Kisspeptin/GPR54在哺乳动物繁殖上的研究进展

Kisspeptin是Kiss1基因的产物，它能够与其G蛋白偶联受体GPR54结合，激活PLC/PKC/MAPK信号通路，从而在抑制肿瘤转移、调节动物机体繁殖及初情期的启动中发挥重要作用。Kisspeptin/GPR54不但在动物的下丘脑中表达，还在动物的垂体和性腺中广泛表达，并参与动物繁殖的调控。本文就kisspeptin/GPR54在下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴上调控动物繁殖及动物初情期启动上的最新研究进行概括归纳，重点强调了kisspeptin/GPR54在性腺上的定位与分布及其对配子发生可能的直接调控作用，同时总结了kisspeptin/GPR54相关研究面临的问题及未来的研究方向，这将为更好的开展kisspentin/GPR54在动物繁殖上的研究及应用提供帮助。     

高精料对奶山羊盲肠中SCFAs-GPR41/43介导的炎症反应的影响

为了探讨高精料长期饲喂过程中,反刍动物肠道内的短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)在奶山羊盲肠中通过其特异性受体G蛋白偶联受体41/43(GPR41/43)对其下游的炎症信号通路是否有影响,选用12只萨能奶山羊随机分为2组,对照组(LC)饲喂低精料(精∶粗=4∶6,n=6),试验组(HC)饲喂高精料(精∶粗=6∶4,n=6)日粮,经10周饲喂试验,取盲肠组织样及盲肠内容物进行气相色谱短链脂肪酸含量、肠内容物pH、实时荧光定量(RT-q PCR)及蛋白印迹的检测。结果显示:相比于LC组,HC组乙酸(P0.01)、丙酸(P0.01)及丁酸(P0.05)的含量极显著或显著升高,且HC组pH值明显降低(P0.05);HC组GPR41/43、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及趋化因子20(CCL20)基因表达量相比于LC组极显著升高(P0.01),白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10及CCL5等基因表达量显著升高(P0.05);HC组GPR41/43蛋白表达量显著高于LC组(P0.05)。提示:高精料饲喂后,反刍动物盲肠组织中通过短链脂肪酸活化GPR41/43进而激活下游炎症信号通路诱导组织内炎症反应。     

GPR54在初情期中的作用

初情期时,激素脉冲式分泌促使性腺的发育成熟.GPR54(G蛋白偶联受体)与它的配体一起在初情期启动时起着决定性的作用,缺失GPR54的小鼠不能达到初情期,生殖器官发育不成熟,性激素类固醇和促性腺激素水平低,但GnRH的水平正常.在人类,由于GPR54基因突变导致性腺机能衰退.在更小程度上来说,Metastin(肿瘤迁移抑制因子)和GPR54的产量是通过睾酮和雌激素来负调节的.在啮齿目动物上,注射GPR54配体能够增加激素的分泌.因此,可能在GnRH分泌水平上,下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的正常功能需要GPR54.     

短链脂肪酸介导的肠上皮和抗炎调节研究进展

哺乳动物体中的肠道菌群是细菌生态系统的组成部分,从动物出生时起,这些微生物就对免疫系统的发育、功能和调节起着非常重要的作用。当前,越来越多的研究集中在微生物对宿主细胞代谢的影响上。短链脂肪酸(SCFA)作为肠道菌群的一种代谢产物,对肠道稳态的维持具有重要作用。SCFA是肠道上皮细胞的重要燃料,能增强肠屏障功能。作为信号分子,SCFA可以通过细胞表面G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)发出信号,从而激活控制免疫功能的信号级联反应;还可以通过底物转运蛋白进入细胞,抑制组蛋白脱乙酰化酶(HDAC),最终达到降低肠道炎症反应。本文综述了微生物SCFA的产生及其对肠道黏膜的影响,并通过激活细胞表面GPCR以及抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)来调节免疫反应的作用。     

G蛋白偶联受体120研究进展

游离脂肪酸(FFAs)是一种重要能量来源并起到信号分子的作用,外周游离脂肪酸水平升高与糖尿病、肥胖以及脂代谢紊乱紧密相关。G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled re-ceptors,GPCR)是一种含有7个α螺旋的整合膜蛋白,是细胞表面最大的受体超家族。GPR120是一种新发现的游离脂肪酸受体,它直接或者间接参与调节体内一系列代谢过程,如激素分泌、葡萄糖代谢、脂质生成、信号转导等。作为一潜在的治疗多种代谢疾病的药物靶标,GPR120的生理功能及作用的分子机制等都值得进一步研究。     

奶山羊短链脂肪酸受体GPR41基因的克隆及组织表达分析

旨在克隆奶山羊GPR41(G protein-coupled receptor 41)基因并分析其组织表达谱,为进一步探讨其功能奠定基础.根据GenBank上已登录的牛、人和鼠的GPR41基因序列设计1对特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法克隆奶山羊GPR41基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析奶山羊GPR41 mRNA表达的组织特异性.测序结果表明奶山羊GPR41基因的CDS区为978 bp,共编码325个氨基酸.奶山羊GPR41基因序列同源性分析表明:其与牛、人和鼠的核苷酸序列同源性分别为96％、78％和74％,与牛、人和鼠的氨基酸序列同源性分别为97％、76％和74％.实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明:奶山羊GPR41基因在小肠组织中表达量最高,其次是乳腺组织,在心脏和肾脏中表达量极低.试验结果表明GPR41可能在小肠和乳腺组织中发挥着重要的生理作用.     

Kisspeptins/GPR54系统及其在动物性发育中的作用

促性腺释放激素（gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH）脉冲式释放的激活是动物性发育的关键。研究结果发现,kisspeptins/GPR54系统对GnRH脉冲式释放的激活起到了重要作用,是性发育启动的调节器。在kisspeptins/GPR54胞内信号通路方面的研究也已经证实,kisspeptins能通过GPR54受体激活多种信号,以发挥其它功能。另外,光周期、机体能量储备等也是影响动物性发育的重要因素。     

短链脂肪酸对奶牛瘤胃上皮细胞的炎性细胞因子和G-蛋白偶联受体41表达的影响

本试验旨在研究不同浓度短链脂肪酸(SCFA)对奶牛瘤胃上皮细胞的炎性细胞因子和G-蛋白偶联受体41(G PR41)表达的影响。试验分为4组,每组3个重复,分别用5、10、20和40 mmol/L的SCFA培养奶牛瘤胃上皮细胞24 h,收集细胞提取总RNA,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对炎性细胞因子、趋化因子和G PR41表达量进行测定。结果表明:添加20和40 mmol/L SCFA条件下,G PR41表达量显著高于添加5 mmol/L SCFA (P 0.05);与添加5和10 mmol/L SCFA相比,添加20和40 mmol/L SCFA显著加强了白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)表达量(P0.05);与添加5 mmol/L SCFA相比,添加10、20和40 mmol/L SCFA显著加强肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达量(P 0. 05);此外,添加5、10和20 mmol/L SCFA之间的趋化因子20(CCL20)表达量差异不显著(P0.05),然而,添加40 mmol/L SCFA条件下,CCL20的表达量显著上调(P0.05);与添加5和10 mmol/L SCFA相比,添加20和40 mmol/L SCFA显著加强趋化因子2(CXCL2)和趋化因子8(CXCL8)表达量(P0.05);随着SCFA浓度逐渐上升,趋化因子3(CXCL3)表达量显著上调(P0.05)。综上所述,SCFA诱导GPR41表达,从而介导炎性细胞因子以及趋化因子的表达上调,介导瘤胃上皮保护性免疫反应。     

短链脂肪酸在肠脑轴中的作用

短链脂肪酸（SCFA）在调节动物和人体代谢、内分泌和免疫功能中发挥了重要的作用，越来越多的研究关注到SCFA通过高度关联的肠脑轴参与调节多种神经化学途径，影响包括情感、认知和神经反应等大脑生理和行为，在机体健康中发挥关键的作用。目前，直接探索SCFA作为关键介质靶向干预对肠道和大脑功能以及肠脑轴影响的潜在机制研究较少。本综述概括了SCFA在肠-脑通讯中的作用，总结了有关SCFA直接或间接介导肠-脑相互作用的途径，旨在为SCFA开展进一步肠脑轴机制研究提供理论参考。     

Kisspeptin/GPR54系统在生殖启动中的作用

青春期的启动始于下丘脑脉冲性GnRH分泌的提高。Kisspeptin/GPR54系统是新发现的能够调节下丘脑GnRH释放的重要信号通路,此系统的发现敲开了生殖启动机理研究的新大门。本文就Kisspeptin/GPR54系统的发现、生物学特性与对生殖启动的调节作用等方面作一综述。     

Effects of short-term infusion with propionate on the mRNA expression of a putative G-protein coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) in adipose tissue of goats

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) represent the main source for energy supply in ruminants. Propionate up-regulates leptin synthesis through the G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) in mice but the importance of the GPR41 in ruminants is not yet clarified. Here we characterise the short-term effects of intravenously infused propionate on a putative GPR41 mRNA in goat adipose tissue. Castrated male goats (Capra hircus) received propionate infusion or NaCl solution with equivalent sodium content for 260 min. A putative GPR41 mRNA was quantified in subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue by real-time RT-PCR. The mRNA concentration of the putative GPR41 mRNA increased (p = 0.029) in subcutaneous but not in perirenal adipose tissue (p = 0.756) of propionate-infused animals versus the NaCl group. We hypothesise that the differential response of the putative GPR41 mRNA in subcutaneous versus perirenal adipose tissue towards short-term propionate infusion could be involved in a differential nutrient sensing of SCFA in the two adipose depots of goats.     

Expression of GPR30 and GPR43 in oral tissues: deriving new hypotheses on the role of diet in animal physiology and the development of oral cancers

Food components and salivary hormones modulate the function of various tissues in the oral cavity. However, the mechanisms underlying such interactions are poorly understood. This study aimed at the detection of GPR30 and GPR43 in oral epithelia. Although unknown yet, the expression of these receptors is hypothesized to be fundamental for the actions of salivary oestrogens, dietary isoflavones and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the oral environment. Either immunoblotting or RT-PCR techniques were used for receptor detection in bovine and primate oral tissues. Here we show for the first time that mRNA of the G-protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, GPR30, and the short chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, are expressed in bovine parotid glands. Furthermore, GPR30 protein is expressed in bovine parotid gland and the tongue of the primate Theropithecus gelada. With GPR30 being a target for dietary isoflavones and GPR43 being a suggested target for short chain fatty acids, we propose new hypotheses concerning the receptors' roles in salivary gland physiology and pathology. Our findings may trigger more detailed studies on GPRs to unravel their role in regulatory mechanisms in the oral cavity as well as in cancer development in relation to diets or biologically active compounds like soy isoflavones.     

初情期前后GPR54 mRNA在猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴内的定位

研究应用原位杂交技术检测GPR54 mRNA在苏姜猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴中的分布定位.在60日龄和初情期(160日龄)2个不同发育阶段的下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴中均检测到GPR54 mRNA阳性杂交信号,结果表明:苏姜猪2个不同发育阶段的3种组织中均有GPR54 mRNA表达.其中下丘脑以弓状核、腹内侧核的阳性杂交信号最强,尤其是在初情期更明显;各级卵泡中以初情期时成熟卵泡的阳性杂交信号最强.     

Genetic variants of the unsaturated fatty acid receptor GPR120 relating to obesity in dogs

G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 120 is an unsaturated fatty acid receptor, which is associated with various physiological functions. It is reported that the genetic variant of GPR120, p.Arg270His, is detected more in obese people, and this genetic variation functionally relates to obesity in humans. Obesity is a common nutritional disorder also in dogs, but the genetic factors have not ever been identified in dogs. In this study, we investigated the molecular structure of canine GPR120 and searched for candidate genetic variants which may relate to obesity in dogs. Canine GPR120 was highly homologous to those of other species, and seven transmembrane domains and two N-glycosylation sites were conserved. GPR120 mRNA was expressed in lung, jejunum, ileum, colon, hypothalamus, hippocampus, spinal cord, bone marrow, dermis and white adipose tissues in dogs, as those in mice and humans. Genetic variants of GPR120 were explored in client-owned 141 dogs, resulting in that 5 synonymous and 4 non-synonymous variants were found. The variant c.595C>A (p.Pro199Thr) was found in 40 dogs, and the gene frequency was significantly higher in dogs with higher body condition scores, i.e. 0.320 in BCS4–5 dogs, 0.175 in BCS3 dogs and 0.000 in BCS2 dogs. We conclude that c.595C>A (p.Pro199Thr) is a candidate variant relating to obesity, which may be helpful for nutritional management of dogs.     

Research Progress of Kisspeptin/GPR54 in Mammalian Reproduction

Kisspeptin is the coding product of the Kiss1 gene, which can bind to its G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 and activate the PLC/PKC/MAPK signaling pathway, thereby playing an important role in inhibiting tumor metastasis, regulating animal reproduction and initiating the estrus. Kisspeptin/GPR54 is not only expressed in hypothalamus but also widely expressed in pituitary and gonads, which is involved in regulating reproduction of animals. We summarizes the latest researches about kisspeptin/GPR54 regulating reproduction and puberty initiation of animals in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. More importantly, the location and distribution of kisspeptin/GPR54 and its possible direct regulation on gametogenesis were highlighted in the gonads in this article. Besides, some problems faced in kisspeptin/GPR54 related research and its future research directions were concluded, which will better help the research and application of kisspentin/GPR54 in animal reproduction.     

GPR54基因多态性与小梅山猪产仔数的关联分析

本研究旨在检测猪GPR54基因多态性,分析其与产仔数之间的关系。采用PCR-SSCP、PCR-R FLP和直接测序方法,对小梅山猪、枫泾猪和大白猪3个群体218头繁殖母猪进行GPR54基因的多态分析,并采用最小二乘法分析其与616窝小梅山母猪繁殖记录的关系。结果表明:在3对引物(P1、P4、P8)中检测到3个多态位点,其中1个多态位点(P1)导致氨基酸的改变(Leu35Pro),P4与P8位点的基因遗传为连锁遗传;P1位点上,2胎以上小梅山母猪中,BB型个体的产活仔数(NBA)比AB型和AA型分别高0.69、1.65头(P0.01),所有胎次中,BB型个体的TNB和NBA均高于AA型(P0.01)和AB型(P0.01);P4/P8位点上,杂合型的总产仔数(TNB)和NBA均高于纯合型。结果提示,对于小梅山猪,P1位点的BB基因型可作为小梅山猪辅助选择的遗传标记。     

陆川猪GPR1基因真核表达载体构建及组织表达谱分析

试验旨在构建陆川猪G蛋白偶联受体1（G protein-coupled receptor 1，GPR1）基因真核表达载体，并对其组织表达谱进行分析。采用RT-PCR技术从10周龄陆川猪皮下脂肪组织中扩增出GPR1基因CDS区后，使用常规分子克隆手段构建含GPR1基因片段的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1，利用双酶切和测序对重组质粒pEGFP-N1-GPR1进行鉴定，并以脂质体法将重组质粒转染3T3-L1细胞24 h后观察细胞荧光表达情况。收集所转染3T3-L1细胞并提取其总RNA，实时荧光定量PCR进一步检测GPR1真核表达载体表达情况；提取6头10周龄陆川猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、皮下脂肪总RNA，实时荧光定量PCR检测GPR1基因mRNA在陆川猪各组织中的表达量。结果表明，陆川猪GPR1基因CDS全长1 068 bp，成功将其连接至pEGFP-N1真核表达载体，重组表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1质粒和空载pEGFP-N1质粒所转染3T3-L1细胞均能表现出绿色荧光，且空白对照组并未表现出绿色荧光。实时荧光定量PCR结果证实，GPR1基因在重组质粒试验组的表达量极显著高于空载质粒组（P<0.01）。GPR1基因在10周龄陆川猪肝脏中表达量最高，在心脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、皮下脂肪中均有表达，在背最长肌中几乎不表达。本试验成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1，并获得了GPR1基因组织表达谱，为进一步研究GPR1基因对陆川猪脂肪沉积的影响提供参考。     

Expression of GPR54 Gene in Different Tissues and Cellular Localization in Testis of Sheep

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the expression of G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) in various tissues and the cellular localization of testis of 4 to 6-month-old sheep.In this experiment,mRNA expression was detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.Cellular localization of GPR54 in testis was examined by immunohistochemistry.The results showed that GPR54 mRNA was expressed in all the tissues,and abundantly expressed in hypothalamus,pituitary gland and testis.The expression level gradually increased with the individual growth and development,the mRNA and protein expression of GPR54 in testis of 6-month-old was significantly higher than 4-month-old and 5-month-old (P<0.05);It was detected that GPR54 expression only in spermatogonia and a very number of primary spermatocytes in the testis by immunohistochemical staining,and it could detect significantly that the GPR54 expression in many split early sperm cells.The results demonstrated that it had close relationship between GPR54 and sexually mature of animals and the process of spermatogenesis in male animals.