马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及序贯抽样

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say是一种重要的害虫,为明确其在新疆的空间分布,及时采取有效的防控措施,在田间调查的基础上,采取随机取样和Iwao回归分析法对新疆乌鲁木齐地区的马铃薯甲虫成虫、卵块和幼虫的空间分布型、理论抽样数及幼虫的序贯抽样方法进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫各虫态空间格局的聚块性指标均大于1,空间分布型为普通群聚型;对低龄幼虫进行序贯抽样,当防治阈值为50头/样方、置信水平为1.96时,防治上、下限方程分别为:d1=50n+81n和d0=50n-81n,当百株虫量达到756头以上时需要进行防治。     

马铃薯甲虫自然种群抗寒能力测定

为明确马铃薯甲虫自然种群的抗寒性,利用热敏电阻测定仪对马铃薯甲虫不同虫态过冷却点和冰点进行了测定。结果表明:不同虫态过冷却点和冰点之间存在显著性差异,其中以卵和成虫的过冷却点最低,分别为:(-13.73±0.93)℃和(-7.89±0.07)℃,显著低于其他虫态。3龄幼虫的过冷却点和冰点最高,分别为:(-6.21±0.08)℃和(-2.80±0.08)℃;过冷却点由低到高顺序为:卵<成虫<1龄幼虫<蛹<4龄幼虫<2龄幼虫<3龄幼虫;冰点由低到高的顺序为:卵<1龄幼虫<成虫<2龄幼虫<蛹<4龄幼虫<3龄幼虫;同一虫态个体间的过冷却点频次分布出现不同程度的变异,但均服从正态分布。研究结果为制定马铃薯甲虫在我国潜在分布和风险分析提供了科学依据。     

新疆越冬代马铃薯甲虫出土规律及其影响因子分析

为进一步揭示环境因子对马铃薯甲虫成虫越冬出土的影响,运用ArcGIS软件的空间分析工具,研究了越冬代成虫出土后的空间分布格局,同时比较了土壤温度、湿度对其出土规律的影响。结果显示,越冬代马铃薯甲虫成虫出土后主要聚集在刚出土的马铃薯苗上,拥挤度指标(m~*/m)为1.83,呈聚集分布。2011、2012年乌鲁木齐市马铃薯甲虫出土的起点温度分别为10.6℃和13.0℃,而2011年察布查尔县起点温度为14.6℃,且逐日出土虫量与土壤温度呈线性正相关。5月降水量大的年份马铃薯甲虫出土较早。研究表明,土壤温、湿度是影响马铃薯甲虫越冬代成虫出土活动的重要因素。     

新疆地区马铃薯甲虫发育与温度关系的研究

研究了新疆乌鲁木齐地区的马铃薯甲虫在15、20、25、30 ℃和32 ℃及相对湿度75%下各虫态的发育历期和发育速率。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快。其在20 ℃下完成整个世代需要59.2 d,而在32 ℃下完成1代则减少到32.9 d。并用直线回归法,得出各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为:卵期11.9 ℃和32.26日&#8226;度,幼虫期4.6 ℃和526.32日&#8226;度,蛹期5.1 ℃和270.27日&#8226;度,成虫产卵前期14.4 ℃和117.65日&#8226;度,整个未成熟期7.9 ℃和675.68日&#8226;度,整个世代8.1 ℃和832.35日&#8226;度。结合乌鲁木齐市各月平均气温和累积有效积温,推测出马铃薯甲虫在乌鲁木齐地区一年可以发生的理论代数为1.89代,与田间实际发生代数基本吻合。     

孪斑唇瓢虫空间分布型及抽样技术研究

对孪斑唇瓢虫成虫、幼虫和蛹的空间分布型及抽样技术研究表明,各项聚集度指标均符合聚集分布的检定标准。聚集的原因是由其自身的行为习性和环境条件共同作用引起的。应用Taylor幂法则、Iwao回归分析法测定出孪斑唇瓢虫成虫、幼虫和蛹的空间分布型是基本成分为个体群的聚集分布,聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加。同时采用Iwao方法求出了最适抽样数。     

柑橘潜叶蛾幼虫在化橘红上的空间分布型及抽样技术

运用5个聚集度指标和2种回归方法对柑橘潜叶蛾幼虫在化橘红上的空间分布型进行了研究。结果表明该虫幼虫呈聚集分布,聚集与环境条件和柑橘潜叶蛾本身的聚集行为有关。在此基础上,应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了柑橘潜叶蛾幼虫的田间理论抽样数公式：n=（1/D）2（2.6535/m＋0.0851）。并根据Gerrard的零频率模型建立了估计该种群平均密度的零频率模型：m=1.9159[-ln（1-p）]1.0135。     

吐伦球坚蚧在杏树上的分布及抽样方法研究

为确定吐伦球坚蚧在杏树上的分布格局及其田间虫口数量估计的最佳抽样方法,以最近邻体法分别对吐伦球坚蚧越冬若虫、成虫和越夏若虫在杏树上的分布进行研究,并比较五点法、棋盘式、双对角线、Z字形、平行线5种抽样方法与总体平均数的差异显著性及各抽样方法的误差率。结果表明：吐伦球坚蚧越冬若虫、成虫和越夏若虫在杏树上的分布均为聚集型。Z字形抽样方法对田间吐伦球坚蚧越冬若虫和成虫进行抽样最可靠;越夏若虫以平行线抽样法最具代表性且最为可靠。     

宁夏苜蓿田直条根瘤象分布类型和种群动态

直条根瘤象(Sitona cylindricollis)是宁夏苜蓿上新发现的一种重要害虫。为明确其田间分布型和种群动态情况,于2020年和2021年5—9月在宁夏惠农区和平罗县的苜蓿田进行发生动态调查及聚集度指标测定。结果表明,5—9月直条根瘤象成虫呈先增后减动态变化,8月份是成虫发生的高峰期。成虫和幼虫在田间均为聚集分布,形成聚集的因素与自身习性和环境因素有关;应用Iwao抽样模型建立了直条根瘤象成虫和幼虫田间理论抽样数公式,提出理论抽样数。明确种群动态规律和田间分布型可为直条根瘤象的预测预报和防治提供科学依据。     

甘薯天蛾发育起点温度和有效积温研究

室内饲养观察结果表明,甘薯天蛾各虫态的发育起点温度分别为卵15.1℃、幼虫14.5℃、预蛹14.4℃、蛹16.8℃、成虫11.7℃;有效积温分别为卵40.8日度、幼虫158.3日度、预蛹37.6日度、蛹123.9日度、成虫58.7日度;全世代的发育起点温度为15.6℃,有效积温为370.6日度。根据有效积温法则推算,该虫在泰安一年发生3～4个世代,与田间调查结果和发生规律相符。     

稻象甲空间分布型及抽样技术研究

近年来,稻象甲在浙江、江西、广东等地发生较重。为此我们于1989年在永康县对该虫的分布型及抽样技术进行了研究。方法是成虫每田随机调查100—400点;卵每田20点;幼虫和蛹,每田随机调按20—64点,以上各点均为1丛稻。将调查结果,按田块系列统计,用 Iwao 回归法和 Taylor 幕函数法进行分析,表明稻象甲各虫态均为负二项分布,各虫态的理论抽样公式为:     

生态因子在马铃薯甲虫地理分布中的作用

本文依据已有的研究,通过探讨马铃薯甲虫Ｌｅｐｔｉｎｏｔａｒｓａ ｄｅｃｅｍｌｉｎｅａｔａ地理分布与各种生态因子之间的相互关系,阐述了马铃薯甲虫地理分布主要是由气候和寄主综合作用决定的,热量因子决定了该虫在纬度上的分布,寄主在其南界形成中起一定作用,而滞育是其适应气候和寄主季节性变化的最主要机制。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进展

马铃薯甲虫是重要的入侵害虫,严重威胁着我国粮食作物马铃薯的生产。苏云金芽胞杆菌是重要的农业害虫生防细菌,对马铃薯甲虫有良好的防治效果。本文围绕苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进展与应用进行综述。主要从马铃薯甲虫的入侵与防治手段、苏云金芽胞杆菌的晶体蛋白结构与杀虫机制、对马铃薯甲虫有活性的Bt毒蛋白研究进展、Bt毒蛋白对马铃薯甲虫的作用机制以及马铃薯甲虫对Bt毒蛋白的抗性机制等方面进行了综述。最后,从Bt新基因的挖掘和杀虫机理方面对苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进行了展望。     

Epitrix pubescens can cause damage to potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) has not been recorded as a host of Epitrix pubescens (Koch, 1803), a species of flea beetle present in Europe. However, anecdotal evidence was received of damage to potato leaves caused by flea beetles observed during inspections of potato crops and also on potato plants within a garden in France. Although potato may not act as a host for all life stages of this beetle, adults may feed on foliage and cause foliar symptoms similar to those caused by non‐native Epitrix species.     

Antibody Capture Immunoassay for the Detection of Permethrin Carboxylesterase in Colorado Potato Beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say

Polyclonal antibodies were generated against the three denatured forms (30-, 48-, and 59-kDa proteins) of permethrin carboxylesterase from Colorado potato beetle. Each antiserum showed cross-reactivities to all the denatured forms of permethrin carboxylesterase as judged by antibody capture immunoassay. An antibody capture immunoassay was developed using the immunoglobulin purified from the 30-kDa antiserum in conjunction with denatured Colorado potato beetle hemolymph as the antigen source. In this antibody capture immunoassay, the hemolymph from the permethrin-resistant strain produced 1.1–5.3 times higher signal levels than that from the susceptible strain depending on assay conditions, suggesting that the hemolymph from the resistant strain contains more permethrin carboxylesterase. These results corroborate our original findings that permethrin carboxylesterase is overexpressed in the hemolymph of the permethrin-resistant strain of Colorado potato beetle and contributes to overall permethrin resistance. The relative quantities of permethrin carboxylesterase in four different strains of Colorado potato beetle with different levels of permethrin resistance were assessed with this immunoassay and with a carboxylesterase activity assay using α-naphthyl caproate as substrate. The average levels of permethrin carboxylesterase determined by the antibody capture immunoassay were better correlated with the levels of permethrin resistance than those determined by the carboxylesterase activity. Thus, the antibody capture immunoassay can be utilized as a sensitive means to detect the levels of permethrin carboxylesterase as a resistance marker in field populations of Colorado potato beetle.     

An evaluation of the role of oxidative enzymes in Colorado potato beetle resistance to carbamate insecticides

Carbofuran and carbaryl LD₅₀ values were determined with and without piperonyl butoxide pretreatment for a resistant (New Jersey) and two susceptible (Utah and Netherland) populations of Colorado potato beetle larvae. Similar bioassays were conducted with carbofuran for resistant (Rutgers) and susceptible (NAIDM) adult house flies. The degree of resistance development by New Jersey Colorado potato beetles (RR = 848) was greater than that of the laboratory-selected colony of Rutgers house flies (RR = 583). Comparisons of synergist difference calculations including “percentage synergism” (%S), “log percentage synergism” (L%S), and “relative percentage synergism (R%S) for the resistant (R) and the susceptible (S) populations indicated the possibility that monooxygenases and other resistance mechanisms may be involved in Colorado potato beetle resistance to these carbamates. Monooxygenase involvement in resistance of Rutgers house flies was demonstrated in vitro by a 4-fold enhancement of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation over that of NAIDM house flies. O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole could not be demonstrated for potato beetle larvae. Colorado potato beetle resistance was associated with increases in microsomal levels of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (ca. 2-fold) and NADPH oxidation (1.2-fold). The inability to measure O-demethylation in Colorado potato beetles may have been due to the solubilization of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase during microsomal preparation. Significant differences between resistant and susceptible Colorado potato beetle larvae were not observed in the penetration of [¹⁴C]carbaryl. Excretion of the radiocarbon may have been significantly greater in the resistant New Jersey population, but some of the insecticide may have also rubbed off the cuticle. This increased capacity for excretion, combined with increased levels of monooxygenase enzymes, could account for the high resistance level of this population.     

70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂和10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种对马铃薯甲虫的防效

利用药剂拌种处理马铃薯种薯后播种的方法,研究比较了2种新烟碱类杀虫剂对马铃薯甲虫的活性和防治效果。结果表明,按药剂有效成分18 g/100 kg种薯拌种,70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂拌种出苗后60 d对马铃薯甲虫幼虫的生物活性和防效较高,卵块孵化率较低,死亡率在61.1%以上,防效达57.3%,孵化率为36%,这有利于降低马铃薯甲虫种群数量,减轻为害。而10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种出苗后60d对马铃薯甲虫幼虫生物活性和防效较低,卵块孵化率较高,死亡率在12.5%以下,防效为37.1%,孵化率为64.6%,对马铃薯甲虫的控制效果较差。     

Control of Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in Poland1

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado beetle) was found in Poland for the first time in 1945 and a great invasion of this pest took place in 1950. It now plays a very important role in Polish plant protection, mainly because the acreage of potato in Poland amounts to about 1.8 million ha. The pest is controlled by repeated insecticide applications to a yearly total of 2 million ha, which is the highest amount of insecticides used in Poland. Research has been carried out in Poland on the following subjects: biology and ecology of Colorado beetle, influence of pest appearance and control on the biocenosis of fields, methods of control, biochemical factors influencing the life cycle, forecasts and warning of appearance, artificial diet, resistance of potato cultivars and reaction of leaf blades of potato to the eggs of Colorado beetle. Research is also carried out on chemical control, modernization of pesticide recommendations and resistance of Colorado beetle to pesticides. The influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the reduction of Colorado beetle numbers has been studied. With a view to possible biological control, predatory bugs (Perillus bioculatus and Podisus maculiventris) were introduced into Poland in 1959 and 1979. Research is also conducted on entomopathogenic fungi, parasitic nematodes, protozoans, spiroplasms and Bacillus thuringiensis.     

The effect of host plant on colorado potato beetle (coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides

In laboratory studies, Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) reared on eggplant were significantly more susceptible to permethrin than CPB reared on tomato. Field studies conducted in 1984 and 1985 showed that the percentage reduction of CPB larvae reared on eggplant due to foliar applications of fenvalerate was significantly greater than the percentage reduction of CPB larvae reared on either potato or tomato. Plant defoliation was greater on eggplant and potato than on tomato. Eggplant and potato yields increased as the dose of fenvalerate increased and the potato beetle population decreased, but tomato yields were unaffected by fenvalerate treatments. The effects and biological activity of individual plant chemical compounds (i.e., glvcoalkaloids) in various Solanum species need to be examined in detail before the full significance of the role of these compounds in host-plant resistance and their interaction with CPB insecticide resistance are understood.     

Visual inspection of potato seedlings in routine virus diagnosis: validation of a rating method

Visual inspection of seed potato plants is a routine method in virus diagnosis prior to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures. In this study, the visual rating of potato plants for virus symptoms, together with both these laboratory procedures, was subject to an accreditation by International Standard ISO/IEC 17025 in the plant protection office of Lower Saxony, Germany. The validation of the rating was applied to two samples with 100 single potato plants in each. Each sample was investigated using four ratings, each carried out by three inspectors, consecutively. Standardization was established using inspection under available daylight to assess the degree of virus symptoms. An inspection procedure is suggested which (i) takes into account the light conditions during the inspection and (ii) uses a calibration of the ratings given by the three inspectors obtained from prior inspection jointly of another sample. For each rating the number of plants showing virus symptoms was recorded and ratings were compared using standard statistical methods (mean value, standard deviation and coefficient of variation).     

Reduced viability of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, eggs exposed to novaluron

BACKGROUND: Novaluron is a benzoylphenyl urea chitin synthesis inhibitor that combines good activity against larval stages of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), with low mammalian toxicity. Previous studies suggest that it has deleterious sublethal effects on adults. RESULTS: Continuous exposure of adult Colorado potato beetles to novaluron-treated foliage as both ovipositional and feeding substrate did not affect their survivorship or the number of eggs produced, but viable larvae hatched only from the eggs that were laid on the first day of the experiment. Viability was restored after adult beetles spent 48-96 hours on untreated leaves. In a separate experiment, direct exposure to novaluron of eggs laid by unexposed beetles also reduced the number of larvae hatching. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm a negative effect of novaluron on the number of progeny produced by the Colorado potato beetle. Direct toxicity did not explain all of the reduction in egg hatch observed, suggesting that novaluron probably acted on reproductive adults as well as on eggs after they were deposited.