广西大明山刨花润楠种群结构及其分布格局研究

为了解刨花润楠在自然分布状态下的种群结构及其分布特性,为其野生资源保护和人工造林提供理论参考,在广西大明山自然保护区设置3.2 hm2固定大样地,通过野外监测调查,运用林木径级结构代表年龄结构法,对大明山山地常绿阔叶林中刨花润楠的种群结构、空间分布格局及其动态等进行分析.结果显示:大明山自然保护区刨花润楠种群的各级分布结构整体上呈“L”型,种群中Ⅰ级幼树和Ⅱ级小树的个体数分别占47.75％和39.45％,92.4％的个体高度在10m以下;种群的Deevey存活曲线接近于Ⅱ型,表明种群在不同生长阶段中表现出相近一致的死亡消失率;种群的总体空间分布格局为聚集分布型,并具有从早期生长阶段的聚集分布逐渐转变成后期生长阶段均匀分布的动态特征.大明山山地常绿阔叶林的刨花润楠种群结构相对完整,属于增长种群,在自然潜在干扰影响中目前仍处于稳定状态.     

Selectivity of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions

Analyses of the end-Cretaceous or Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction show no selectivity of marine bivalve genera by life position (burrowing versus exposed), body size, bathymetric position on the continental shelf, or relative breadth of bathymetric range. Deposit-feeders as a group have significantly lower extinction intensities than suspension-feeders, but this pattern is due entirely to low extinction in two groups (Nuculoida and Lucinoidea), which suggests that survivorship was not simply linked to feeding mode. Geographically widespread genera have significantly lower extinction intensities than narrowly distributed genera. These results corroborate earlier work suggesting that some biotic factors that enhance survivorship during times of lesser extinction intensities are ineffectual during mass extinctions.     

Radiation effects in free-ranging pocket mice, Perognathus parvus, during the breeding season

Captive and free-ranging Great Basin pocket mice, Perognathus parvus, were exposed to ionizing radiation during the breeding season, April-June, in 1971. The values for the median lethal dose (LD(50)) at 30 days plus or minus the standard deviation were 880 +/- 14 rads and 780 +/- 27 rads, respectively, and the slopes of the survivorship curves were significantly different. These differences suggested that there was a synergism between radiation-induced and environmental sources of mortality, since the field data were corrected for natural mortality (5 percent) in the controls.     

人工诱导下观赏植物的阶段转变类型及幼年期的确定

花期调控需要有效的人工诱导。在植物的幼年期,任何诱导都是无效的,因此,需要确定结束其的时间。本文对用于判断幼年期的量化指标、判断准则和常规步骤等进行了总结,确定了常用的标准。被诱导的阶段转变指的是人工诱导下植物从幼年期向成熟期的转变过程。本文归纳出五种被诱导的阶段转变的基本类型,对每种类型的特征进行了描述和举例,确定了幼年期结束的判断方法,讨论了影响判断的因子及长期存在的争议。     

福建武平帽布火烧前米槠种群动态分析

根据福建武平帽布火烧前米槠群落生态现状系统调查资料，运用立木级结构对米槠种群结构、分布格局及米信与其它植物种间关系进行分析结果表明：米槠种群立木级结构和存活曲线呈增长型，分布格局为负二项分布，米储与其它植物正联结种对有５２对、负联结种对９７对．     

Dieldrin-induced mortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens)

Brains of juvenile gray bats, Myotis grisescens, found dead beneath maternity roosts in two Missouri caves contained lethal concentrations of dieldrin. One colony appeared to be abnormally small, and more dead bats were found a year after the juvenile bats had been collected. This is the first report to link the field mortality of bats directly to insecticide residues acquired through the food chain.     

猴头杜鹃种群结构和分布格局研究

研究浙江省凤阳山猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum)种群的大小级、存活曲线和分布格局,结果表明:不同样地猴头杜鹃的年龄结构不同,有稳定型或增长型、稳定型趋向衰退型以及衰退型等,总体上多数样地猴头杜鹃种群幼苗库数量较为丰富,种群年龄结构为稳定型,猴头杜鹃种群在群落中能得到稳定的发展。猴头杜鹃种群的分布格局呈集群型,这是由物种本身生物学特性和环境条件的综合影响所决定的。     

新型星形下锯法第一道工序加工过程的数学描述

新型星形下锯专利技术是由瑞典皇家技术学院木材技术和加工研究院Martin Winklund教授发明的，这种新型的下锯方法改变了人工林小径木的利方式。用这种方法生产的人工小径的大多数的纹理是径切的，其下锯有方向垂直于木材的生长办,训主要讨论了星形下锯法第一道工序的数学描述方法，推导出出了星形下锯法第一道工序生产的两块平头毛边板的精确材积公式，它为木材的合理利用提供了理论依据，依靠这些理论，今后可设计一个更简单实用的数据系统用于星形下锯系统，而且将会使得这些数控系统更适合于小径木的加工。     

南京紫金山地区优势种群生活史特征与格局

用"径级大小替代年龄大小"和"空间差异替代时间变化"的方法,从重要值、生命表特征、年龄结构以及优势种群幼龄期个体空间分布格局4个方面,研究了南京紫金山地区森林群落优势种群的生活史动态特征与空间分布规律。结果表明,枫香种群、麻栎种群和白栎种群在南京紫金山地区森林群落中占有优势地位;枫香种群、麻栎种群和白栎种群在其生长过程中,在低龄时期,死亡率都较高,进入中龄期后,由于上层空间都被栎木占据,枫香种群全部死亡,而麻栎种群和白栎种群的死亡率则随着径级的增大而增大;南京紫金山地区枫香种群属于典型的增长型种群,麻栎种群属于衰退型种群,白栎种群总体上属于增长型群落,但中间径级不完整,种群更新较为困难;在所研究的每一个样方中,一般只有一个优势物种呈聚集分布,而其他优势物种呈随机分布,或样方中所有优势物种都呈随机分布。这种分布格局是由种群本身的生物学特性和环境条件的不同以及两者之间的相互作用所决定的。     

3个构树无性系幼龄材纤维形态和化学成分分析

以人工培育的3个构树无性系幼龄材为试验材料,对其纤维形态和化学成分进行测定和分析,并揭示不同构树无性系幼龄材纤维形态和化学成分的变化规律.结果表明:构树1号木材的纤维长度和长宽比最大,分别为684.95 μm和57.51,构树3号木材的纤维长度和长宽比最小,分别为482.65 μm和34.73;3个构树无性系木材的纤维...     

梭梭种群性状结构与空间分布格局的初步研究

在新疆甘家湖梭梭林自然保护区,用样方法对梭梭种群进行了定位调查。分析了梭梭种群的径级结构、高度结构、密度和空间分布格局变化等。结果表明：梭梭地径和高度结构表现为典型的倒“J”型分布,表明梭梭种群中幼苗充足,属于增长种群。梭梭种群的空间分布格局表现为在小尺度上为聚集分布,在较大尺度上表现为随机分布或均匀分布。     

海湾扇贝亲贝、幼虫和稚贝对二氧化氯耐受性的研究

为确定二氧化氯对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)亲贝、幼虫和稚贝的安全用量范围,研究海湾扇贝亲贝、D型幼虫、眼点幼虫和稚贝对不同浓度二氧化氯的耐受性.按照亲贝、D型幼虫、眼点幼虫和稚贝的先后顺序进行4个独立实验,每实验设6个不同的二氧化氯浓度,每浓度设三个重复,每实验持续时间为24h,分别在12h和24h测定二氧化氯对亲贝和幼虫死亡率的影响.结果表明,海湾扇贝亲贝、D型幼虫、眼点幼虫和稚贝对二氧化氯均具有较强的耐受性,其安全浓度分别为20 mg/L、5 mg/L、10 mg/L和10 mg/L.     

人工林长白落叶松木材材质早期预测模式(Ⅰ)——材性变异、幼龄期与成熟期的界定

以现代统计预测理论为基础,结合人工林长白落叶松木材生长轮材性变异规律,提出了木材幼龄期与成熟期划分研究的理论与方法.根据幼龄材与成熟材材性的特点,建立了木材幼龄期与成熟期界定的有序聚类最优分割模型(OCDB模型).测试了人工林长白落叶松木材的晚材率、生长轮宽度、管胞长度和宽度、微纤丝角及生长轮密度等材性指标,并且对其统计分析,得出木材材性变异规律.采用有序聚类最优分割模型划分出人工林长白落叶松的幼龄期为15a.     

敌百虫对中华稻蝗磷酸葡萄糖异构酶基因型的致死性差异研究

采用急性致死处理及等位酶电泳分析方法,研究比较了敌百虫处理后中华稻蝗Gpi、Ldh和Pgm各基因型频率在存活组与死亡组之间的差异。结果表明,敌百虫对中华稻蝗3种多态酶基因座位不同的基因型表现出不同的选择性致死作用,其中敌百虫对Ldh和Pgm各基因型的选择呈现随机特征,死亡组和存活组各基因型分布没有显著关联(P>0.05);而敌百虫对Gpi各基因型的选择呈现出非随机效应,在Gpi基因座位上,具有不同基因型个体的死亡率分别为Gpi-AA(47%),Gpi-AB(58%),Gpi-BB(56%)和Gpi-BC(18%)。x2独立性检验表明,Gpi-BC与其他3个基因型在存活组和死亡组之间存在显著关联(P<0.05)。以上结果表明本中华稻蝗种群Gpi-BC基因型很可能与敌百虫的抗药性有关。     

Environmental patterns in the origins of higher taxa: the post-paleozoic fossil record

Of the 26 well-preserved orders of benthic marine invertebrates that have originated since the beginning of the Mesozoic, 20 first appear in onshore environments. This distribution differs significantly from that shown by well-preserved genera and families, and by the 16 poorly preserved orders. These discordances suggest that the pattern of preferential onshore origination is not an artifact of preservation or collection and that the origin of higher taxa cannot be regarded as a simple extrapolation of rates and patterns at lower levels. The onshore environment fosters production or enhances survivorship of species that initiate lineages tending to accumulate suites of derived characters and that thus are ultimately afforded high taxonomic rank.     

火炬松木材材质早期预测

根据人工林火炬松木材的晚材率,生长轮宽,管胞长度,微纤丝角及密度等材性指标的测试数据以及方差统计得出的材性变异规律,采用有序聚类最优分割法划分分出火炬松的幼龄期为１５ａ,同时探讨了幼龄期与成熟期的材性及两者之间的相关性;根据幼龄材的构造特征和材性指标,运用回归分析方法,推导出成熟材的理论预测值,经误差分析,该值与实测值十分接近,表明回归分析可以有效地实现材质早期预测。     

A mutant Drosophila insulin receptor homolog that extends life-span and impairs neuroendocrine function

The Drosophila melanogaster gene insulin-like receptor (InR) is homologous to mammalian insulin receptors as well as to Caenorhabditis elegans daf-2, a signal transducer regulating worm dauer formation and adult longevity. We describe a heteroallelic, hypomorphic genotype of mutant InR, which yields dwarf females with up to an 85% extension of adult longevity and dwarf males with reduced late age-specific mortality. Treatment of the long-lived InR dwarfs with a juvenile hormone analog restores life expectancy toward that of wild-type controls. We conclude that juvenile hormone deficiency, which results from InR signal pathway mutation, is sufficient to extend life-span, and that in flies, insulin-like ligands nonautonomously mediate aging through retardation of growth or activation of specific endocrine tissue.     

人工林赤松幼龄材与成熟材力学性质的比较

根据人工林赤松Pinus densiflora木材的管胞长度、微纤丝角、管胞长宽比、基本密度、晚材率及生长轮宽度等材性指标的测试数据,采用最优分割法划分出人工林赤松的幼龄材与成熟材的界限,分析了人工林赤松幼龄材与成熟材力学性质差异的表现.结果表明:赤松的幼龄期为小于12 a,抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗拉强度、顺纹抗压强度和弦向横纹抗压强度等指标成熟材高于幼龄材,径向横纹抗压强度、弦面抗剪强度、径面抗剪强度、弦向抗劈强度和径向抗劈强度等项指标幼龄材高于成熟材.其中,抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、径向横纹抗压强度和弦面抗剪强度差异达0.01显著水平,顺纹抗拉强度差异达0.05显著水平.图1表6参6     

Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861-1999

A fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life-span limit. We examined the maximum age at death in Sweden, which rose from about 101 years during the 1860s to about 108 years during the 1990s. The pace of increase was 0.44 years per decade before 1969 but accelerated to 1. 11 years per decade after that date. More than 70 percent of the rise in the maximum age at death from 1861 to 1999 is attributable to reductions in death rates above age 70. The rest are due to increased numbers of survivors to old age (both larger birth cohorts and increased survivorship from infancy to age 70). The more rapid rise in the maximum age since 1969 is due to the faster pace of old-age mortality decline during recent decades.     

盐度和温度对条石鲷幼鱼能量收支的影响

以条石鲷幼鱼(初始体重5.46 g)为试验对象,研究不同盐度(17.5‰,22.5‰,27.5‰,32.5‰,37.5‰和42.5‰)和不同温度(18℃,22℃,26℃和30℃)对条石鲷幼鱼生长及能量收支的影响。结果表明：盐度和温度对条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、摄食率、转化效率及能量收支分配率均有显著影响,但对吸收效率影响不显著。在盐度为22.5‰,温度为22℃时,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、转化率、摄食率、吸收率及生长能分配率均达到极大值,而排粪能、排泄能及代谢能分配率则处于较低水平。即在盐度22.5‰,温度22℃时,条石鲷幼鱼分别得到最佳的能量分配模式,此时的饵料系数最低,生长最快,是条石鲷幼鱼的最优养殖条件。能量收支方程分别为：100.00C=7.97F+8.66U+26.47G+56.90R(盐度22.5‰);100.00C=11.52F+6.13U+18.96G+63.39R(温度22℃)。研究发现,条石鲷幼鱼属于高代谢、低生长型鱼类。