City size effects, trends, and policies

As cities increase in size, so do wage rates for the same work. There is evidence that the wage differential is persistent and stable over time, which suggests that the differential does not arise from a lack of adjustment that is in process of correction. Indeed, there is an inverse relation between size and growth rate. Large metropolitan areas with high wage rates have been losing population in recent years, which is hardly a sign that their higher wage rates are temporary inducements to workers to move into those cities. It is much more plausible that the differential is a more-orless permanent money payment that compensates urban residents for costs they bear as population size increases. This argument does not deny that there are nonwage benefits as well as costs of city size, that city size effects may vary between individuals and groups, or that there may be scope for improved policy on population distribution. Nonetheless, the benefits of size seem to be outweighed by the costs; all types and groups of people generally can and do move about until alternative locations are less attractive than their current location; and solutions to population distribution problems will often emerge as byproducts to the solutions of more basic problems.     

Food sovereignty, urban food access, and food activism: contemplating the connections through examples from Chicago

The idea of food sovereignty has its roots primarily in the response of small producers in developing countries to decreasing levels of control over land, production practices, and food access. While the concerns of urban Chicagoans struggling with low food access may seem far from these issues, the authors believe that the ideas associated with food sovereignty will lead to the construction of solutions to what is often called the ??food desert?? issue that serve and empower communities in ways that less democratic solutions do not. In Chicago and elsewhere, residents and activists often see and experience racial and economic inequalities through the variety of stores and other food access sites available in their community. The connections between food access, respect, and activism are first considered through a set of statements of Chicagoans living in food access poor areas. We will then discuss these connections through the work and philosophy of activists in Chicago centered in food sovereignty and food justice. Particular focus will be placed on Growing Power, an urban food production, distribution, and learning organization working primarily in Milwaukee and Chicago, and Healthy South Chicago, a community coalition focused on health issues in a working class area of the city.     

半城市化地区城乡一体化动力机制与发展模式研究——以许昌市城乡一体化推进区为例

随着经济发展和城市化的快速推进,城市对周边地区的影响力也不断增大,城乡之间的经济联系也越来越紧密,城乡互动发展的态势日益明显。在一些城市边缘区或城镇密集区的半城市化地区,可以推进城乡一体化进程,不断提升城市化的质量,促进城乡协调发展。以许昌市城乡一体化推进区为例,深入分析了其动力机制,基于功能区的思想,制定了推进城乡一体化协调发展的发展模式。探讨许昌市城乡一体化推进区的动力机制和发展模式,对推进中国城市化进程,实现城乡一体化发展提供有益的借鉴。     

Developing city water supplies by drying up farms: Contradictions raised in water institutions under stress

Constraints on the expansion of western water supply projects have turned the attention of urban water developers to market purchases of agricultural water supplies as a source of new water. The conventional wisdom of natural resource economics suggests that such shifts should have minimal impact on the agricultural area-of-origin, promote efficiency in water use, and provide an inexpensive and environmentally preferable alternative to building more dams and reservoirs. However the concentration of urban demand combines with water-extensive irrigation practices in western agriculture and a characteristically bipolar economic and social structure in western irrigation communities to create a potential for severe stress on rural economies and communities. The adaptation of supply-oriented western water institutions to market-oriented functions has not provided a decision-making context that accounts for costs imposed on rural communities; moreover, historically water-rich rural communities have not evolved a water policy infrastructure capable of responding to stress. Before the promise of low-cost water supply through the market mechanism can be realized, the structural contradictions inherited from the traditional water-management institutions must be faced and dealt with by both rural source regions and urban water importers.     

Place, work, and civic agriculture: Common fields for cultivation

``Civic agriculture' identifies adiverse and growing body of food and farmingenterprises fitted to the needs of localgrowers, consumers, rural economies, andcommunities. The term lends shape andlegitimacy to development paradigms that existin opposition to the global,corporately-dominated food system. Civicagriculture also widens the scope of ag-relatedconcerns, moving away from a strictlymechanistic focus on production and capitalefficiency, and toward the more holisticreintegration of people in place. To date,researchers and practitioners have attendedclosely to the economic benefits of newmarketing arrangements and institutions (e.g.,value-added co-ops, CSAs, and farmer'smarkets). Local food and farming has a criticalrole to play in the development of analternative commerce. At the same time, this isonly half the promise of civic agriculture.Civic agriculture can (and should) promotecitizenship and environmentalism within bothrural and urban settings not only throughmarket-based models of economic behavior, butthrough common ties to place and physicalengagement with that place.     

吉林省城市建设用地投入效益分析

从经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益3个方面构建城市建设用地投入效益分析指标体系,并以吉林省8个地级市为研究对象进行实证研究。结果表明,吉林省城市建设用地投入的水平特征表现为:投入低效,内在经济、社会、生态环境系统耦合协调水平低下;空间特征表现为:空间分异情况并不明显,但总体来说西北部地区大于东南部地区;建设用地投入效益从大到小依次为经济效益(3.072 1)、社会效益(2.909 5)、生态环境效益(2.532 2),反映吉林省重经济、轻生态的错误发展观念。     

山西贫困地区城乡发展不平衡成因分析

近年来,山西贫困地区城乡发展不平衡问题日益突出,重点对其成因进行了分析,发现除历史形成的城乡二元结构等共性因素外,贫困地区自身还存在特殊原因:过度依赖煤炭资源的粗放型经济增长方式、城镇化严重滞后于工业化和经济发展水平、县域经济发展缓慢、自然地理条件恶劣。只有针对性地采取措施,才能加快贫困地区城乡一体化进程。     

价值论、认识论、方法论：马克思生态思想中国化的三重维度

基于1985~2012年城镇居民收入分组数据，分析了经济结构转换、投资增长以及经济开放程度的改变对于各收入组收入增长的不同效应，以及这一期间相应宏观经济变量对城镇居民收入增长均衡性的影响。结果表明：产业结构升级会拉大城镇居民收入差距，第三产业比重增加更有利于高收入人群收入提高；国内投资与利用外资、经济开放程度对城镇不同收入组收入增长都具有不同的影响。     

园林建设与城市生态经济发展

城市园林不仅充当着人工生态系统的角色和城市中唯一一项有生命性质的基础设施,还起着美化城市外貌的作用;更为重要的是,它改善城市生态坏境、降低自然灾害发生的几率以及维持物种多样性。本文就加强城市园林建设的必要性、我国城市园林建设存在的问题及应对措施和促进城市生态经济的发展3个方面进行了阐述。     

中国城市化水平与经济发展水平研究

城市化水平和经济发展水平之间具有很大程度的一致性，各国城市化水平与人均国民生产总值之间呈正向变化关系。城市化会加速产业结构的变化，能促进区域经济的发展。中国的城市化水平较低，滞后于工业化发展水平，城市化进程缓慢。造成这种状况的主要原因是人为控制城市人口的政策以及城市吸收农村人口的能力低下等。运用城市化水平方程对中国城市化水平及其影响因素的分析和预测表明，中国2010年的城市化水平可有达到40％以上。中国应控制人口增长，采取促进城市发展的政策，消除城乡壁垒，全方位转移农村剩余劳动力，加速中国城市化进程，以促进经济和社会的全面发展。     

连云港城市扩展及其驱动力分析

利用多时相遥感影像、社会经济统计数据以及其他辅助资料,在基于遥感影像专题信息提取和GIS空间叠置分析技术的基础上对连云港市1978～2005年的城市扩展及其侵占周围土地的情况进行了系统的分析,并对连云港市扩展的驱动力进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,连云港的城市扩展很快,2005年的城市面积是1978年的4倍多,而且在不同的空间位置城市扩展的速度和规模也有较大的差异,城市扩展主要是侵占周边的优质农田.连云港市临海的地理位置和快速的经济发展决定着城市扩展的空间方位和速度,是城市扩展的主要驱动力.     

贵阳市区立交桥绿化现状调查及养护技术思考

随着经济发展,城市空间越来越拥挤,城市道路不断向空间发展,大量立交桥随之而出现。对贵阳市内具有代表性的4座立交桥绿化状况进行调查,并从立交桥绿化技术、养护管理以及立交桥绿化存在的问题等方面进行了综合分析,并提出了相应的建议与对策。     

长三角营商环境促进经济高质量发展的路径研究——基于41个城市数据的fs-QCA分析

在当前经济发展背景下,优化城市营商环境成为推动城市经济高质量发展的关键策略。已有研究探讨了营商环境各要素对经济发展的直接影响,但对相关要素如协同作用影响城市经济高质量发展的复杂机制,仍有待深入分析。采取组态视角,结合城市经济高质量发展所需的营商环境条件,采用fs-QCA方法,基于长三角地区41个城市的数据,深入探究营商环境各要素的组态配置如何共同促进城市经济的高质量发展。研究发现:首先,营商环境的多个要素通过协同联动形成了多样化的组态配置模式,这些模式均能实现城市经济的高质量发展;其次,尽管长三角地区不同类型的城市在推动经济发展水平提升的路径上存在明显差异,但这些差异化的路径都能够促进城市经济的高质量发展。研究不仅为优化营商环境进而推动城市经济高质量发展提供理论指导,也为不同类型城市制定符合其自身特征的发展战略提供了实践启示。     

基于作用对象的城市绿色空间三大效益计量框架

从多个角度讨论了研究人员对城市绿色空间的三大效益——经济效益、生态效益和社会效益内涵的认识,重新界定了城市绿色空间三大效益的内涵。分析了目前城市绿色空间经济、生态、社会效益估算中突出存在的问题,按照城市绿色空间功能所作用的对象,划分全球生态、区域环境、区域健康、基本生活、精神生活和物质生活6个关系域,提出了经济、生态、社会效益计量的基本框架,以期为推动生态系统效益估算从专家研究领域走向实际的社会应用提供一种新的思路。     

中国经济发展与城市建设用地关系实证

利用全国31个省、市、自治区面板数据对经济发展与城市用地之间的关系进行了检验,得到以下主要结论：①经济发展水平与城市用地序列均符合一阶单整过程;②经济发展与城市用地之间存在协整关系,协整方程表明人均GDP每增长10％,将拉动城市用地规模扩张4.94％;③长期内经济发展是城市用地扩张的Granger原因,反向关系则不成立,短期内经济发展与城市用地扩张互为Granger因果关系,二者的长期均衡关系仅能够调整城市用地的短期失衡,调整力度为33.83％.因此,政府应制定政策激励开发商、企业提高土地利用效率,严格控制城市增长边界,并对短期失衡进行调控.     

Analysis of obsidian from moho cay, belize: new evidence on classic maya trade routes

Trace element analysis of obsidian artifacts from Moho Cay, Belize, reveals that the obsidian derives primarily from the El Chayal outcrop in highland Guatemala and not from the Ixtepeque source. This is contrary to the widely accepted obsidian trade route model for Classic Maya civilization and suggests that Classic Maya obsidian trade was a more complex economic phenomenon than has been recognized.     

广西城乡居民收入差距与经济增长关系的实证研究

选用城镇居民人均可支配收入、农村居民人均纯收入和环比经济增长率3项指标,根据1980～2009年统计年鉴中的时序数据,运用ADF检验、Granger因果关系检验等方法对广西城乡居民收入与经济增长的关系进行分析。结果表明,库兹涅茨的经济增长与收入差距关系的理论不适于解释广西出现的城乡收入差距扩大的现象,＂滴流效应＂对缓解城乡收入的持续扩大也不会产生明显的效果。广西城乡居民收入差距扩大更多的是受到发展政策和城乡分割的经济体制制约而并非经济发展本身的影响。只有推进经济体制改革、打破城乡阻隔才是缩小城乡收入差距的最佳途径。     

Urbanization and the wealth of nations

The proportion of a country's population living in urban areas is highly correlated with its level of income. Urban areas offer economies of scale and richer market structures, and there is strong evidence that workers in urban areas are individually more productive, and earn more, than rural workers. However, rapid urbanization is also associated with crowding, environmental degradation, and other impediments to productivity. Overall, we find no evidence that the level of urbanization affects the rate of economic growth. Our findings weaken the rationale for either encouraging or discouraging urbanization as part of a strategy for economic growth.     

云南省城乡经济差异演变的时空分析

选取云南省城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入和农村家庭人均纯收入作为分析的变量指标,采集《云南年鉴》和《云南统计年鉴》中1978～2007年的相关数据,采用RHL值和泰尔指数,对云南省城乡经济差异的发生、发展和变化进行定量研究,并通过经济增长对城乡差异收敛与发散的空间分析及城乡经济差异演变趋势进行回归分析。结果表明,1978～2007年,城市经济发展以向下收敛为主,农村经济发展以向下发散为主,导致城乡发展分离趋异,总体表现云南城乡差距扩大,农村地区的发展远远滞后于城镇的发展;城乡差异发展趋势显示库兹尼次曲线的倒“U”形特征。为促进城乡经济的协调发展,提出以下建议：采取非均衡发展的战略,加速总体经济发展;培育和发展中小城市,促进城乡经济一体化发展;适当扶持贫困农村地区,充分发挥比较优势。     

城乡二元经济结构的测定及影响因素分析

城乡二元经济结构是发展中国家工业化进程中普遍存在的问题,弱化城乡二元经济结构的工作已成为各省(区)统筹城乡发展工作的重点。基于熵权法与TOPSIS法的强度测定方法,从综合经济发展、城乡收支差异、城乡金融发展和城乡土地规模利用差异四个角度出发,分析我国不同区域典型代表省(区)的城乡二元经济结构强度及影响因素。结果表明,城乡二元经济结构强度大的省(区)基本属于中西部地区的农业大省,城乡二元经济结构强度弱的省(区)或是城市和乡村的经济发展水平均较高,或是城市发展落后,但农村相对发达;影响因素表现为具有一定相关性,各省(区)的综合经济发展影响程度与城乡收支差异影响程度整体上呈反向变化,城乡金融发展影响程度与城乡土地利用规模差异影响程度呈反向变化。最后,为进一步弱化城乡二元经济结构,提出了推动城镇化与产业化建设,促进综合经济发展水平的提高;培育新型农业经营主体,缩小城乡收支差异;构建新型农村金融体系,深化农村金融发展;加大制度创新力度,缩小城乡土地利用规模差异等建议。