酶法提取葛根渣中异黄酮的研究

葛粉提取后形成的葛根渣含有活性成分异黄酮,将葛根渣的酶法预处理与乙醇抽提工艺相结合,可使异黄酮的提取率明显提高。以10 g葛根渣为原料,当纤维素酶用量为10 FPIU(以每克葛根渣计,下同),处理12 h后,总异黄酮得率可增至1.14%,为常规醇提法的1.36倍;在木聚糖酶用量为300 IU的条件下,处理6 h后,总异黄酮得率1.28%,为常规醇提法的1.52倍。纤维素酶和木聚糖酶之间存在着协同作用:每克葛根渣采用300 IU的木聚糖酶和7.5 FPIU的纤维素酶协同处理6 h后,总异黄酮得率可达1.38%,为常规醇提法的1.64倍。     

基于离子液体的椰壳纤维纳米纤维素的制备与表征

采用酸性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([Bmim][HSO4])/1,4-丁二醇/水体系对椰壳纤维进行组分分离,采用亚氯酸钠对综纤维素进行漂白处理得到纯纤维素,利用酸水解-超声波辅助法制备纳米纤维素。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)仪、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、热重分析(TG)对纳米纤维素的形貌、化学成分、结晶度、热性能进行表征,并探讨了[Bmim][HSO4]对纳米纤维素得率及性能的影响。结果表明:[Bmim][HSO4]提高了木质素脱除率,提高了纤维素的易处理性,有利于纯纤维素的制备;椰壳纤维纳米纤维素仍具有纤维素的基本化学结构和结晶结构,属于纤维素I型;离子液体使得综纤维素质量损失率提高,进而导致纳米纤维素得率降低;椰壳纤维纳米纤维素纤丝平均长度(271±81)nm,平均直径(6.3±1.8)nm,[Bmim][HSO4]对纳米纤维素粒径尺寸分布(3~9 nm)无明显影响。     

酸碱法提取葛根粉膳食纤维素的工艺优化

为提高葛根的资源利用率,以葛根为原材料,采用化学酸碱法提取了葛根中的膳食纤维素,通过单因素实验和正交实验以获得提取膳食纤维素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：提取膳食纤维素的最佳工艺是碱处理料液比1∶20、pH值为11、温度60℃、时间120 min,提取率为72.26%;酸处理料液比1∶10、pH值为4、温度50℃、时间80 min,提取率为71.13%。根据各单因素实验和正交实验的各影响因素的关系,碱处理对膳食纤维素的提取影响较大,而酸处理对膳食纤维素的提取影响较小。     

葛根膳食纤维对小白鼠免疫功能的影响

以加工淀粉后的葛根渣运用酶法和化学法制备的葛根膳食纤维为受试物,从小白鼠免疫器官重量、小白鼠常压耐缺氧实验、小白鼠负重游泳实验3方面对小白鼠进行免疫功能评价.结果表明:与空白对照组相比,中浓度葛根渣组,其胸腺指数和脾脏指数都有很显著的增加(p<0.01);高浓度酶法组,其胸腺指数和脾脏指数都有显著的增加(p<0.05).因此,葛根膳食纤维可以通过提高胸腺及脾脏指数等提高小白鼠的免疫功能.     

竹醋酸纤维素膜的制备及其性能研究

为寻求较优的醋酸纤维素膜原料,选用巨龙竹纤维素(BC)、竹纸浆纤维素(PC)和微晶纤维素(MC)作为原料,乙酸酐作为乙酰化试剂,浓硫酸为催化剂,制备得到巨龙竹醋酸纤维素(BCA)、竹纸浆醋酸纤维素(PCA)和醋酸纤维素(MCA),再用3种醋酸纤维素制备膜材料,并对其性能进行表征分析。结果表明:巨龙竹纤维素(BC)活性羟基被乙酰基取代能力最强,乙酰化处理后制备的BCA乙酰基可达48.54%,略高于MCA(46.06%)和PCA (44. 13%),且所制得的BCA膜具有最好的力学性能,断裂伸长率与拉伸强度分别为2. 1%和45.97 MPa,显著强于PCA膜和MCA膜; BCA膜的透光率90%,还具有最强的疏水性能,接触角可达92.9°;同时BCA膜的表面比较平滑,结构最为致密,热稳定性较高。因此,BC是较优的醋酸纤维素膜原料。     

葛根渣固态发酵产异黄酮的研究

葛粉提取工艺中形成的废弃物葛根渣含有一定量的异黄酮。以葛根渣为主要原料,通过黑曲霉菌株的固态发酵,利用微生物产生的木聚糖酶和内切-β-葡聚糖酶（CMC酶）破坏细胞壁的纤维结构,促进异黄酮的溶出。优化后的固态发酵培养基由70％葛根渣和30％麸皮组成,含水量70％。在30℃下发酵120h,总异黄酮提取得率为常规醇提法的1．82倍。HPLC图谱显示：固态发酵后大豆苷元的含量下降,而糖苷型异黄酮的含量明显增加,其中葛根素含量为每克葛根渣含3．97mg,比常规醇提法提高了70％。     

马来酸乙基纤维素的制备与表征

为提高乙基纤维素的进一步应用,以乙基纤维素为原料,马来酸酐为衍生化试剂,制备了马来酸乙基纤维素,通过红外、核磁、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热(DSC)等手段对其结构及性质进行了表征,研究了反应各因素对产物取代度的影响,确定了马来酸乙基纤维素(ECMA)最佳反应条件为:马来酸酐与乙基纤维素中羟基总量物质的量之比为4:1,反应...     

低品质纤维制备微纤化纤维素的研究

以造纸浆渣作为原材料,用高碘酸钠氧化法制备二醛基纤维素(DAC),并利用响应面法优化了DAC的制备工艺,最后对二醛基纤维素进行高压均质化处理得到了微纤化纤维素(MFC)。实验结果表明:在反应温度48℃,氧化剂用量50%,反应时间176 min的最优工艺条件下制备的DAC醛基达到947.38μmol/g。高压均质处理60 min得到的MFC平均粒径为532 nm,结晶度为27.13%,仍然保留有纤维素的基本结构,但热稳定性有所降低。在纸浆中添加5%的MFC可使纸页的抗张强度和耐破指数分别提高了81.40%和47.41%,透气度下降约50%,不透明度稍有提高。     

溶剂及高频超声对竹浆纤维润胀效果评价

纸浆纤维是制备纤维素纳米纤维(NCF)的重要原料,研究其前处理方法是实现NCF低能耗制备的重要手段。该文采用7种有机、无机溶剂对纸浆纤维进行润胀处理,并协同高频超声增强处理,通过对水中竹浆纤维的沉降速度及堆积高度对润胀效果进行评价。结果表明:溶剂对纤维的润张效果差异显著,所采用试剂中,喹啉和碘化钾对竹浆纤维的润胀效果最为明显;高频超声处理发现对纤维润胀效果有明显的增强,且对不同试剂的润胀效果有明显改善。     

聚乙二醇改善玉米秸秆酸爆渣酶解性能的机制探讨

以玉米秸秆酸爆渣为研究对象,通过物料组成、比表面积和元素组成分析酶解原料的理化特性,研究了聚乙二醇(PEG4000)对玉米秸秆酸爆渣酶解的辅助效果以及作用机理,并利用FT-IR和SEM分析了酸爆玉米秸秆酶解前后的结构变化。结果表明,木质素含量较高的酸爆玉米秸秆具有较大的比表面积,酶解效率较高,在纤维素酶用量15 FPIU/g(以纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量30 U/g,纤维素质量浓度50g/L条件下水解24 h,葡萄糖得率可达76.4%,PEG4000的添加可以使葡萄糖得率达到82.6%,提高8.1%。对酶解上清液的分析表明,PEG4000改善玉米秸秆酸爆渣酶解性能的作用机制在于其能够有效地与酸爆渣结合,减少酶在酸爆渣上的无效吸附。PEG4000的添加使上清液中可溶性蛋白、滤纸酶活和β-葡萄糖苷酶活分别上升了15.0%、112.5%和24.8%。FT-IR和SEM分析显示玉米秸秆酸爆渣为纤维素类物质,晶型以纤维素II型为主,且加入PEG辅助酶解导致纤维结构几乎完全坍塌,残余物表现出无规则的块状结构。     

高温高压制备微晶纤维素新工艺的研究

探讨处理温度、处理时间和盐酸浓度对高温高压制备微晶纤维素的影响,结果表明:从微晶纤维素得率角度,高温高压制备微晶纤维素的最佳工艺为:盐酸质量分数为2.5%、处理时间为180 min、水解温度为130℃;从表面膨胀体积角度,高温高压制备微晶纤维素的最佳工艺为:盐酸质量分数为1.0%、处理时间为120 min、水解温度为150℃。     

聚乙烯亚胺-纤维素的合成及对胆红素吸附性能

以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为功能基团、微晶纤维素(MCC)为载体通过环氧氯丙烷将PEI接枝到MCC上,制得功能高分子吸附材料PEI-MCC,通过红外光谱、元素分析、X射线衍射对PEI-MCC进行结构表征;测定其对胆红素的吸附性能。结果表明PEI-MCC的合成条件为:在N2保护下,环氧化纤维素(EC)与PEI的质量比为1∶6,反应介质为pH值11的氢氧化钠水溶液40 mL,反应温度70℃,反应时间12 h;过滤产物,水洗至中性,40℃真空干燥24 h,得微黄色固体粉末PEI-MCC,此时结晶度为78.36%,含氮量5.27%。静态吸附测得PEI-MCC对胆红素吸附容量为9.23 mg/g,吸附达平衡的时间为4 h。     

漂白竹浆碱抽提制备溶解浆的研究

以漂白竹浆为原料,通过碱抽提技术制备竹溶解浆,并用X射线衍射仪研究竹浆中纤维素晶型结构的变化,用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)观察纤维表面形貌的变化,采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析碱抽提后竹浆相对分子质量分布(MWD)。经碱抽提后,采用盐酸进行酸处理,以调控溶解浆的聚合度、灰分和白度。研究结果表明:在浆质量分数10%条件下,Na OH质量分数10%,温度30℃,时间60 min,半纤维素脱除率可达66.71%;FE-SEM观察到半纤维素的去除减少了纤维表面原纤化现象,增大纤维横向宽度,增加了纤维柔软性及卷曲性;GPC分析表明多分散系数(PDI)随半纤维素的去除逐渐下降,由7.71降至4.43,竹浆相对分子质量增加,提高了相对分子质量分布的均一性。酸处理过程使残余半纤维素质量分数降至7.02%,竹溶解浆纤维素纯度高达94.25%。     

Lignin Characteristics of Steam Exploded Bamboo Residue during Hot Pressing

bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) residue was subjected to steam explosion treatment to produce superior fibers for binderless boards.Then,lignin was isolated from extract-free bamboo meal,steam exploded pulp,and binderless boards with characteristics being determined by thermo-gravimetry (TG),differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Results showed that:1) the yield of lignin directly extracted with dioxane-water from steam exploded bamboo pulp(SEBPL) and binderless board (SEBBL) was higher than that of milled bamboo lignin (MBL).Also,the yield of SEBBL was lower than that of SEBPL.2) FTIR results showed cleavage of ester and ether bonds between lignin and p-coumaric acid during steam explosion treatment.3) SEBBL showed two glass transitions at 115℃and 200℃, while MBL gave one glass transitions at 155℃.And 4) the modulus of rupture(MOR) and modulus of elasticity(MOE) decreased with an increase in steaming time;whereas internal bonding(IB) increased.In all cases the dimensional stability of boards did not exceed the maximum requirements for type GB/T 11718- 1999.     

NaClO添加量对TEMPO氧化纳米微纤丝结构与性能的影响

以毛竹粉为原料,采用TEMPO催化氧化联合超声处理制备纳米微纤丝,通过改变Na Cl O与纤维素的质量比,研究了Na Cl O添加量对纳米纤维素的长径比、纤维形态以及羧基含量等特性的影响。结果表明:随着Na Cl O添加量的增加,纳米纤维素羧基含量逐渐提高,长径比增大;当Na Cl O添加量为15 mmol/g时,纳米纤维素羧基含量可高达1.646 mmol/g,横截面直径可达6～10 nm,长径比为273～455;随着纳米纤维素羧基含量的增加,纳米纤维素悬浮液的透光率和剪切黏度不断增大。虽然TEMPO催化氧化程度不断加深,但纳米纤维素的晶型并未遭到破坏,仍然呈现出典型的纤维素I晶体结构,而随着羧基含量的增加,纳米纤维素的结晶度和热稳定性有一定程度的下降。     

Mechanical and physical characterization of sodium hydroxide treated Borassus fruit fibers

In order to improve the properties by chemical modification and to optimize the alkali concentration,we treated Borassus fruit fine fibers with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions of different concentrations.In each case,the tensile properties of the fibers were determined.The morphology of the untreated and alkali treated fibers was observed using scanning electron microscope.The surface of the fibers became rough on alkali treatment.The tensile properties of the fibers improved on alkali treatment.The fibers attained maximum tensile properties when treated with 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and decreased thereafter.The crystallinity index of the fibers showed a similar trend.The thermal stability of the alkali treated fibers was found to be higher than that of untreated fibers.Further,the char content was maximum for fibers treated with alkali having concentration of 15% and above.The chemical composition indicated that the percentageof α-cellulose was maximum when the fibers were treated with 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and then decreased thereafter thus indicating the beginning of degradation of the fibers at higher concentrations.Thus,the optimum concentration of NaOH was established as 15% for alkali treatment of the Borassus fibers.     

CNC负载ZnO纳米复合材料的吸附-光催化性能

以醋酸锌为原料、硫酸水解的纤维素纳米晶(CNC)为模板,通过沉淀法制备CNC负载ZnO纳米复合材料(CNC/ZnO),并进一步经550℃处理,得到CNC/ZnO的碳化产物(C CNC/ZnO)。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT IR)、紫外可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV Vis DRS)对其形貌结构、晶体结构、化学结构和光吸收性能进行表征,并测试其对亚甲基蓝(MB)染料的吸附 光催化性能。结果表明:CNC/ZnO纳米复合材料中,ZnO通过静电作用附着于CNC上,呈棒状及纵横交错排列,分散性得到显著提高;经550℃碳化后,ZnO仍以棒状排列方式沉积于碳化CNC上,排列方式未发生变化。引入CNC模板及碳化处理对ZnO晶体结构及光吸收性能产生重要影响,CNC/ZnO复合材料中,ZnO晶粒尺寸为8.4 nm,高于纯纳米ZnO(6.3 nm),其带隙能(Eg)为3.18 eV;C CNC/ZnO复合材料中,ZnO晶粒尺寸为7.8 nm,Eg值减小至1.75 eV。吸附 光催化性能测试表明:CNC/ZnO纳米复合材料对MB具有良好的吸附性能,黑暗条件下搅拌60 min,对MB的吸附去除率可达58%,开启光照60 min后,其对MB的吸附 光催化去除率增至88%;C CNC/ZnO复合材料对MB具有良好的吸附 光催化协同作用,黑暗下吸附60 min,对MB的吸附去除率为49%,光照60 min后,其对MB的吸附 光催化去除率可达99%。     

高取代度高结晶度醋酸纤维素酯的制备与表征

在减压蒸馏的多相体系条件下对微晶纤维素进行醋酸酯化改性,制得一种新型的高取代度高结晶度的醋酸纤维素酯,其取代度为1.85,结晶度为67%.利用FT-IR、X射线和TGA对其进行了表征.结果表明:与在以往体系下制得的高取代度的醋酸纤维素酯相比,这种新型的醋酸纤维素酯不但具有很高的结晶度,而且基本维持了纤维素Ⅰ的晶形,且其热稳定性也有很大提高.     

Effect of alkali treatment on wettability and thermal stability of individual bamboo fibers

The aim of this study is to examine the wettability and thermal properties of individual bamboo fibers after alkali treatment. The individual bamboo fibers were treated by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with varying concentrations (6, 8, 10, 15 and 25%) followed by freeze-drying treatment. The surface analysis of alkali-treated individual bamboo fibers was characterized by atomic force microscope. Water droplet on the individual fiber surface was observed with drop shaper analyzer and the contact angles on fiber surface were also measured. Thermal properties were further studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that alkali treatment resulted in the increase in surface roughness of individual bamboo fibers. Alkali treatment with low NaOH concentration could enhance the wettability of treated individual bamboo fibers, and while the wettability was reduced with alkali treatment at high concentration (25%). Thermal analysis revealed that the onset of decomposition and the maximum decomposition were moved to higher temperature after alkali treatment at low NaOH concentrations (6, 8, and 10%), suggesting the improvement in the thermal stability of treated individual bamboo fibers, while the thermal stability was compromised after alkali treatment at higher concentrations (15 and 25%).     

Enlargement of individual cellulose microfibrils in transgenic poplars overexpressing xyloglucanase

Holocellulose samples prepared from transgenic poplars overexpressing xyloglucanase had crystal widths of 3.2–3.5 nm as a result of the (2 0 0) plane, based on their X-ray diffraction patterns, and crystal widths were greater than those of the wild type (3.0 nm). Cellulose microfibril widths in the holocellulose samples were further determined from transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images of individualized fibrils prepared by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical-mediated oxidation of the holocelluloses and the successive disintegration of the oxidized products in water. The TEM images also supported the finding that cellulose microfibril widths of transgenic poplars were larger than those of the wild type. The cellulose microfibril widths of transgenic poplars were approximately 6 nm, whereas those of the wild type were about 5 nm. However, such enlargement of cellulose microfibril widths could not be explained by the increased cellulose contents of the transgenic poplars alone.