methomyl, and fenvalerate with methoprene or triprene, showed comparatively lower levels of synergism. However, the synergistic action of the mixture cypermethrin/methoprene, previously detected on newly deposited eggs, became an additive effect on 1-2-day-old eggs. Only the mixtures fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, cypermethrin/triprene and fenvalerate/methoprene showed synergism on 2-3-day-old eggs. The mixtures which showed synergistic effects on 0-1-day-old eggs of the S strain were further tested on eggs of various ages of the diflubenzuron-resistant (R_d) strain. As regards 0-1-day-old eggs, only the combinations cypermethrin/triprene, methomyl/methoprene and fenvalerate/methoprene produced additive effects. The mixture cypermethrin/diflubenzuron was still synergistic against newly deposited eggs of the R_d strain, in a manner similar to that indicated with the S strain. Apparent levels of antagonism were shown to the other insecticide-juvenoid mixtures as well as to the diflubenzuron/methoprene combination. The combinations cypermethrin/methomyl and fenvalerate/diflubenzuron had some effect on the freshly deposited eggs of the R_d strain but produced lower levels of potentiation. With the increase in age of the eggs, the mixture cypermethrin/diflubenzuron showed a lower level of synergism on the 1-2 day-old eggs than was observed in younger eggs. The additive effects, previously detected with some of the mixtures on newly deposited eggs became an antagonistic effect for the 1-2-day-old eggs. The eggs at this stage were more able to resist thejoint action of the other mixtures tested. Moreover, with further increase in the age of the eggs, the combination cypermethrin/diflubenzuron produced a lower level of potentiation on 2-3 day-old eggs, followed by fenvalerate/diflubenzuron at an even lower level, while the other mixtures showed various levels of antagonism.     

2种昆虫病原线虫共生菌的代谢产物对苹果病原菌真菌的抑菌作用

嗜线虫致病杆菌(Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310)和发光杆菌(Photorhabdus luminescens HB140)是分别从小卷蛾斯氏线虫和异小杆线虫中分离到的2株昆虫病原线虫共生菌。为了明确这2种共生菌的抑菌活性,分别测定了其对苹果上6种主要病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,这2种共生菌对6种苹果病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株发酵液对苹果轮纹病病原菌抑制效果最好,抑制率达76.9%,对其他病原菌的抑制作用依次为苹果树腐烂病病原菌(74.1%)>苹果斑点落叶病病原菌(60.9%)>苹果灰霉病病原菌(46.7%)>苹果青霉病病原菌(44.5%)>苹果炭疽病病原菌(23.0%);发光杆菌HB140菌株发酵液对苹果灰霉病病原菌的抑制作用最好,抑制率达到86.7%,对其他病原菌的抑制作用依次为苹果树腐烂病病原菌(76.6%)>苹果轮纹病病原菌(58.8%)>苹果斑点落叶病病原菌(46.0%)>苹果青霉病病原菌(44.2%)>苹果炭疽病病原菌(39.9%)。2种共生菌发酵液对苹果轮纹病菌均有较强的抑制作用,其EC50分别为42.28和42.92 mL/L。     

Efficacy of insecticide mixtures against pyrethroid‐ and organophosphate‐resistant populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) is an important pest worldwide, with over 112 host plants, and is exposed to insecticides throughout the year, resulting in the rapid development of resistance. Insecticide mixtures can delay the development of resistance more effectively than sequences or rotations. Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos and fipronil were assessed separately and in mixtures against laboratory susceptible S. litura and two field‐collected populations. RESULTS: The field‐collected population from Khanewal (KWL) was significantly more resistant to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and profenofos than one collected from Muzaffar Garh (MGH). Mixtures of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos or profenofos and of deltamethrin + chlorpyrifos or profenofos at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios significantly increased (P < 0.01) toxicity to cypermethrin and deltamethrin in field populations. The combination indices of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos at 1:1 and 1:10 ratios and cypermethrin + fipronil at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios for the KWL strain and of cypermethrin + profenofos or fipronil at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios for MGH were significantly below 1, suggesting synergistic interactions. The inhibitors DEF and PBO largely overcame resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and profenofos, suggesting that resistance to the insecticides was associated with esterase and monooxygenase detoxification respectively. CONCLUSION: Chlorpyrifos, profenofos and fipronil could be used in mixtures to restore cypermethrin and deltamethrin susceptibility. These findings may have considerable practical implications for S. litura resistance management. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

The joint action of mixtures of insecticides,or of insect growth regulators and insecticides,on susceptible and diflubenzuron-resistant strains of Spodoptera littoralis boisd

The joint action of insecticides, or of mixtures of insect growth regulators and insecticides, on the susceptible (S) strain and diflubenzuron-resistant (R_d) strain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. was investigated. The joint action of the insecticides and/or insect growth regulator mixtures was determined by mixing them in proportion to their activity equivalents at the LD₂₅ or ED₂₅ levels. A total of 15 mixtures of two synthetic pyrethroids, two organophosphorus, one carbamate and one organochlorine insecticides, were applied to the fourth-instar larvae of the S and R_d strains. The insecticide mixtures cypermethrin/methomyl and cypermethrin/endrin exhibited high and moderate levels of synergism on the S strain, respectively. However the mixtures chlorpyrifos/methomyl, phosfolan/methomyl, and phosfolan/endrin produced antagonism, while the other mixtures showed varying levels of additive effects. The response of the fourth-instar larvae of the S strain, to the joint action of diflubenzuron/juvenoid, diflubenzuron/insecticide, or insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, revealed that diflubenzuron produced high levels of synergism when combined with methoprene and progressively less with fenvalerate, methomyl and cypermethrin. On the other hand, the mixture diflubenzuron/triprene was antagonistic. Fenvalerate with the two juvenoids produced synergism while methomyl showed an additive effect with methoprene. However, the mixtures cypermethrin/methoprene, cypermethrin/triprene and methomyl/triprene produced antagonism. The mixtures that produced potentiation on the fourth-instar larvae of the S strain lost their high potency when tested against the R_d strain. The results also indicated that insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, when applied on 2-day-old pupae of the S strain, were synergistic, except in the case of cypermethrin/methoprene and methomyl/triprene mixtures, for which additive effects were observed. When the mixtures that had synergistic effects on the S strain were tested on the R_d strain, the results revealed that their synergistic effects were apparently reduced. This was attributed to the fact that the generalised levels of tolerance in the R_d strain towards various compounds may have influenced the several defence mechanisms to act against the synergistic action of the chemical mixtures.     

Antifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Melia azedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergists

BACKGROUND: To reduce rates of synthetic insecticide applications, natural product alternatives and synergists are needed. A study has been made of the toxicity of ethanolic senescent leaf extracts (SLEs) of Jatropha gossypifolia and Melia azedarach on larvae of the noctuid pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Their effects as syngergists and inhibitors of several enzyme activities are also reported. RESULTS: When added to the diet, M. azedarach SLE showed lower toxicity than J. gossypifolia SLE. However, after 2 weeks on the diet, the M. azedarach SLE proved to be lethal to 100% of the larval population. Artificial diets with both SLEs have an antifeedant effect on armyworm larvae. Acute toxicity after topical application in a dipping assay was relatively low for both J. gossypifolia and M. azedarach SLEs (LC₅₀ of 2.6 and 1.4 g L^?1, respectively, after 24 h). However, mixtures of the SLEs of M. azedarach and J. gossypifolia had a strong synergistic effect with cypermethrin. Synergism was higher with the J. gossypifolia SLE, perhaps because it contains several natural products with a methylenedioxyphenyl moiety. Both extracts inhibited P450, general esterase and acetylcholinesterase activities in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: Both J. gossypifolia and M. azedarach SLEs are antifeedants to armyworm larvae when present in the food, and also have a synergistic effect with cypermethrin in topical assays. Although the synergistic effect is less than with piperonyl butoxide, both SLEs have some inhibitor activity against detoxification enzymes and acetylcholinesterase. Thus J. gossypifolia and M. azedarach SLEs may be considered as ecofriendly approaches for the control of S. frugiperda in order to reduce cypermethrin usage. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

三种增效剂对甜菜夜蛾防治的增效作用

甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua( Hübner)近年来在我国很多地区爆发成灾 ,发生区域南至广东、台湾、福建 ,北到东北地区 ,而且其与棉铃虫 ( H elicoverpa armigera Hübner)一样 ,都是杂食性害虫 ,寄主植物十分广泛。甜菜夜蛾爆发的原因很多 [1 ] ,其中对常规化学农药的高抗性是重要原因之一 [2 ]。利用增效剂增强农药对抗性害虫的防治效果是害虫抗性治理的主要措施之一 ,如增效醚 ( PBO)、MGK2 6 4被推荐与拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂混合使用防治对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯类农药有抗性的田间小菜蛾 [3] 。本试验利用采自田间的甜菜夜蛾种群 ,测定了 …     

Concurrent events in the uptake by insects of cypermethrin from a microemulsion formulation

Changes in formulation composition at the site of in-vivo applications of an oil-in-water cypermethrin microemulsion have been determined on American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). Surface washes of 0.6-μl deposits on femur cuticle recovered decreasing amounts of radio-labelled diluent water, toluene and cypermethrin with time. After 30 min, only cypermethrin (22.5 % w/w initial dose) could be removed in significant amounts. Extraction of cuticle underlying the site of application indicated similar but independent, patterns of initially increasing levels followed by a decline from the maximum, for all three compounds. Recoveries of formulants in the surface washes were utilised to describe the post-application nature of the microemulsion deposit as provided by the formulation phase diagram. The initial and most rapid movement of cypermethrin away from the surface deposit apparently took place via the intact oil-in-water microemulsion. Some 6 min after application, the deposit entered a viscoelastic gel phase with no further phase change indicated.     

两株拟除虫菊酯类农药高效降解菌混合降解性能研究

从拟除虫菊酯类农药生产车间下水道驯化污泥中分离筛选出两株可同时降解联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的高效菌株M6R9和M5R14,经鉴定为产气肠杆菌Enterobacter aerogenes和缺陷假单胞菌Pseudomonas diminuta。通过单一菌和混合菌对比实验,发现单一菌及混合菌对联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的降解率均与接菌量(OD415nm)呈正相关,且降解过程满足一级动力学方程。在含联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯各100 mg/L的基础培养基中,接菌量相同(单一菌OD415nm 均为0.2,混合菌中M6R9和M5R14的OD415nm各为0.1),于30 ℃、pH 7.0、180 r/min下培养3 d,发现混合菌对联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的降解率分别比单一菌M6R9和M5R14提高2.5%、3.4%、2.3%和14.5%、14.6%、15.5%,半衰期分别缩短8.1、14.8、13.1 h和40.3、50.7、46.4 h,表明混合菌对联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的降解存在协同作用,即混合菌可提高3种菊酯类农药残留的去除率。