Seed Yield and Yield Contributing Characters as Influenced by N Supply in Rapeseed-mustard

Brasisca Juncea , cv. Pusa Bold, and B. campestris , cv. Pusa Kalyani, were raised under field conditions with varying levels of N supply from 0–120 kg ha^-1. The production profile of branches and pods thereon was measured, per unit area basis, throughout the crop ontogeny. At maturity, data on the yield contributing characters, viz. pod dry weight, pod number, seed number per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed wall ratio and seed yield in different order branches, was recorded.
The branching pattern and the number of pods produced on different order branches, in the two species, was favourably modified by the increasing levels of N supply. Primary and secondary branches contributed to the seed yield to an extent of 80 % of the total yield. Nitrogen treatment had no significant effect on 1000 seed weight. B. juncea exhibited significantly higher yield over B. campestris. N supply up to 120 kg ha ^-1 linearly increased seed yield in both the species. However, it exerted a negative effect too partitioning of assimilates from pod wall to seed. The study indicated that rapeseed-mustard, grown under short winter-season environment with adequate soil moisture, has the potential for higher N-fertilizer optima exceeding 120 kg ha ^-1.     

两个彩色棉品种生理特性及产量性状研究

以淮棕杂1号、淮绿杂1号和白色棉亲本材料zms-41为材料,研究了棕色棉、绿色棉及其亲本生理特性及产量性状的差异.结果表明,亲本叶绿素(a+b)含量最高,棕色棉次之,绿色棉最低,盛花期后绿色棉叶绿素a、b的含量与亲本差异明显.绿色棉和棕色棉叶面积系数的增长主要在棉花生育中前期,盛花期以后,叶面积系数下降较快;叶比重在整...     

Analysis of the Main Decision Characters of Cotton Yield in Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin

[Objective] In order to improve the efficiency of variety selection and reduce the cost of experiment, it was necessary to select the multi-objective characters comprehensively and make clear the effect of each objective character on the yield of seed cotton. [Method] Through the statistical analysis of 8 years, 607 breeding materials (339 conventional varieties and 268 hybrids) of Guoxin Rural Technical Service Association in Hejian City, Hebei Province, the effects of plant type, yield, maturity and fiber quality on the yield of seed cotton were comprehensively evaluated. [Result] Correlation analysis, regression analysis and general analysis showed that boll weight, lint percentage, first fruiting branches node, percentage of seed-cotton before frost and growth period had significant effects on seed cotton yield in the Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin. The correlation coefficient between percentage of seed-cotton before frost and seed cotton yield were the highest (r＝0.320 97), and the boll weight decision coefficient was the largest (R²＝0.30), which were the main traits affecting the seed cotton yield. Plant height had the largest direct effect on seed cotton yield, but the total effect was the smallest after indirect effects of other variables (r_2y＝－0.04). Both regression and general analysis showed that neither fiber length (upper half mean length) nor micronaire had significant effects on seed cotton yield. [Conclusion] During the breeding of new cotton lines in the Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin, boll weight and lint percentage can be used as important agronomic characters for breeders to improve. Shortening the growth period and increasing the percentage of seed-cotton before frost can increase yield. Plant height and first fruiting branches node affect seed cotton yield through interaction with other traits. Neither the fiber length nor the micronaire value have a significant effect on the seed cotton yield, which can be increased simultaneously with the yield during the breeding process.     

杂交棉氮磷钾吸收分配特点的研究

以杂交棉标杂A1、豫杂35和常规棉中棉所41为材料进行试验,结果表明杂交棉单铃重和皮棉产量均高于常规棉,且达极显著水平。对纤维品质检测的结果表明杂交棉的纤维长度、强度、细度等比较协调,优于常规棉。三个品种对N、P、K的吸收均呈Logistic曲线,但三者吸收速度并不同步,杂交棉养分净积累量和吸收速率在盛铃前高于常规棉,最大吸收强度出现在初花期至盛铃期(7月5日-8月4日);杂交棉棉株N、P、K向茎枝的分配率在盛花期(7月20日)最高,向叶片的分配率一直低于或接近于常规棉;而向花蕾的分配率在盛花期达最大值;向子棉的分配率在吐絮期(8月25日)高于常规棉。     

密度对棉花产量及棉铃内部产量构成的影响

以杂交种中棉所75和常规种鲁棉研28为材料,从冠层、单株以及单铃内部几个不同层次深入研究了密度对产量及产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,密度显著影响棉花产量,且这种影响可追溯到单株,甚至单个棉铃内部的单个种子上。5.1万株和8.7万株·hm-2密度下皮棉产量无显著差异,但显著高于1.5万株·hm-2密度的产量。在该试验密度范围,随着密度增加,棉株上部果枝和外围果节的成铃率显著降低;铃重、单粒种子截面积和单铃内种子数随密度增加呈下降趋势;单粒种子上纤维质量与种子所处位置相关,在棉铃基部和中部其随密度变化差异较大。     

棉花抗红铃虫性对产量性状的影响研究

以不同抗性类型的陆地棉抗虫品种(系)和常规棉品种(系)作亲本配制杂交组合,将亲本和F1代杂交种共20个材料在网室、田间进行抗红铃虫鉴定和棉花抗红铃虫性对棉花产量的影响研究,试验表明,具有外源抗虫基因的抗虫棉皮棉产量高,稳产性好,尤其是抗虫杂交棉具有明显的杂种优势。相关分析结果,棉花种子虫害率与皮棉产量、子棉产量、单株成铃数和霜前花率呈极显著负相关;与衣分和僵瓣黄花率成极显著正相关;与单铃重相关性较低。结果表明,利用外源抗虫基因转导的棉花新材料作为杂交亲本,可以培育出丰产高抗棉花害虫的棉花新品种,尤其适合培育抗红铃虫的杂交棉品种。     

密度对红豆草农艺性状和种子产量的影响

为了合理利用空间资源,提高红豆草种子产量,试验以奇台红豆草为材料,设置不同的种植密度,通过对株高、分枝数、荚果数、千粒重、种子产量等指标的测量,探寻密度与红豆草生殖格局的关系。试验结果表明,种植密度30 cm×25 cm时,单株花序数、荚果数、千粒重和种子产量最高,依次是81.1个、839.2个、23.8 g、1995.8 kg/hm²。通过相关性分析,种子产量与千粒重呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.631;种子产量与单株荚果数呈极显著正相关,相关系数高达0.998。     

棉花单一群体创“150”产量构成及其贡献率分析

单位面积铃数、单铃重和衣分是构成棉花产量的三个重要因素。单位面积铃数对创“１５０”（公顷２２５０ｋｇ,后同）产量的贡献率最大,单铃重和衣分次之。偏相关分析表明,单位面积铃数与单铃重和衣分呈极显著的负相关。增加单位面积铃数与提高单铃重和衣分是创“１５０”高产的不同主攻方向。主攻单位面积铃数时,实收密度不得低于４．６５万株·ｈｍ－２。选用高铃重高衣分优良品种,创高产的风险性较小。创高产群体要求生物学产量稳定在１５ｔ·ｈｍ－２以上,子棉经济系数稳定在０．３８３以上。     

Effect of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid Concentrations and the Number of its Applications on the Yield Components, Yield and Fibre Properties of Egyptian Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)

Field experiments were performed in two successive seasons at the Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, on the Egyptian cotton cultivar Giza 75 ( Gossypium barbadense L.). Cotton plants were sprayed with the growth regulator 1-naphthaleneace acid (NAA) once (at 90 days), or twice (at 90 and 105 days) or thrice (90, 105 and 120 days) after sowing, during the square initiation and boiling stage at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 p.p.m. The volume of solution was the same for all treatments. 9601 ha⁻¹. The control plants were sprayed with water only. The effect of the previous treatments on yield components, cotton yield and fibre properties was studied.
The application of NAA increased the number of opened bolls plant⁻¹, boll weight, seed index, seed cotton yield plant⁻¹ and seed cotton and lint yields ha⁻¹. The most significant effects were obtained with the 15 and 20 p.p.m. concentrations. Lint percentage, fibre length parameters and micronaire value were not significantly affected by NAA. Flat bundle strength was significantly affected by NAA but with no definite trend. The application of NAA twice or thrice tended to give the best results on yield components and cotton yield compared with one application. The results of this study suggested that 20 p.p.m. of NAA gave the best figures when applied twice on the Egyptian cotton plants.     

棉花产量目标和产量结构的动态知识模型

通过分析和提炼棉花皮棉产量及产量结构的最新研究资料,在综合考虑气候条件、土壤肥力和栽培技术水平等影响因子的基础上,建立了棉花产量目标和产量结构的动态知识模型。该模型可用于精确定量不同气候条件、不同土壤肥力和不同栽培技术条件下的产量目标以及基于品种特性的产量结构。利用不同生态点资料对知识模型进行了验证,结果表明模型具有较好的决策性和适用性。     

北疆优质杂交棉农艺性状与产量品质相关性研究

为了选育高产、纤维品质优良和适宜新疆北疆早熟棉区种植的杂交棉新品种,并为杂交组合的亲本选配提供理论指导,选用了10个北疆优质杂交棉新品种（系）,对其生育期、农艺性状、产量结构性状及纤维品质性状进行了试验研究,对若干农艺性状与产量、品质性状进行了相关性分析。结果表明：对产量影响较大的性状有果枝数、株高、单株铃数,其中果枝数与产量的正相关性达到显著程度;农艺性状与品质的相关性以负相关居多;株高与产量和品质均呈正相关,可以在一定范围内通过提高株高来同时调控产量与品质。要提高杂交棉产量,除了培育适宜的株型之外,增加果枝数、单株铃数和铃重是非常重要的途径。     

施用改良剂后盐渍化土壤养分和棉花产量变化

为了初步阐明在施用土壤改良剂后盐渍化土壤养分和棉花生长变化。利用4种不同的土壤改良剂,通过田间试验探讨施入不同品种改良剂后棉区盐渍化土壤的养分及棉花生长和产量变化。结果表明,盐渍化土壤输入4种改良剂后,土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾均有不同程度的提高,说明这4种改良剂对盐渍化土壤具有明显的改土培肥效果,其中以DS1997和磷石膏的改土效果较显著。棉区盐渍化土壤输入改良剂后,土壤肥力得到明显改善,并促进了棉花的生长发育,棉花的生物产量和经济产量均有不同程度的提高。由此得出,土壤改良剂可有效减少盐分危害,改善土壤质量,进而提高土地生产能力。     

北疆高产棉花养分吸收特性的研究

本文以新陆早４号为材料，研究了北疆高产棉花群体（１８００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２）条件下棉株Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５、Ｋ２Ｏ养分的吸收特性。结果表明，棉花茎枝、叶片、花蕾、铃壳、子棉中的Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５的含量随生育进程呈下降趋势；Ｋ２Ｏ含量在铃壳中呈上升趋势，在其它器官中呈下降趋势。棉株对Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５、Ｋ２Ｏ的吸收均呈Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线变化，养分吸收的快增期出现在出苗后５８～９７ｄ，此期吸收了约养分总量的６０％，是需肥最大的时期。棉株对养分的吸收分配中心与干物质积累分配中心一致。在本试验中，公顷产１８００～１９００ｋｇ皮棉从土壤中吸收Ｎ为２４５．０～２７０．１ｋｇ，Ｐ２Ｏ５为７２．４～７５．５ｋｇ，Ｋ２Ｏ为２６９．５～２７１．９ｋｇ。     

长江流域滨海盐土轻简育苗棉花生育特性、产量与种植效益分析

为滨海盐碱地大面积推广应用新型育苗技术以及实施相应的配套技术提供科学依据,于2011—2012年在大丰市稻麦原种场滨海盐土地进行大田试验,以营养钵育苗为对照,比较了基质穴盘育苗、无土育苗、水浮育苗3种不同轻简育苗方式棉花的生长发育特性、产量与种植效益。结果表明,移栽时棉苗素质由高到低分别为营养钵育苗、水浮育苗、基质穴盘育苗、无土育苗。移栽后的缓苗期以水浮育苗与营养钵育苗较短,基质穴盘育苗次之,无土育苗最长。与营养钵育苗相比,基质穴盘育苗、无土育苗和水浮育苗3种轻简育苗方式均表现出营养生长较弱、现蕾、开花迟,有效果节与蕾铃形成期短的生长特点,籽棉产量由高到低分别为营养钵育苗、水浮育苗、基质穴盘育苗、无土育苗。由此得出,3种轻简育苗方式虽然能够节约成本,但是由于产值的降低导致其种植效益亦减少。     

棉花株型栽培的增产机理及技术研究

棉花株型栽培的形态指标为，株体矮化３０％左右，群体密度提高２０％以上；形态特点是株矮、枝短、叶小、叶厚、铃大；增产机理表现为群休早发早熟效应、铃位内移效应、抗逆效应和产量结构效应。株型栽培技术的核心是以地膜、优种为基础，通过化学生长调节剂（ＤＰＣ）和农业措施（水、肥、中耕等）相结合的综合调控技术，将棉花生长形态调控为理想的群体株型。一般缩节安（ＤＰＣ）调控强度为每公顷施量９０～１２０克，分３～４次喷施；灌水和追肥时间适当提早，每公顷施纯氮１５０～２２５公斤，并要与磷钾肥平衡施用。经１９９２～１９９４年在山西、山东、江苏等地试验示范，在公顷增产皮棉１６８～３５４公斤，平均增产３００公斤左右，增产率为９．２％～２５．１％。     

不同地区繁育的马铃薯‘早大白’脱毒种薯继代植株生物学特性、产量与品质研究

经过20多年的马铃薯脱毒技术的研究与应用,目前中国不同地区繁育的同一品种马铃薯脱毒种薯,其继代植株表现出比较大的差异。笔者以辽宁本溪马铃薯研究所（BX）繁育的‘早大白’种薯为对照,研究了河北坝上农科所（HB）和黑龙江大兴安岭农科所（HLJ）2地繁育的马铃薯‘早大白’种薯的继代表观遗传变异的生物学性状和产量品质的变化。结果表明：河北坝上繁育的脱毒种薯继代植株在苗期长势较旺,进入现蕾期以后,黑龙江大兴安岭繁育脱毒种薯继代的株高、茎粗、叶面积迅速增加,开花期延后,生育期延长,有利于干物质的合成与积累。出苗后50天收获,河北坝上繁育脱毒种薯继代块茎产量和商品率与对照无明显差异,而黑龙江大兴安岭繁育脱毒种薯继代块茎产量和商品率均低于对照。出苗后60天收获,黑龙江大兴安岭繁育脱毒种薯的继代产量比对照提高30.26%,商品率无明显差异,同时块茎中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉和Vc含量与对照无明显差异。     

坡耕地高产玉米指示性状初探

利用灰色关税分析．研究坡耕地玉米主要数量性状与产量（单株产量）的关系、结果表明：坡耕地高产玉米的主要特征是果稳长，行粒数多，穗行数和千粒重适中，果穗偏细．茎秆粗，叶片数适中，株高适宜，穗位低。     

控释氮肥对棉花产量的影响及光合特性的研究

在大田条件下,以普通尿素常规施肥量(N 150 kg.hm-2)为对照,研究了控释氮肥不同用量和不同施用方法对棉花光合特性和产量的影响,结果表明:控释氮肥处理可提高中后期棉叶叶肉细胞PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)和PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo),改善叶肉细胞的光合能力,提高叶片光合效率,从而提高群体光合效率,增加单株结铃数和铃重。和对照比,控释氮肥各处理子棉产量和肥效表现:(1)等氮量(施N 150 kg.hm-2)基施处理极显著增产10.3%,肥效提高10.2%;(2)等氮量(施N 150 kg.hm-2)1∶1基追施处理极显著增产22.5%,肥效提高22.4%;(3)施氮120 kg.hm-21∶1基追施处理极显著增产12.3%,肥效提高40.3%;(4)施N 120 kg.hm-2基施处理增产3.2%,肥效提高29.4%。     

棉花产量和纤维品质性状的遗传研究

 采用8×8不完全双列杂交分析法,对棉花产量因素、纤维品质性状的遗传效应及其遗传相关进行了研究分析,并将遗传相关分解为加性相关和显性相关。结果表明,在棉花产量因素中,皮棉产量和单株结铃数的遗传分别以加性效应、显性效应为主,而加性效应、显性效应对铃重和衣分的控制同等重要。其中,衣分受环境变异的影响最小。所以,在F₂～F₃代进行选择的效果较好;在品质性状中,纤维长度、比强度及麦克隆值的遗传均以加性效应为主,受环境变异影响均较大。棉花产量因素与品质性状之间的相关普遍表现为遗传相关大于表型相关,各性状之间的表型相关、遗传相关及加性相关类似,而显性相关则不同。遗传相关特别是加性相关可以指导选择育种,而显性相关对杂种优势的利用至关重要。     

翻耕深度对膜下滴灌棉花农艺性状及产量的影响研究

为了探明翻耕深度对新疆膜下滴灌棉花生长的影响,通过设置3个翻耕深度（10 cm、30 cm和50 cm ）处理,研究不同翻耕深度对棉花农艺性状及产量构成的影响。结果表明,翻耕深度对棉花生育进程影响显著,翻耕30 cm和50 cm分别比翻耕10 cm全生育期延长20天和25天。同时翻耕深度增加使棉花株高、果枝数、主茎叶片数和单株铃数均显著增加,LAI增大。翻耕深度增加,棉花中、下部结铃比例减小,上部铃比例显著增加,同时皮棉产量显著增加,翻耕30 cm比10 cm增加52.9%,翻耕50 cm比30 cm增加9.2%。而收获株数和单株结铃数增加是皮棉产量提高的主要原因。综合分析认为,深翻耕有利于连作棉田棉花生长及产量水平提高。