西花蓟马传播病毒病的研究进展

西花蓟马［Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)］是一种世界性的重要农业害虫,目前在69个国家和地区已有报道。西花蓟马能以持久性的方式传播番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)的病毒,所传播病毒造成的经济损失远远大于其本身所造成的损失。因此,许多学者对西花蓟马及其传播的番茄斑萎病毒属病毒进行了大量研究。本文主要综述了近年来西花蓟马传播病毒的种类、番茄斑萎病毒属病毒的结构以及西花蓟马的传毒机制等方面的研究进展。     

云南省红河地区传播番茄斑萎病毒属病毒的蓟马及其寄主植物种类调查

2011年7月至2012年8月对云南省红河州传播番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)病毒的蓟马种类及其寄主植物进行了系统调查。明确了西花蓟马、花蓟马、烟蓟马和棕榈蓟马4种为传毒蓟马。其寄主植物主要有辣子草、粉花月见草、茴茴蒜等30种以上田间杂草和白菜、蚕豆、番茄等超过20种作物。     

危险性外来入侵害虫——西花蓟马的鉴别、危害及防治

西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)及其所传播的番茄斑萎病毒(TSWV)已被许多国家列为检疫性病虫害, 对多种蔬菜、花卉、果树造成严重危害。本文对其主要鉴别特征、分布危害、生物学习性和控制技术作了简要介绍。     

北京地区发现番茄斑萎病毒

通过采用特异快速试纸条以及进一步的RT-PCR和序列测定证实,在北京局部地区的辣椒和茄子上已发生番茄斑萎病毒,这两种作物上同时发生的蓟马种类主要为西花蓟马,并且携带该病毒。番茄斑萎病毒病是极其危险的一种病害,可对作物造成毁灭性灾害。建议有关部门立即采取相应的预防与管理措施,防止其扩散蔓延。     

露地栽培番茄斑萎病毒病发生流行规律调查及TSWV重要寄主植物监测

为明确云南省昆明市露地栽培条件下番茄斑萎病毒病的发生流行特征,于2014—2015年采用病害系统调查法结合病毒ELISA及RT-PCR检测方法研究露地栽培条件下由番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)引起的病毒病发生规律及其重要寄主种类,并研究利用防虫网隔离蓟马对番茄斑萎病毒病的防控效果。结果表明:番茄斑萎病毒病在露地番茄主要种植期3—10月普遍发生,番茄苗期和移栽初期是该病毒病防控的关键期,带毒种苗调运是该病毒病的主要传播途径;田间多种茄科和菊科植物是TSWV的重要中间寄主。在田间,菊科寄主植物油麦菜、莴苣、鬼针草、牛膝菊上TSWV的检出率均较高,在42.53%～81.63%之间;茄科寄主植物中辣椒上TSWV的检出率最高,为41.99%,其次为马铃薯,TSWV检出率为27.78%,在番茄上TSWV的检出率为19.02%,因此生产中应对这些TSWV重要中间寄主给予更多关注和防控。应用防虫网能有效隔离蓟马,使番茄斑萎病毒病发病率和病情指数较对照分别降低了6.44个百分点和5.31,可有效降低番茄苗期及定植期斑萎病毒病的发生。     

黑龙江地区番茄斑萎病毒的鉴定及其部分生物学特征分析

近年来,番茄斑萎病毒Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV)在我国多个地区发生严重危害。本研究采用小RNA深度测序和RT-PCR相结合的方法对采自黑龙江的番茄病毒病样品中的病毒进行了鉴定。提取番茄样品的RNA并构建小RNA文库进行测序,数据分析发现比对至TSWV基因组的reads数占比对到病毒核酸总reads数的92.64%,表明侵染此番茄样品的病原物可能是TSWV。利用RT-PCR方法进一步确定侵染此番茄样品的病毒为TSWV,将其命名为TSWV-HLJ1。对TSWV-HLJ1的核苷酸序列进行分析并构建系统进化树,结果表明TSWV-HLJ1与TSWV云南甜椒分离物(TSWV-YNgp)的亲缘关系最近。介体传毒试验表明,西花蓟马可将TSWV-HLJ1传播感染健康寄主植物。摩擦接种试验表明,TSWV黑龙江分离物能够侵染本氏烟、辣椒和番茄。这是我国首次报道在黑龙江地区发现TSWV的危害。     

Q型烟粉虱对番茄斑萎病毒的获取、保持及在非传毒寄主棉花上的适合度

正番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)可使花生、番茄、辣椒和曼陀罗等多种植物致病,西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis是其媒介昆虫,而烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci并不能高效传播TSWV,为非媒介昆虫(Pan et al.,2013)。植物病毒不仅可以与媒介昆虫发生相互作用,还可以直接或间接修饰非媒介昆虫的行为,导致非媒介昆虫适合度的改变(Chen et al.,2017)。田间自然条件下,Q型烟粉虱在感染TSWV的寄主上取食,TSWV可能对携毒Q型烟粉虱的寄     

侵染广西甜椒的西瓜银斑驳病毒分子鉴定

西瓜银斑驳病毒(Watermelon silver mottle vi-rus,WSMoV)为布尼亚病毒科(Bunyaviridae)番茄斑萎病毒属(Orthotospovirus)病毒,通过蓟马以持久增殖型方式传播,主要危害番茄、辣椒、西瓜等茄科和葫芦科作物,引起褪绿轮纹、环斑、皱缩等症状,造成严重的经济损失[1]....     

西花蓟马对二斑叶螨为害菜豆的选择性与挥发物的关系

研究了二斑叶螨雌成螨的密度分别为5、10、15头/株,为害时间分别为2、4、6 d时,西花蓟马2龄若虫对上述处理菜豆的选择性,并通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪分析鉴定了相应处理菜豆的挥发物。结果表明,在菜豆上二斑叶螨密度为10头/株和15头/株时,西花蓟马均趋向于选择二斑叶螨为害4 d的植株,二斑叶螨密度为5头/株时,西花蓟马对不同为害时间菜豆的选择性差异不显著。在二斑叶螨为害的3个时间段下,西花蓟马2龄若虫均趋向于15头二斑叶螨为害的植株,对5头为害株的选择性最差,表明高密度的二斑叶螨为害株对西花蓟马有一定的吸引作用。挥发物的种类和含量在二斑叶螨不同密度不同时间为害下存在一定差异,推测1-庚烯-3-酮、新植二烯、(Z)-3-己烯 2 甲基 丁酸酯、2,6-二甲基-辛烷、3-甲基-壬烷、十三烷对西花蓟马具有一定的吸引作用,1,4-己二烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、2 乙基-己醇、反式 2,4-二烯醛、β-环柠檬醛、顺式-3-己烯醇2-甲基-2-丁烯酸酯对西花蓟马具有一定的驱避作用。     

西瓜和甜瓜上西瓜银斑驳病毒的鉴定及广西分离物S RNA序列分析

<正>0引言西瓜银斑驳病毒(watermelon silver mottle virus,WSMoV)是番茄斑萎病毒科(Tospoviridae)正番茄斑萎病毒属(Orthotospovirus)病毒，主要通过蓟马以持久增殖型方式传播^[1-2]。WSMoV病毒粒子球状，外具包膜，基因组为三分体负单链RNA，分别为L RNA、M RNA和S RNA^[1,3]。1982年IWAKI等最先在日本冲绳县发现WSMoV为害西瓜，在叶片上产生银色斑驳症状，遂命名为西瓜银斑驳病毒^[4]；随后，中国台湾、泰国、印度等地陆续报道该病毒^[1,5-6]。     

Relationship between esterase activity and acrinathrin and methiocarb resistance in field populations of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious pest in the south-east of Spain owing to its direct feeding on crops, transmission of the tomato spotted wilt virus and its very high level of resistance to insecticides. Mechanisms of resistance were examined using field populations of F. occidentalis with different susceptibilities to acrinathrin, methiocarb (selective insecticides), endosulfan, metamidophos and deltamethrin (broad-spectrum insecticides). Esterase activity towards alpha-naphthyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl acetate in resistant strains was significantly higher than in the reference strain (MLFOM) for both model substrates. This higher activity was significantly correlated with acrinathrin and methiocarb resistance.     

Tospoviruses infecting vegetable crops in Israel

Symptoms of vein clearing, stem necrosis, curling, necrotic spots and rings on the leaves associated with infection by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) were documented among vegetable crops growing in commercial glasshouses and open fields in Israel. Plants exhibiting symptoms were collected, from 1994-01 to 1998-12. Among cultivated vegetable crops analysed for TSWV by ELISA, the following plants were found to be infected: tomato, capsicum, aubergine, lettuce, cabbage and cucumber. These incidences of the virus were all correlated with the occurrence in high population of Frankliniella occidentalis. Transmission of the virus from infected Datura stramonium to Petunia leaf discs, by F. occidentalis , was up to 26%. TSWV antigens were readily detected by ELISA in seeds harvested from naturally infected vegetable crops. However, we failed to show virus transmission to the progeny plants. Iris yellow spot tospovirus (IYSV) was detected in onion. High incidence of the disease was associated with large populations of Thrips tabaci.     

Eradication of Frankliniella occidentalis and tomato spotted wilt virus in Finland: a case study on costs and benefits

Western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ) invaded Finland in 1987/1988. In the following year, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was identified in vegetable and ornamental crops. An eradication campaign was initiated in autumn 1987. Growers were ordered to take measures against F. occidentalis and TSWV and were advised how to avoid these new pests; the import regulations were amended to intensify pre-export and pre-entry control; a research programme was started to develop biological control of F. occidentalis. At present, F. occidentalis occurs only sporadically in a few places and is not a problem for the growers. TSWV has not been identified since 1989. Eradication measures cost the government FIM 1.6 million in 1987/1990. The financial cost of eradication to the industry has been impossible to assess. It has been calculated that 'living with' F. occidentalis and TSWV cost at least FIM 35 million over a period of 4 years. The cost/benefit ratio is thus about 1:20. The eradication campaign has therefore been highly profitable.     

Detection of tomato spotted wilt virus and transmission by Frankliniella occidentalis in France

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was isolated from pepper, tomato, eggplant, broad bean, lettuce, basil, chrysanthemum, aster, New Guinea impatiens, anemone and gloxinia plants. Virus identification was based on host range, vector transmission, serology and electron microscopy. TSWV was readily detected by ELISA in naturally or artificially infected cultivated or weed plants. The virus was also detected in individual F. occidentalis thrips. The spread of TSWV in vegetable and ornamental plants in greenhouses and/or in the open is related to the close relationship of the virus with the vector.     

The competence of four thrips species to transmit and replicate four tospoviruses

The tospoviruses Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) and Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) are well-known pathogens on tomato in Brazil. The thrips species Frankliniella occidentalis , F. schultzei , Thrips tabaci and T. palmi were studied for their competence to transmit these tospoviruses. Frankliniella occidentalis transmitted all four tospoviruses with different efficiencies. Frankliniella schultzei transmitted TCSV, GRSV and CSNV. Although F. schultzei has been reported as a vector of TSWV, the F. schultzei population in the present study did not transmit the TSWV isolate used. A population of T. tabaci known to transmit Iris yellow spot virus (onion isolate) did not transmit any of the studied tospoviruses, and nor did T. palmi . Replication of these tospoviruses could be demonstrated by ELISA, not only in the thrips species that could transmit them, but also in those that could not. The results strongly suggest that competence to transmit is regulated not only by the initial amount of virus acquired and replication, but also by possible barriers to virus circulation inside the thrip's body.     

北京辣椒和番茄上番茄斑萎病毒的鉴定

北京大兴区某蔬菜种植基地的辣椒和番茄发现疑似病毒感染,造成较大经济损失.经症状分析和RT-PCR检测,证实其感染番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV).基于TSWV序列特征对该地区TSWV进化及来源进行分析,结果显示其与北京顺义区已经报道TSWV毒株进化关系较近,但较国内其他地区株...     

RAPID SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS IN INDIVIDUAL THRIPS BY SQUASH-BLOT ASSAY FOR USE IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES

Squash blotting on nitrocellulose membranes was used to detect tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in individual Frankliniella occidentalis adult thrips using a specific polyclonal antiserum. This method offers a simple and reliable procedure to test a large number of thrips and was less time-consuming than alternative techniques available. A 95% agreement was found between the results of squash-blot and plant transmission assay. Based on this agreement, this technique was used to study the relative number of viruliferous thrips in F. occidentalis field populations collected from a farm in Catalonia where TSWV causes important economic losses. The percentages of viruliferous individuals detected from a total of 1509 collected thrips increased from 0% to 2% in the different surveys conducted in the 1993 growing season. Squash-blot proved to be a rapid and inexpensive technique to screen TSWV viruliferous thrips from field populations. The results obtained by this method could be used together with other epidemiological data to forecast TSWV-induced diseases.     

The proportion of viruliferous individuals in field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis: Implications for tomato spotted wilt virus epidemics in tomato

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) infected plants and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Perg., WFT) adult population densities were monitored during 1993 and 1994 in field tomatoes in Northeastern Spain. The proportion of viruliferous WFT adults in field populations was quantified. A significant association has been found between early population densities of WFT adult thrips and final TSWV incidence for early transplanted tomato crops. In contrast, for late transplanted tomato crops, whereas similar high final disease incidences of TSWV could be attained, very low WFT adult population densities were always detected. The significantly higher infectious potential of WFT populations collected during the early growth stages of late transplanted tomatoes could be relevant for the TSWV incidences attained in spite of the low thrips numbers detected.     

Transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus by Thripstabaci populations originating from leek

The transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) by Thrips tabaci collected from leek was studied using the petunia local-lesion leaf-disc assay. After an acquisition-access period of 72 h given to newborn larvae up to 8 h old, the efficiency of transmission by adults was determined in three inoculation-access periods of 48 h. This efficiency varied for six T. tabaci populations from 0.7 to 11.6% in experiments using the Greek TSWV isolate GR-04. Males were more efficient transmitters than females (19 out of 176 versus five out of 494). Frankliniella occidentalis transmitted the same virus with a higher efficiency (34.8%). The transmission rate differed also among TSWV isolates, as shown in tests with four T. tabaci using two isolates. The virus was more efficiently acquired from infected leaf material of Datura stramonium than from that of Emilia sonchifolia . Plants of the latter species were more susceptible than Nicotiana tabacum in thrips transmission tests.