增施CO2对马铃薯植株光合特性及产量的影响

为检验增施CO₂对马铃薯组培苗植株光合特性及微型薯产量的影响,选用马铃薯品种夏坡蒂组培苗为试验材料,于2015年在温室条件下进行了两批次试验。结果表明,增加CO₂浓度可显著增加植株的叶面积、叶片净光合速率和胞间CO₂浓度,且CO₂ 750μmol/mol处理>550μmol/mol处理>CK（空气）,但增加CO₂浓度降低了马铃薯植株叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率。结果还表明,增施CO₂增加了马铃薯单株结薯数、单个薯重和单株产量,其增幅随CO₂量的增加而增加。上述结果充分证明在温室条件下增施CO₂对加速马铃薯微型薯的繁育有积极作用。     

马铃薯/玉米套作对马铃薯品种光合特性及产量的影响

以马铃薯品种中薯5号(早熟, 株型直立)和米拉(中晚熟, 株型扩散)单作为对照, 在大田条件下, 调查马铃薯/玉米套作模式中2个品种光合指标的变化、块茎形成期至块茎增长期不同叶位气体交换参数的变化, 分析光合指标对产量的影响。结果表明, 整个生育期马铃薯叶绿素含量(Chl a+Chl b)套作高于单作, 叶面积指数(LAI)、比叶重(SLW)和叶绿素a/b值(Chl a/b)套作低于单作。从块茎形成期至块茎增长期, 群体光合有效辐射(PAR)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(L_s)呈下降趋势, 净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)呈上升趋势。PAR、P_n、G_s、T_r均随叶位的降低显著下降, 套作下降幅度低于单作。套作中、下层叶片P_n的下降受气孔因素和非气孔因素限制。套作降低了马铃薯上层叶P_n, 提高了中、下层叶P_n。套作中薯5号的Chl a+Chl b生育前期高于米拉, 生育后期低于米拉, SLW则相反; LAI和Chl a/b整个生育期高于米拉。套作中薯5号上层叶PAR高于米拉, 中、下层叶PAR低于米拉; 套作中薯5号上层叶P_n与米拉相近, 中、下层叶P_n高于米拉; 各层叶WUE、L_s高于米拉, G_s、C_i、T_r低于米拉。总之, 套作改变了马铃薯的光合特性, 并显著降低了马铃薯块茎产量; 套作恶化了中薯5号/玉米复合群体的光环境, 改善了米拉/玉米复合群体的光环境, 米拉/玉米套作体系土地当量比(1.40)大于中薯5号/玉米体系(1.24), 显示了较强的套作优势, 宜在生产中优先推广。     

钾营养对地膜覆盖小南瓜光合特性和产量的影响

研究了不同钾肥用量对地膜覆盖小南瓜光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明:施用钾肥能够提高小南瓜叶片的光合速率,在一定程度上可以降低小南瓜叶片的蒸腾速率。也能使茎秆粗壮,有效地促进单位叶面积内干物质的积累,明显提高小南瓜的产量。在本试验范围内,小南瓜的田间适宜施钾量(K2O)为121.5 kg/hm2。     

不同垄作与覆膜对玉米产量的影响

为探索玉米抗旱栽培技术,进行了不同垄作与覆膜栽培试验.结果表明,玉米大小垄全田覆膜与平作全田覆膜保水保肥效果好,增产效果明显.     

不同肥料对冬马铃薯光合特性的影响

冬马铃薯是目前云南省优势明显的品种,研究冬马铃薯光合特性是提高冬马铃薯种植产量的基础。通过冬马铃薯在不同肥料条件下光合特性和产量的变化,找到适宜有机肥料供应来促进冬马铃薯的高效生产、合理施用,高效利用工业废料磷尾矿资源。以10种不同类型有机肥、常规化肥和空白对照为处理测定了冬马铃薯叶片光合特性的差异。T3和T8两种有机肥均能保证冬马铃薯有更好的光合指标和叶绿素荧光参数,同时产量更高。     

低温对茶树光合特性及产量的影响

以福鼎大白茶（Fuding white tea）为试验材料,探讨不同低温条件对茶树光合特性及产量的影响,为茶树的生产布局和管理提供理论依据。利用人工气候室设置-2℃、-1℃、0℃、1℃、3℃、5℃共6个低温,研究低温对茶树叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）以及蒸腾速率（T_r）和产量的影响。结果表明：（1）随着温度的降低,茶树的表观量子效率（Q）、最大光合速率（P_nmax）和暗呼吸速率（R_d）均表现出下降的趋势。（2）茶树叶片的P_n、C_i、水分利用效率（WUE）波动降低,G_s波动上升。（3）光合有效辐射为0μmol/(m ²·s)时,各处理的P_n均为负值,随着光合有效辐射的升高,P_n逐渐升高,到一定程度后,不再上升。（4）茶树叶片的P_n与G_s、T_r呈正相关,与C_i呈负相关,不同低温处理茶树叶片的Q、P_nmax、R_d、LCP和LSP等光合参数差异显著。（5）随着低温程度加强,茶树的百芽重均有不同程度的降低,温度降到-1℃后,持续3d,茶叶的减产率达到19.02%。在低温胁迫的过程中,与茶树光合特性相关的指标都发生显著变化,-2℃左右的低温会对茶树造成伤害,影响茶叶品质且严重减产,在栽培管理上应注意预防低温冻害。     

海拔梯度对马铃薯光合特性和荧光特性的影响

海拔是限制马铃薯光合生理特性的主要生态因子之一,因此研究不同海拔对马铃薯叶片的生理特性影响具有重要的意义。不同海拔的马铃薯品种的光合生理特性因海拔而异。在海拔不同的云南皎西村(890m)、转龙镇(1 998m)和炭山村(2 988m)3个地区正常氮素水平下种植的盈江小洋芋、剑川红、老家洋芋3个马铃薯地方品种为试验材料,分析了海拔梯度对马铃薯地方品种叶片光合特性和荧光特性的影响。研究结果:高海拔品种老家洋芋从低海拔到高海拔地区的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)等光合指标相对其他马铃薯地方品种变化幅度较大,因此认为老家洋芋对海拔升高导致的环境胁迫的适应性最强。从荧光特性可以看出3个马铃薯地方品种在应对海拔升高时光保护机制存在差异。     

不同类型地膜的降解特征及其对马铃薯产量的影响

为探究不同类型降解地膜的降解特征及其对土壤温度、水分和马铃薯产量的影响,在即墨市蔬菜科技示范园进行了不同类型降解地膜覆盖马铃薯栽培试验。结果表明：全生物可降解膜的降解效果较好,0.006 mm,0.008 mm,0.010 mm的全生物可 降解膜在收获前的降解程度已分别达到5级,4级和3级,而普通PE地膜降解效果只达到了1级。全生物可降解膜有较好的增温保墒作用,但增温保墒性能较PE膜差。对不同地膜覆盖的地块进行马铃薯产量测定,0.006 mm,0.008 mm,0.010 mm全生物可降解膜及PE膜与未覆盖地膜相比,分别增产12.9%、33.3%、33.6%、14.9%。试验结果表明：全生物可降解膜覆盖可以提高土壤温度和马铃薯产量,且自身降解程度较快,无需再增加人工清理费用,对环境的污染较小。综合考虑不同厚度全生物可降解地膜的价格等因素,0.008mm厚度全生物可降解地膜更适合青岛地区马铃薯生产使用,对马铃薯有明显增产作用,同时也为残膜污染治理提供替代产品,有利于控制农业面源污染。     

不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯叶片抗氧化生理及产量的影响

为探究西北半干旱雨养条件下不同覆盖措施对旱地马铃薯增产及抗性生理的影响,以'陇薯7号'为材料,设置了玉米秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)3种栽培方式,研究了不同处理下马铃薯植株叶片抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质和膜脂过氧化物含量、产量及其构成要素的差异.结果表明:SM显著提高马铃薯植株细胞清除自由...     

液态有机肥对滴灌棉花光合特性及产量形成规律的影响

为优化滴灌棉花的施肥技术,探究液态有机肥对滴灌棉花生长发育的影响,笔者采取单因子随机区组试验设计,研究在滴灌棉花不同生育时期施用液态有机肥对棉花光和特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施用液态有机肥能够促进植株生长发育,增大光合速率增加棉花产量,且随着液态有机肥施用量的增大,各处理叶面积指数、SPAD值均呈现先增后减的趋势,均于铃期达最大值,其中苗期与蕾期施液态肥的C处理最大值分别为3.25和62.63;(2)叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均以C处理最高,并于8月5日花铃期达到极值,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)表现为C处理最低,为188.67μmol/mol;(3)整个生育期内单株干物质积累量、伏前桃、伏桃、单株铃数及品质均以C处理最好,与其他处理达显著差异水平(P0.05),且增产幅度为27.01%~42.97%。研究表明,液态有机肥适宜的施用时期不仅可提高叶面积指数、叶绿素含量及光合速率,同时为后期干物质积累及产量的形成奠定基础。     

秸秆带状沟覆垄播对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探明西北半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯(SolanumtuberosumL.)生产中沟垄不同覆盖种植方式的增产效果和水分利用特点,在2016年和2017年设置了大田试验,包括秸秆带状沟覆宽垄种植、秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植、全覆膜沟垄种植和露地平作4个处理。结果表明,在干旱年份(2016年),沟垄覆盖种植可显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量6.1%～13.2%,平均提高块茎形成期1.2～1.8 m土层含水量7.6%,全覆膜沟垄作可显著提高淀粉积累期0～0.2 m土壤含水量30.3%。在平水年份(2017年),除全覆膜沟垄种植显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量22.2%外,其余处理与露地平作无显著差异;沟垄覆盖种植0～2m土壤含水量在马铃薯块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期分别平均比露地平作高8.7%、13.0%和13.1%。与露地平作相比, 2个生长季沟垄覆盖种植可使马铃薯全生育期0～2 m土壤平均贮水量提高5.4%～15.5%,单株生物量增加12.8%～147.4%,成熟期株高增加21.1～39.7cm,进而马铃薯增产51.6%～88.2%,水分利用效率提高68.2%～111.7%。以玉米秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植增产增效最显著,2年平均产量、水分利用效率和纯经济收益分别较露地平作提高87.8%、97.5%和254.2%。因此,玉米秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植能显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率。此外,与全覆膜沟垄种植相比,秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植具有操作简单、无污染、投入产出比高等优点,适宜在西北半干旱区马铃薯生产中应用。     

沟垄覆膜对连作马铃薯土壤酶活性、理化性状及产量的影响

以当地主栽品种“新大坪”为试验材料,采用大田定位试验,研究了平畦不覆膜(CK)、平畦覆膜(T1)、全膜垄播(T2)、全膜沟播(T3)、半膜垄播(T4)、半膜沟播(T5) 6 种栽培模式对连作马铃薯土壤酶活性、理化性状及产量的影响。结果表明,沟垄覆膜栽培可不同程度提高马铃薯连作田土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性,其中 T2 对 3 种酶活性的提高效果最为显著;沟垄覆膜可降低土壤 pH,从而改善马铃薯根际土壤的理化性状,且以 T2 对土壤化学性质的改善最为明显,沟垄覆膜可不同程度提高土壤电导率;此外,沟垄覆膜栽培还可以显著提高马铃薯块茎的产量,其中T2 增产幅度最高可达 75%。本研究以期为半干旱地区马铃薯连作障碍的克服及提高马铃薯产量提供理论依据。     

旋耕深度对西北黄土高原旱作区土壤水分特性和马铃薯产量的影响

深耕对打破犁底层、优化土壤水分特性有积极作用,但对旱作农田旋耕深度的土壤水分效应及其对马铃薯水分耗散过程和产量的影响缺乏研究分析。本研究设15 (TT)、40 (VRT)、60 cm (VRT6) 3个旋耕深度,测定土壤容重和水分特性、马铃薯叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数(LAI)和产量等,研究旋耕深度对马铃薯水分利用和产量的影响。结果表明,与VRT和TT相比, VRT6分别在40～60 cm和0～60 cm土层降低土壤容重,提高饱和含水量、毛管含水量和田间持水量;VRT6显著提高了马铃薯现蕾前的耗水量,导致盛花期的土壤贮水量在2016年较VRT和TT下降了22.3 mm、49.0 mm, 2017年下降了43.9 mm、56.6 mm; VRT6显著提高2017年花后耗水,分别较VRT和TT增加了42.2 mm和38.3 mm。旺盛的花前耗水促进了地上部发育, VRT6的LAI在全生育期高于TT,在现蕾期至收获期高于VRT,并使SPAD值在2017年的块茎膨大期显著高于VRT和TT,呈现明显的地上部旺长特征。基于以上原因, VRT6的块茎产量虽然高于TT,但在2017年显著低于VRT,而...     

旋耕深度对西北黄土高原旱作区土壤水分特性和马铃薯产量的影响

The subsoiling can break the plough pan and optimize soil hydrological characteristics. However, the study on the effects of tillage depths on soil water characteristics, potato water consumption and yield, is insufficient. The field experiment was conducted with three tillage depths of 15 cm (TT), 40 cm (VRT), and 60 cm (VRT6), to investigate the effect of tillage depths on the yield and water utilization of potato in semiarid rain-fed area in 2016 and 2017 on northwest Loess Plateau. The parameters of soil bulk density, soil hydrological properties, potato SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) value, leaf area index (LAI), and tuber yield were measured. The soil bulk density, and increased saturation moisture, capillary moisture and field water capacity of VRT6 treatment compared with VRT and TT were decreased in 40-60 cm and 0-60 cm profile, respectively. Water consumption of VRT6 treatment was significantly increased in pre-squaring stage, resulting in the decrement of soil water storage in 0-100 cm profile by 22.3 mm and 49.0 mm in 2016, and 43.9 mm and 56.6 mm in 2017. Water consumption in pre-squaring stage of VRT6 was significantly increased by 42.2 mm and 38.3 mm compared with VRT and TT treatment in 2017, respectively. Based on the excessive water consumption in pre-flowering period, the LAI of VRT6 was significantly higher than TT in whole growth period, than VRT in post-squaring period, and the SPAD value was higher than VRT in expanding stage in 2017, which indicated that the vigorous growth was subsistent in VRT6 treatment. The tuber yield of VRT6 were significantly higher than TT, but it significantly decreased in 2017 compared to VRT, and the water use efficiency (WUE) of VRT6 were significantly decreased by 61.2%-67.5% and 41.0%-53.5%, as compared with VRT and TT. Consequently, the suitable tillage depth for potato cultivation was 40 cm in semiarid area, which could optimize the soil hydrological properties and potato water consuming process, and relieved the drought stress efficiently, resulting in significantly higher tuber yield and WUE.     

秸秆还田结合秋覆膜对旱地冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

秸秆还田和秋覆膜是西北旱地雨养农业区冬小麦生产中有效的节水增产措施。为明确西北半干旱雨养农业区不同作物秸秆还田结合秋覆膜种植模式下冬小麦田土壤蓄水保墒和节水增产效果,于2011年9月至2013年6月连续2个小麦生长季在甘肃省通渭县进行了田间定位试验,比较玉米秸秆还田结合秋覆膜、单一玉米秸秆还田、麦秸秆还田结合秋覆膜、单一麦秸秆还田和传统平作种植对西北旱地冬小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,与传统平作相比,冬小麦全生育期秸秆还田结合秋覆膜处理0～200 cm平均土壤贮水量在2011—2012和2012—2013年度分别提高6.1%和9.6%,而单一秸秆还田分别提高0.7%和4.6%。在降水偏多的2011—2012年度,除玉米秸秆还田结合秋覆膜处理冬小麦全生育期0～200 cm土壤贮水消耗量比传统平作低19.0 mm (P0.05)外,其余各处理无显著差异;在降水偏少的2012—2013年度,秸秆还田及秸秆还田结合秋覆膜处理平均比传统平作多耗水39.1 mm,其中,两个秸秆还田结合秋覆膜处理显著增加冬小麦返青至拔节阶段的耗水量,显著降低开花至成熟阶段耗水量,并增加了对深层土壤水分的调用。与传统平作相比,秸秆还田结合秋覆膜处理可使小麦籽粒产量提高31.0%～69.4%,水分利用效率提高25.6%～43.0%;而单一秸秆还田的小麦籽粒产量提高1.2%～28.0%,水分利用效率提高3.0%～11.6%。以玉米秸秆还田结合秋覆膜处理增产效果最好,2年平均籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较传统平作提高51.1%和41.7%,且显著高于其他处理。因此,玉米秸秆还田结合秋覆膜种植模式能显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率,适宜在西北旱农区小麦生产中应用。     

不同土壤耕作模式对双季水稻生理特性与产量的影响

为探明双季稻区不同土壤耕作模式下双季水稻生理特性、干物质积累及产量的变化,本文以双季稻–紫云英大田定位试验为平台,设双季水稻翻耕+秸秆还田(CT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、双季水稻免耕+秸秆还田(NT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆不还田(RTO,对照)4种土壤耕作处理,于2016—2017年取样,系统分析了不同处理对双季水稻植株叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。研究结果表明,早、晚稻各个主要生育时期CT和RT处理植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于RTO处理(P0.05),而叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于RTO处理(P0.05)。CT处理植株叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶片气孔导度(Gs)均显著高于RTO处理(P0.05),均表现为CTRTNTRTO。CT和RT处理水稻植株物质生产能力强,干物质积累多,而且在各器官间的分配合理。2个年份的早稻产量均以CT处理最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P0.05),比RTO处理增加731.1～733.3 kg hm–2;晚稻产量均以CT处理为最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P0.05),比RTO处理增加582.5～717.6 kg hm–2。总之,土壤翻耕、旋耕结合秸秆还田处理有利于提高双季水稻叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性和干物质积累量,为水稻高产奠定了生理和生物学基础。     

全生物降解地膜覆盖对旱地土壤水分状况及春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ecological effect of full biodegradable film mulching and its effect on the production of spring wheat, and to seek a green, efficient and sustainable coverage in the semi-arid area of the Northwest Loess Plateau. Taking the uncovered land as the control (CK), to systematically studied the effects of full biodegradable film mulching (BM) and the polyethylene film mulching (PM) with bunch planting on soil water status, rain fallow efficiency and its impact on yield and water use efficiency of dryland spring wheat from 2015 to 2018. The results showed that both BM and PM significantly increased the water storage of 0-200 cm soil layer and rain fallow efficiency in each growth period of spring wheat, but there was not significant differences between BM and PM. From 2015 to 2018, the water storage of BM increased by 9.5 mm, 14.2 mm, 25.0 mm, and 39.0 mm respectively compared with CK. In the fourth year of continuous cropping, the water storage of PM, BM and CK 0-200 cm soil layers were 347.5 mm, 345.5 mm and 320.0 mm, respectively. Compared with CK, the rain fallow efficiency of BM and PM increased by 39.63% and 43.98%, respectively, which effectively alleviated the risk of spring drought in the next season. BM was similar to PM in seedling rate, the number of productive ears and the percentage of productive spike, and significantly higher than CK. The number of BM seedlings increased by 15.87% compared with CK in dry year, the number of productive ears increased by 14.70% on average in other years except 2015, and the percentage of productive spike increased by 3.08% on average in four years. The total amount of dry matter accumulation of BM was basically the same as PM, and before anthesis was slightly lower than PM, but higher than PM after anthesis, which was more conducive to grain filling and yield formation, and the amount of dry matter accumulation of both BM and PM are significantly higher than CK in each growth period. The annual average water consumption of PM, BM and CK was 287.46 mm, 289.76 mm, and 276.06 mm, respectively, and compared with PM, BM increased the evaporation water consumption. Compared with CK, the grain yield of BM and PM increased 48.07% and 54.95% respectively, and water use efficiency increased 46.08% and 56.07% in four years, there was not significant differences between BM and PM. There was not significant differences in soil water effect and yield effect between the full biodegradable film and PE film, and the full biodegradable film can be applied to the whole field soil-plastic mulching with bunch planting of spring wheat in dry land and provide technical support for the green and efficient production of wheat in dry land.     

不同膜上遮挡措施对旱地玉米土壤理化性状及产量的影响

Aiming at the phenomenon of premature senescence of plants under long-term maize plastic film mulching in rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, adding cooling measures on mulched maize were taken to study the effects of soil temperature change on maize yield formation and analysis the changes of soil physical and chemical properties in topsoil of maize from the perspective of never changing the water conserving function of plastic film, which would provide the theoretical reference for the analysis of the early senescence in the later growth stage of ordinary plastic film maize. This experiment design using Shaandan 609 (SD 609) as tested materials, based on a 2-year field experiment, compared with the effects of three modes, ordinary plastic film mulch + black sunshade net (A), ordinary plastic film mulch + straw (B) and ordinary plastic film mulch (C) on soil temperature, soil nutrients, dry matter mass accumulation yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency in yield. The results were as follows: (1) Adding coverings on plastic film mulching (black sunshade net, straw) can effectively decrease the soil temperature and compactness, especially early stage of maize growth. (2) Compared with the control treatment C, cooling treatment A and treatment B significantly increased the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and total potassium in the later stage of maize growth, and the average partial fertilizer productivity increased by 7.24% and 6.97%, respectively. (3) Cooling treatments can delay the attenuation of green leaf area in the later stage of maize growth, improve the accumulation rate of dry matter and increase the kernel weight of maize. Compared with treatment C, the 2-year average maize yields of cooling treatment A and treatment B were increased by 6.39% and 5.93% and the average water use efficiency by 8.17% and 7.67%, respectively. In rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, properly reducing the temperature under the film of mulched maize are helpful to improve soil physical and chemical properties, promote the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield and improve the high utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water.     

密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

协同提高产量和资源利用效率,是旱作马铃薯高产高效的基础。本研究以陇薯10号为材料,于2017-2019年进行大田试验,设置当地农民习惯栽培(CK)、高产高效栽培(YE)和超高产栽培(HY)3种栽培模式,测定旱地马铃薯叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片SPAD值、冠层光合能力、干物质积累转运、块茎产量、水肥利用效率等指标。结果表明,与CK相比,YE和HY均提高了马铃薯LAI和叶片SPAD值,YE在降雨较少的2017年增幅更明显;二者均减慢了马铃薯块茎膨大后的LAI和叶片SPAD降低幅度,使其冠层光合能力在块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期2年平均提高29.9%、34.7%和40.2%、50.5%。基于较高的LAI和冠层光合能力,YE和HY的地上干物质在块茎膨大期较CK 3年平均增加123.05%和118.53%;同时块茎膨大后同化物对块茎的贡献率增加22.56%和19.29%,使马铃薯产量在2017-2019年平均增加47.93%和47.78%,水分利用效率平均增加77.59%和75.85%,均达到显著差异水平。YE和HY使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加,收益显著提高,在2017-2019年分别较CK新增纯收益7330.3元hm^-2和6024.6元hm^-2。较大的群体冠层和较高的物质生产促进了植株对N、P、K的积累,YE的N、P利用效率较CK分别提高15.21%和17.20%,N、K收获指数分别提高3.85%和7.79%;HY的N利用效率提高12.37%。YE的WUE、N和P利用效率较HY提高2.05%、2.53%和23.41%,新增纯收益1305.7元hm-2。因此,YE减施缓释尿素40%并有机替代、密度60,000株hm^-2,能够提高水分和养分利用效率,维持马铃薯花后较高的冠层光合能力,促进茎叶干物质向块茎转运,实现作物增产和资源高效利用协同发展,是半干旱区黑膜覆盖马铃薯种植推荐的高产高效模式。     

密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

It is important to increase potato production and the natural resource utilization efficiency in dryland farming system. A field experiment was conducted using Longshu 10 with three planting modes from 2017 to 2019, including farmer mode (CK), the mode with high yield and efficiency (YE), and higher yield mode (HY). The leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate, accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was investigated. The results showed that LAI and SPAD were increased in YE and HY compared to CK, and it was more significant in 2017 when there was less rainfall. Meanwhile, less reduction in LAI and SPAD after tubers enlargement resulted in an increase of canopy photosynthetic rate by 29.9%, 34.7% (in 2018 and 2019), and 40.2%, 50.5% (in 2018 and 2019) during the expanding stage and starch accumulation stage, respectively. Average aboveground dry matter in YE and HY was higher than CK by 123.1% and 118.5% in the enlargement stage due to higher LAI and photosynthetic rate. The contribution rate of assimilation after potato tuber enlargement in YE and HE was higher than CK by 22.56% and 19.29%, resulting in an average potato production increase of 47.93% and 47.78%, and average water use efficiency increased by 77.59% and 75.85%, respectively. YE and HY advantaged in tuber production and income improvement. Compared with CK, the net income increased by 7330.3 Yuan hm^-2 and 6024.6 Yuan hm^-2 in 2017 to 2019, respectively. The accumulation of N, P, and K was significantly enhanced due to large population canopy and high plant biomass accumulation. Compared to CK, N and P use efficiency, and the harvest index of N and P was increased under YE mode by 15.21%, 17.20% and 3.85%, 7.79%, respectively, and the N use efficiency was increased by 12.37% under HY mode. WUE, N, and P use efficiency of YE mode was higher than HY by 2.05%, 2.53%, and 23.41%, respectively, and the net income increased by 1305.7 Yuan hm^-2. Therefore, replacement of slow-release urea with organic manure by 40% and improvement of planting density with 60,000 plants hm^-2 in YE mode potentially increased in water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, high canopy photosynthetic rate maintenances, and remobilization of dry matter from stem and leaf to tubers. In conclusion, YE as a high tuber production and resource use efficiency planting mode, is recommended in semi-arid areas with black-film mulched potato cultivation regime.