农杆菌介导法将Bt(cryⅠA)基因导入大豆的研究

构建含有Bt(cry Ⅰ A)基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA3300-Bt,以大豆子叶节为受体,通过农杆菌介导法将Bt基因导人大豆品种黑农37中,获得转基因植株.并进行人豆的再生和遗传转化系统优化的研究,以获得较高的转化率.结果表明:在6-BA浓度为1.7 mg·L-1时,丛生芽分化率最高,确定该品种大豆在从生芽分化阶段的草铵膦筛选浓度为3.5 mg·L-1获得转化质粒pCAMBIA3300-Bt的转基因植株,其中T1代PCR阳性植株19株.采用real-time PCR的方法对T1代抗性植株进行Bt基因的转录水平的分析,初步证明Bt基因已整合到受体大豆的基因组内.     

基因枪介导法获得转BtCry1Ac基因抗虫玉米植株的研究

利用基因枪介导法将含有Cry1Ac基因的质粒转入玉米愈伤组织,获得转Bt基因玉米植株,对所获得的转基因植株进行PCR分析和金标免疫试纸鉴定。结果表明,部分转化植株呈阳性,说明目的基因已经整合到玉米基因组中。将转基因植株自交获得T1代种子,对T1代植株进行田间抗虫鉴定,结果表明,与对照相比转基因玉米植株的抗虫活性明显强于非转基因植株。     

农杆菌介导法将Bt（cryI4）基因导入大豆的研究

构建含有Bt（cryIA）基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA3300-Bt，以大豆子叶节为受体，通过农杆菌介导法将Bt基因导入大豆品种黑农37中，获得转基因植株。并进行大豆的再生和遗传转化系统优化的研究，以获得较高的转化率。结果表明：在6-BA浓度为1．7mg·L^-1时，丛生芽分化率最高。确定该品种大豆在丛生芽分化阶段的草铵膦筛选浓度为3．5mg·L^-1。获得转化质粒pCAMBIA3300-Bt的转基因植株，其中T1代PCR阳性植株19株。采用real—timePCR的方法对T4代抗性植株进行助基因的转录水平的分析，初步证明成基因已整合到受体大豆的基因组内。     

TaNAC14转基因小麦外源目标基因拷贝数及遗传稳定性分析

外源基因拷贝数是影响转基因植物遗传稳定性及其自身表达水平的重要因素。为了探析TaNAC14基因在小麦生长发育中的生物学功能,本研究通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化法获得了14个T0代TaNAC14转基因小麦植株,采用BASTA溶液涂抹和目标序列PCR检测相结合的方法,从14个转基因小麦植株中鉴定出9个阳性植株。通过TaqMan实时定量PCR方法,以小麦内源单拷贝基因Pinb为内参基因,对9个T0代转基因小麦阳性植株中外源目标基因拷贝数进行检测,结果表明,T0代转基因小麦再生植株中有5株为单拷贝,4株为双拷贝,其中单拷贝插入整合的比率接近55.6%。选取单拷贝转基因植株收获的种子进行种植,根据BASTA溶液涂抹鉴定对T0:1代小麦株系遗传情况进行分析,结果表明目标基因TaNAC14是可遗传的。此外,还对T1代转基因小麦目标基因表达水平进行测定,结果表明,与野生型JW1相比,各转基因小麦植株目的基因TaNAC14表达量均极显著增加。该研究结果为后续TaNAC14基因的功能研究奠定了基础。     

转Bt毒蛋白基因玉米及其抗虫性研究进展

本文从转Bt毒蛋白基因玉米的培育及商品化，Bt毒蛋白基因在转基因玉米中的遗传分离与整合、对玉米螟及其它害虫的杀虫效果、对天敌种群数量和玉米病害发生程度的影响、玉米螟对转Bt毒蛋白基因玉米产生抗性及解决措施、应用转Bt毒蛋白基因玉米潜在的生态风险性等方面对国内外最新研究进展进行了综述。     

大豆炸荚基因GmAGL8的转基因鉴定与功能初探

炸荚是大豆的一种自然特征属性,是影响大豆产量的重要因素之一。本研究以前期获得的转大豆炸荚相关基因GmAGL8的T_1代植株为材料,继续繁育获得T_2和T_3代;采用PCR和RT-q PCR检测方法对转基因植株进行基因遗传稳定性和表达情况分析;并以野生型中黄10号为对照,对大豆炸荚性状进行了鉴定分析。结果表明:转基因植株阳性率T_1代为87.5%,T_2和T_3代均达到100%,说明GmAGL8基因已基本能够在转基因后代中稳定遗传。RT-q PCR检测结果显示,转基因植株中GmAGL8基因的相对表达量都明显高于非转基因植株,且各转基因植株之间表达量具有差异性。对T_1、T_2和T_3代植株炸荚率进行了统计,不同世代转基因大豆的平均炸荚率为9.09%,而非转基因大豆炸荚率为83.3%,转基因与非转基因大豆之间炸荚率存在显著差异。综上所述,GmAGL8基因已基本实现在大豆转基因后代中稳定遗传并正常表达,表型鉴定结果初步证明了GmAGL8基因与大豆炸荚性状相关。     

转基因水稻中重组植酸酶的表达

为通过在转基因植株中表达植酸酶降解植酸来提高水稻中无机磷利用率,构建了由玉米泛素基因Ubi启动子控制的植酸酶基因植物表达载体,并以来源于水稻未成熟胚的愈伤组织作为转化受体,经农杆菌介导法将植酸酶基因导入水稻中,共获得15个独立的转基因株系。对转基因水稻总DNA的PCR和Southern 杂交分析证明目的基因已整合入转基因水稻植株基因组中,并能稳定遗传。对部分转基因水稻未成熟种子总RNA进行RT PCR分析,表明导入的植酸酶基因能够在转基因水稻种子中正常表达。无机磷含量分析表明含目的基因的转基因水稻种子及其后代叶片中的无机磷含量较未转化植株均有了明显的提高。     

半夏凝集素基因对小麦的遗传转化研究

为了拓宽农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化的受体基因型,同时改良小麦品种的抗蚜特性,以甘肃省主推春小麦品种陇春22和优良品系9614的幼胚为转基因受体材料,以预培养4d的幼胚愈伤组织为受体,以含有半夏凝集素基因的C58c1农杆菌菌株为供体,将重组质粒pBI pta导入小麦,建立了农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化体系。经G418 25mg.L-1抗性筛选、PCR检测共获得转基因植株7株,其中9614的4株,陇春22的3株;采用荧光定量PCR分析得出转基因植株中单拷贝的有1株,2个拷贝的1株,3个拷贝和4个拷贝的各有2株,1株没有得到扩增。对整合有2个拷贝半夏凝集素基因的陇春22-20转基因小麦的T1代植株进行了PCR检测,其中有50%的植株扩增出目的基因,50%没有扩增出目的基因,初步说明T1代植株中外源基因得到了遗传。     

分子改造Cry蛋白基因的转基因玉米创制及其抗虫功能评价

利用结构域交换和密码子优化方法对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白Cry1Ab进行合理化设计改造,获得新型Bt蛋白编码基因cry FLIa。利用农杆菌介导法将该基因转入玉米Hi II中,对转基因后代开展分子鉴定和抗性评价等相关工作。结果表明,cryFLIa基因已整合进玉米基因组中,连续3代自交材料检测显示,转基因玉米目标基因正常表达并稳定遗传;蛋白在植株叶片中发育各时期的表达各异,在灌浆期蛋白表达量较高(471.883 ng/g)。室内生测和田间人工接虫试验表明,转cryFLIa基因玉米具有抗亚洲玉米螟的能力。     

水稻OsMAPK17-1基因的分离及转基因研究

OsMAPK17-1作为一种MAP激酶，受多种生物和非生物胁迫的诱导，且对病原菌的侵染有一定的防卫作用。为研究水稻OsMAPK17-1基因的功能，通过RT-PCR方法分离OsMAPK17-1基因全长cDNA，分别构建过表达与RNAi植物表达载体，采用农杆菌介导法以粳稻日本晴为受体进行遗传转化，PCR检测具有潮霉素抗性基因的转基因水稻植株，结果表明：OsMAPK17-1基因及RNAi片段均已整合到水稻基因组中。利用PCR和RT-PCR的方法对转基因后代进行筛选，获得过表达和RNAi转基因纯系各1个，模拟干旱处理结果表明，RNAi株系在干旱处理下比对照更有利于根的生长，这些结果为进一步研究OsMAPK17-1基因的功能奠定了基础。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).