SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION OF MEAT AND BONE MEAL

The production of meat and bone meal from 8 rendering plants was examined for the presence of salmonellas. Of 164 samples of final product 114 (69.5%) were contaminated with salmonellas. Of 65 samples, collected at various points from the production line 35 (53.8%), and of 95 samples collected from the processing environment 79 (83.1%) were found to be contaminated with salmonellas. A total of 41 serotypes were found with S. havana, S. eimsbuettel, S. ohio and S. singapore being the most frequently isolated. Pre-enrichment of 25g samples in buffered peptone water, followed by enrichment in mannitol selenite cystine broth at 42 degrees C and Muller-Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth at 37 degrees C and plating on Bismuth Sulphite Agar was found to yield 98.5% of the salmonella-positive samples.     

THE CONTAMINATION WITH SALMONELLA OF BOVINE LIVERS IN AN ABATTOIR

SUMMARY Fifty livers from normal slaughter cattle were examined for surface contamination by Salmonella immediately after evisceration and again after inspection. Salmonella were isolated from 32% at evisceration and from 82% after inspection. Numbers of Salmonella present were low at evisceration, and rose after inspection. In only one liver was the parenchyma infected. The sources of the Salmonella were probably the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and the mesenteric lymph nodes, both of which may show high prevalence of infection in cattle which have been held before slaughter. It was concluded that edible offal should be separated from the viscera at evisceration and inspected by personnel who are not involved with the alimentary tract.     

正常及去盲肠公鸡对四种蛋白质饲料氨基酸利用率的比较研究

应用正常及去盲肠成年白来航公鸡各20只，比较了鱼粉、豆饼、菜籽饼、棉仁饼的氨基酸利用率。结果表明：鱼粉和棉仁饼的17种氨基酸的表观及真利用率在两组问差异不显著；豆饼必需氨基酸表观氨基酸利用率中有6种氨基酸两组间差异显著成极显著，真利用率中只有2种氨基酸两组间差异显著；菜籽饼必需氨基酸表观氨基酸利用率有2种氨基酸两组间差异显著，真利用率两组问差异不显著。从鸡的正常生理角度考虑，作者认为：用正常试验鸡并以氨基酸真利用率为指标，更能客观地反映常用蛋白质饲料的氨基酸利用率。     

饲喂豆饼、亚麻饼和血粉氮源日粮的生长绵羊限制性氨基酸研究

本实验选用9只装有瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管的生长羯羊 ,随机分为3组 ,分别饲喂以玉米为基础的豆饼型、亚麻饼型和血粉型3种不同氮源日粮 ,以Cr2O3 为食糜标记物测定3种日粮下绵羊消化道不同部位的食糜流通量和进入十二指肠的各种氨基酸的流通量与组成。然后 ,在每种日粮下按3×3拉丁方试验设计 ,并按“递减法”由十二指肠瘘管灌注不同氨基酸。在豆饼日粮下分为减色氨酸(Trp)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组 ;在亚麻饼日粮下分为减赖氨酸(Lys)组、减精氨酸(Arg)组和全量组 ;在血粉日粮下分为减精氨酸(Arg)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组。测定灌注不同氨基酸对绵羊氮平衡、日增量、血浆尿素氮(PUN)和血浆游离氨基酸(FAA)浓度的影响。试验结果表明 :饲喂不同氮源日粮对绵羊瘤胃食糜流通速率(Kp)无显著影响(P=0.11) ,血粉日粮的瘤胃Kp 比豆饼日粮和亚麻饼日粮高。进入十二指肠食糜的总氮和非氨氮(NAN)在3种日粮间无显著差异(P>0.05) ;十二指肠食糜中微生物氮(MN)流通量差异不显著(P=0.72) ,其中饲喂亚麻饼日粮下绵羊十二指肠食糜中的微生物氮流量和微生物氮占非氨氮比(MN/NAN)最高(分别为7.48g/d和55.71 %) ;豆饼日粮次之 ,血粉日粮最低(39.23 %)。饲喂血粉日粮的绵羊十二指肠食糜中氨基酸总量高于豆饼和亚麻     

DISEASES OF BONE AND DISEASES AFFECTING BONE

Diseases of bones and diseases affecting bone are frequently related to breed, age, and limb involvement. The following checklist of diseases which may result in lameness are presented as a summation of the disease conditions likely to result in lameness in dog.     

PREVENTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM INFECTION IN POULTRY BY PRETREATMENT OF CHICKENS AND POULTS WITH INTESTINAL EXTRACTS

Day-old chickens or turkey poults when pretreated with an oral dose of intestinal fluid froma healthy adult bird, were considerably more resistant to the subsequent establishment of Salmonella typhimurium in their intestinal tract than were non-treated chickens or turkey poults. Caecal fluid was more effective as a pretreatment than were washings taken from other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract of a healthy adult bird. This increased resistance of pretreated chickens or poults is thought to result from the rapid establishment of a conventional indigenous microflora which inhabits establishment and growth by the invading enteric pathogen.     

饲粮蛋白水平和豆饼用量对仔猪断奶后腹泻和生长发育的影响

用二次回归正交设计研究了全玉米－豆饼饲粮的粗蛋白（ＣＰ）水平（ｘ＿１）和豆饼（占饲粮蛋白％）比例（ｘ＿２）对３周龄断奶至８周龄的仔猪日增重（ＡＤＧ）、饲料利用率（Ｆ／Ｇ）、腹泻指数（ＤＩ）、血清脲素氮（ＳＵＮ）和木糖吸收率的影响。除木糖吸收率外（随ＣＰ和ＳＢＭ增加，木糖吸收率下降），其余指标的二次回归方程均达显著或极显著水平。方程如下：分析表明，在ＣＰ１６～２４％下，调整豆饼比例可使仔猪保持相近的生长速度和饲料利用率；高蛋白腹泻的实质是过敏性腹泻；当腹泻指数高到７７时，日增重和饲料利用率下降。推荐３周龄断奶仔猪玉米－豆饼饲粮中适宜蛋白水平为２４％，豆饼比例为６０％。     

COMPARISON OF GROSS AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS WITH QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC BONE DENSITY IN THE DISTAL THIRD METACARPAL BONE OF RACEHORSES

Comparison of subchondral bone density determined by quantitative computed tomography (CT) with gross and histopathologic changes have not been made in horses. The goal of this study was to determine if mean quantitative CT density and mean voxel standard deviation are associated with the presence and severity of osteochondral lesions in the palmar aspect of the distal third metacarpal bone in racing horses. Metacarpophalangeal joints from nine racehorses were imaged using CT and scored for gross damage. Four-millimeter-thick sagittal and 30 degrees palmar dorsal plane sections were cut, decalcified and stained with hematoxylin and eosin from the distal third metacarpal bone. Microscopic osteochondral lesions and subchondral remodeling were scored on a scale of 0-3. Percent subchondral bone, expressed as the ratio of bone volume to tissue volume, was also measured. Mean quantitative CT density and mean voxel standard deviation were measured from three-dimensional models of CT images comparable with histologic sections. Mean quantitative CT density was not associated with lesion severity or number of lesions. A weak correlation between mean quantitative CT density and gross score was found, but mean quantitative CT density was not predictive for gross score. Mean voxel standard deviation was not correlated with gross or histopathologic measures, but was predictive of mild osteochondral lesions. Results support the association of subchondral remodeling with the development of palmar metacarpal lesions. However, there was not a strong correlation between mean quantitative CT density or mean voxel standard deviation and histopathologic lesions of the distal third metacarpal bone.     

提高生长肥育猪棉、菜籽饼饲粮蛋白质效率和饲养效果的研究

<正> 前言 蛋白质饲料不足,是影响养猪生产的原因之一。然而,据1982年统计,我省年产棉、菜籽饼共4.7亿公斤,但饲用量不到5％。其原因之一是,含有毒物,蛋白质质差和适口性低,用于养猪仅能得到低下的饲养效果。 据报告:用棉饼和菜饼或加上大豆饼配合饲用,可限其毒物于安全水平和改进氨基酸的平衡性(1961年Abrams;1982年Hodson等);补充限制性氨基酸是提高“两饼”饲效的有效方法,也有增加采食量的作用     

肉仔鸡日粮应用亚麻饼和菜籽饼的研究

采用系统分组法设六套配方,通过饲养试验、病理学检验、残毒分析综合评定了肉仔鸡日粮中应用亚麻饼和菜籽饼的效果。结果表明:肉仔鸡日粮中配入含氢氰酸52.85ppm 的亚麻饼,0—4周龄以10％为宜,13％或16％获较好增重和饲料利用;5—10周龄以10％或13％配入均可获满意饲养效果,以16％配入,虽小肠的出血性病变稍重,肝脏残留少量氢氰酸,仍可获较好增重和饲料利用。亚麻饼和菜籽饼(含硫葡萄糖甙0.36％)以2∶1配比合用时,10+5％和12+6％两配合组均可获满意饲养效果;以14+7％％配入,虽见小肠瘀点、瘀斑鸡增多,肝脏残留少量氢氰酸,且肌肉、肾、肝脏残留较多异硫氰酸盐和(口恶)唑烷硫酮,试鸡仍可获较好增重和饲料增重比。亚麻饼与菜籽饼以2∶1配比合用较亚麻饼单独配入多用饼料5个百分点,可获近似饲养效果,心脏病变鸡数稍增,小肠病变稍重,肌肉、肾、肝脏残留异硫氰酸盐和(口恶)唑烷硫酮,残留量不影响产品食用。     

MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF QUEENSLAND STOCKFEEDS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SALMONELLA

One hundred Queensland stockfeeds were examined for their counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, fungi and salmonellas. The total aerobic bacteria, coliform and fungal counts were significantly higher (P < 0.005) for mashes than for crumbles and pellets and salmonellas were isolated from significantly more (P < 0.005) mashes (64%) than pellets and crumbles (8%). Counts of less than 1 salmonella per 100 g were found in 36.4% of the 44 positive feeds. The remainder of the counts ranged from 1.2 per 100 g to greater than 147 salmonellas per 100 g feed.     

在双低菜籽饼型日粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸡钙磷利用率的影响

在含10%双低菜籽饼的肉鸡日粮中添加600u/kg和700u/kg的植酸酶并取代一半的磷酸氢钙,观察植酸酶对肉鸡钙、磷利用率的影响。结果表明:添加600u/kg和700u/kg植酸酶的试2、3组较未添加植酸酶的试1组其钙和磷利用率分别提高7.08个百分点、9.85个百分点和10.97个百分点、12.13个百分点,植酸磷的利用率提高13.35个百分点、14.01个百分点,磷的排泄量下降10.90个百分点、13.30个百分点,差异显著(P<0.05)。证明在双低菜籽饼型日粮中添加植酸酶改进了钙、磷的利用率,而且还可取代一半的磷酸氢钙。     

MRI CHARACTERISTICS AND HISTOLOGY OF BONE MARROW LESIONS IN DOGS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED OSTEOARTHRITIS

Signal changes within the bone marrow adjacent to osteoarthritic joints are commonly seen on magnetic resonance (MR) images in humans and in dogs. The histological nature of these lesions is poorly known. In this study, we describe the MR imaging of bone marrow lesions adjacent to the stifle joints of dogs with experimental osteoarthritis over 13 months. Histology of the proximal tibia at the end of the study was compared with the last MR imaging findings. In five adult dogs, the left cranial cruciate ligament was transected. Post-operatively, MR imaging was performed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 13 months. Dogs were euthanised after 13 months and histological specimen of the proximal tibia were evaluated. Bone marrow edema like MR imaging signal changes were seen in every MR examination of all dogs in one or more locations of the proximal tibia and the distal femur. Lesions varied in size and location throughout the whole study with the exception of constantly seen lesions in the epiphyseal and metaphyseal region at the level of the tibial eminence. On histology, hematopoiesis and myxomatous transformation of the bone marrow and/or intertrabecular fibrosis without signs of bone marrow edema were consistent findings in the areas corresponding to the MR imaging signal changes. We conclude that within the bone marrow, zones of increased signal intensity on fat suppressed MR images do not necessarily represent edema but can be due to cellular infiltration. Contrary to humans, hematopoiesis is seen in bone marrow edema-like lesions in this canine model of osteoarthritis.     

不同质量豆饼、粕的饲喂效果及评估质量的化学指标

本文就不同质量豆饼、豆粕饲喂肉仔鸡和产蛋鸡的效果以及评定豆饼、豆粕质量的化学指标进行研究。试验结果表明:生豆粕和过熟豆粕分别使21日龄肉仔鸡的增重较正常豆粕组低159和211g,饲料转换率差0.4和0.43(kg/kg)。饲喂生豆饼的母鸡与饲喂正常豆饼母鸡的产蛋率相差20％(51.8对72.2％);蛋重相差1.8克(54.7对56.5克);饲料转换率差1.21(3.94对2.73);试验期末母鸡体重相差489克(1483对1792克),饲喂生豆饼的母鸡处于减重状态。对豆饼、豆粕质量化学指标的评估表明:豆饼、粕化学指标与生产性能之间关系密切。添加适量赖氨酸有助于克服过熟豆饼和豆粕的不利影响。     

山羊肉的生产与营养价值

产肉是山羊的主要性能。世界的山羊增长率虽然比其它反刍家畜快，但山羊肉仍不能满足日益增长的人口的需要，我国也不例外。因此特别需要加快山羊肉生产的发展。我国山羊肉的生产是分散在农村的。在生产山羊肉时，需要注意山羊的胴体重。总的可食率和总的有商品价值率。了解山羊肉的营养价值才能更好地发展和利用山羊肉。山羊肉是一种高蛋白、低能量的食品。山羊肉蛋白质中的各种必需氨基酸含量充足，其含量占氨基酸总量的一半左右。与理想蛋白质所含的必需氨基酸相比，有四种氨基酸含量接近理想蛋白，其余的也都相差不大。蛋白质的生物价虽不如黄牛，但比水牛高。山羊脂肪的沉积主要在内脏，皮下脂肪比较少。肉中所含的脂肪酸，以不饱和脂肪酸为多，不饱和脂肪酸对人的营养有好处。亚油酸是人体摄入能量所必需的。山羊肉的胆固醇含量也较低。肌肉中Ｃａ的含量比牛肉少，而Ｐ的含量却比牛肉多，特别是小肠中的Ｐ含量几乎是牛的五倍。维生素Ｂ１和Ｂ２的含量山羊肉也比牛肉高     

小灵猫鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的分离与鉴定

2只从市场收购的野生小灵猫急性发病死亡，病变为肝肿大、坏死、心内外膜出血、肠炎、肠外膜有出血斑点。经实验室检查，分离到1株致病力强的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，抗原模式为1，4，5，12：1；1，2药敏试验结果表明对多种药物具有较强耐药性。     

硫甙含量对菜籽粕中能量、粗蛋白和氨基酸消化代谢的影响

选用１０只６月龄罗斯商品代公鸡均分为两组。用强饲法进行代谢试验，测定两种硫甙含量不同的普通菜籽粕（含硫甙１３μｍｏｌ／克）和嵘选２号菜籽粕（含硫甙６２μｍｏｌ／克）的表现代谢能和粗蛋白、氨基酸的表现利用率。结果初步表明：菜籽粕硫甙含量不影响能量、氨基酸的消化、吸收，却使氨基酸分解代谢加快，体内氮沉积减少，粗蛋白表观利用率下降８．０５％。