TMV侵染不同抗性番茄品种之后引起的过氧化物酶活性及同工酶的变化

 本文论述了不同抗性番茄品种在接种了TMV之后体内过氧化物酶及其同工酶的变化趋势。不同品种番茄幼苗接种TMV之后30天内病毒含量、过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶的测定结果表明:所有接种的番茄幼苗与健株对照相比均表现酶活性的增强及酶带数目的增多;但不同抗性品种,酶活性交化曲线及同工酶谱带的变化趋势有所不同:感性品种北京早红(+/+)及耐病品种强力米寿接种TMV之后,病毒含量迅速上升,在第15天达到最高峰,同时植株开始显症,其酶活性曲线呈现出1个增值高峰,即酶活性只在显症之后迅速上升于第24天达到最高峰,病株在症状发展过程中产生2条健株所没有的具高迁移率的同工酶谱带A与B。抗性品种Tm-2(Tm-2/+)抑制TMV在体内的增殖,在接种之后30天内植株不表现典型外部症状,其酶活性曲线具有2个增酶高峰,即在接种后第12天达到最高峰,并在第21天有1个新的高峰;在酶活性高峰期,接种植株也产生同工酶谱A与B,与感性品种不同的是谱带A与B形成较早,同时,抗性品种还产生感病品种所没有的1条同工酶谱带F。上述过氧化物酶活性及同工酶的变化趋势可以成为鉴定品种抗性一个有价值的生化指标。     

桃树黄化病对不同桃树品种防御相关酶活性的影响

本文对比4个不同品种的健康桃树叶片和黄化桃树的黄叶及绿叶过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法观察过氧化物同工酶的酶谱变化。结果表明:桃树感染黄化植原体后POD活性先升高后降低,而PPO活性呈持续降低趋势;通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳发现过氧化物同工酶的酶带减少,颜色变浅,酶活性下降。     

猕猴桃品种对细菌性溃疡病的抗性机制

研究了安徽省猕猴桃主栽品种金魁(高抗)、早鲜(中抗)、魁蜜(抗病)、华美2号(感病)、秦美(中感)和金丰(高感)对细菌性溃疡病的抗性机制.结果表明:形态结构抗性方面,感病品种的皮孔密度和长度及气孔密度、长度和宽度都明显高于抗病品种,抗、感品种间皮孔、气孔的排列方式也存在一定差异.相关分析表明,皮孔密度和长度及气孔密度、长度和宽度与品种发病率都有较高的相关性,尤其以皮孔长度和气孔长度相关性最高,r分别为0.9278和0.9794;生理生化抗性方面,品种未感染溃疡病菌前,芽中的POD酶活性与品种抗性存在规律性不强,一年生枝条、叶片中的POD酶活性与品种抗性有密切关系.品种感染溃疡病菌后,POD酶活性均升高,但抗病品种中酶活提高倍数高于感病品种.一年生枝条上病斑越大,POD酶活性越高.POD同工酶谱带表现出与酶活相一致的规律.     

澳洲大蠊二种同工酶谱及胆碱酯酶活性的研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶盘状电泳研究澳洲大蠊三个发育阶段酯酶同工酶，过氧化物酶同工酶谱的变化，并分别测定了发育三阶段和成虫头、胸、腹、脚胆碱脂酶活性。结果发现过化物酶同工酶与酯酶同工酶酶谱各有特征，从卵到二龄幼虫发育过程中表现最大活性的同工酶的酶带位置各不相同，胆碱酯酶活性在卵、一龄、二龄幼虫中以一龄幼虫活性最高，成虫中以头部活性最高，腹部活性最小。     

胡杨不同发育阶段叶片形态解剖学特征及其与胸径的关系

采用MSR-9600TFU2扫描仪和常规石蜡切片,分析胡杨不同发育阶段叶片形态解剖学特征及其与胸径的关系。结果表明:1叶片宽、叶面积、气孔密度、厚度均随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐增大,叶片长和叶形指数则随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐减小。2叶片上下表皮细胞数和表皮细胞长、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织细胞长和宽均随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐增大;海绵组织厚度随胸径的增加而逐渐减小,树冠基部向顶部方向则逐渐增大。3相关分析显示,叶片宽、叶面积和叶片厚度分别与胸径呈极显著/显著正相关,叶形指数与胸径呈极显著负相关;叶片栅栏组织厚度、表皮细胞数、表皮组织厚度、表皮细胞长分别与胸径呈极显著/显著正相关,海绵组织厚度与胸径呈极显著负相关;叶片形态指标与解剖结构指标间也存在正/负相关关系,表明胡杨叶形态结构变化与个体发育阶段密切相关。     

在叶锈菌侵染过程中小麦过氧化物酶同工酶的变化

本文研究了抗叶锈性不同的小麦品种和毒力不同的叶锈菌小种相互作用过程中过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶谱的变化。结果表明:(1)不亲和组合在接种后48小时出现新酶带3,酶带4活性明显增强,120小时后又出现新酶带9。但亲和组合没有新酶带出现,而在接种后96小时酶带4活性也明显增强;(2)慢锈品种在接种后120小时以前,酶带4活性稍有增强,在120小时后其活性骤然增强。这可能是慢锈品种的特点。如果这些特点在更多的品种上得到验证,则POD同工酶谱分析有可能作为鉴定品种抗叶锈性和区分感病或慢锈品种的一种生理生化指标。     

硅对瓠瓜酚类物质代谢的影响及与抗白粉病的关系

研究了硅酸盐和诱导接种白粉菌对瓠瓜叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的动态变化和木质素含量的影响.结果表明,诱导接种提高了瓠瓜叶片的PAL、PPO、POD活性,加硅后接种处理植株叶片酶活性更明显增加;接种后瓠瓜叶片中木质素含量增加,加硅处理植株叶片木质素含量是不加硅处理的1.43倍.说明酚类物质代谢在植物抗病机制中起着重要作用,硅能提高酚类代谢的酶活性.1.7mmol/L的硅能显著降低瓠瓜白粉病的病情指数,提高其对白粉病的抗病能力.     

防御酶系对山茶灰斑病诱导抗性的响应

为揭示水杨酸(SA)诱导山茶产生抗病性反应机制,采用琼脂平板法测定了SA对山茶灰斑病菌Pestalotiopsis guepinii ( Desm.) Stey的影响.结果表明,浓度为0～5 mmol/L的SA对该菌的生长没有抑制作用.用SA喷雾涂布叶片诱导山茶抗性,其植株内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO )、过氧化氮酶(CAT)、苯丙氛酸解氨酶(PAL)等防御酶时山茶灰斑病菌诱导信号有不同响应.诱导并挑战接种处理的植株体内上述酶活性比只诱导不接种处理上升速度快,不同浓度的SA诱导及诱导后挑战接种植株体内的POD,PPO,CAT,PAL活性与SA浓度呈正相关.各防御酶活性与感病指数的相关性分析表明,CAT活性与感病指数显著负相关(r = - 0.9730),除PPO与感病指数的相关系数很低外,其它酶均较高,尽管未达到显著水平,但仍说明POD,PAL在诱导山茶抗病性中具有重要作用.     

澳洲大蠊二种同工酶谱及胆碱酯酶活性的研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶盘状电泳研究澳洲大蠊（ＰｅｒｉｐｌａｎｅｔａａｕｓｔｒａｌａｓｉａｅＦａｂ．）三个发育阶段酯酶同工酶、过氧化物酶同工酶谱的变化，并分别测定了发育三阶段和成虫头、胸、腹、脚胆碱酯酶活性。结果发现过氧化物酶同工酶与酯酶同工酶酶谱各有特征。从卵到二龄幼虫发育过程中表现最大活性的同工酶的酶带位置各不相同。胆碱酯酶（ＣＨＥ）活性在卵、一龄、二龄幼虫中以一龄幼虫活性最高，成虫中以头部活性最高、腹部活性最小     

感染花生条纹病毒(PStV)后花生生理生化性状变化的研究

 研究表明,花生接种条纹病毒发病后叶片的光合强度、叶绿素含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性明显下降,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性却显著提高。高感花生品种白沙1016上述指标的变化幅度较大,发病植株叶片中POD同功酶出现了4条健株中没有的新带,迁移率分别为0.67、0.73、0.80和0.89,而原有的迁移率为0.38的1条谱带变弱消失,发病后SOD同功酶谱带数没有显著变化。     

Retrieval of leaf biochemical properties by inversed PROSPECT model and hyperspectral indices: an application to Populus euphratica polymorphic leaves

Leaf biochemical properties have been widely assessed using hyperspectral reflectance information by inversion of PROSPECT model or by using hyperspectral indices,but few studies have focused on arid ecosystems.As a dominant species of riparian ecosystems in arid lands,Populus euphratica Oliv.is an unusual tree species with polymorphic leaves along the vertical profile of canopy corresponding to different growth stages.In this study,we evaluated both the inversed PROSPECT model and hyperspectral indices for estimating biochemical properties of P.euphratica leaves.Both the shapes and biochemical properties of P.euphratica leaves were found to change with the heights from ground surface.The results indicated that the model inversion calibrated for each leaf shape performed much better than the model calibrated for all leaf shapes,and also better than hyperspectral indices.Similar results were obtained for estimations of equivalent water thickness (EWT) and leaf mass per area (LMA).Hyperspectral indices identified in this study for estimating these leaf properties had root mean square error (RMSE) and R 2 values between those obtained with the two calibration strategies using the inversed PROSPECT model.Hence,the inversed PROSPECT model can be applied to estimate leaf biochemical properties in arid ecosystems,but the calibration to the model requires special attention.     

夏玉米不同生育期对水分胁迫的生理反应与适应

利用大型活动遮雨棚池栽对夏玉米进行了出苗后的全程水分控制试验研究,探讨了不同生育期夏玉米叶面积、根系活力、叶片膜脂过氧化以及保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性对不同水分胁迫的生理反应与适应。结果表明:轻度受旱在大喇叭口至抽雄初期对植株叶面积影响不大,但抽雄后直至灌浆中期,轻度受旱持续时间长了也会对叶面积造成较大的不良影响。而重旱胁迫在各生育时期对叶面积的影响更为不利。干旱胁迫下,夏玉米生育进程中保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性基本呈现一致下降的态势,膜脂过氧化作用增强,从而引发细胞内膜系统直接受损,可能是干旱逆境下作物主要的生理反应。各生育阶段因受旱时间和强度的不同,三个保护酶活性下降及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)积累均表现不同,随干旱胁迫的推进,短时期内对某些保护酶有一定的激发效应,即在大喇叭口期SOD和POD的活性有所增加,但此效应维持不长,其后骤降。受旱时间越长,受旱程度越重,则保护酶活性越低,MDA积累越多。根系对土壤干旱胁迫甚为敏感,玉米拔节期根系活力下降就见端倪,随受旱的延长及加剧将更加促使根系老化,根系活力快速衰减。     

糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢研究

以榆糜3号为试验材料,研究糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢特性。结果表明,随着植株衰老,不同叶位超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶等保护性酶活性呈由高到低的变化趋势,旗叶活性氧保护酶含量高且下降缓慢,丙二醛含量低且增长缓慢,在籽粒灌浆中后期表现更为明显。研究认为,在旱作农业生产中,延缓叶片衰老,对促进糜子籽粒充实,提高糜子产量和品质具有重要作用。     

Characteristics and dynamics analysis of Populus euphratica populations in the middle reaches of Tarim River

Populus euphratica Oliv. is widely distributed along the Tarim River. Maintaining stability of P. euphratica population is important to local development. This study explored the static life table, survivorship curves and four function curves (survival rate, cumulative mortality rate, mortality density, and hazard rate), and development index of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The results indicated that the age structure of P. euphratica population belonged to positive pyramidal type, which meant young age-class individuals occupied most populations. The number ofⅠ-Ⅱage classes accounted for 66.2% of whole population, and this indicated that there were abundant subsequent seedlings resources to support the growth of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The survivorship curve of P. euphratica belonged to the Deevey Ⅲ (concave-type) and the development index was 47.72%. Four function curves revealed that the individuals of P. euphratica sharply decreased at the initial stage and then leveled off at the late stage of survival curve. Time sequence prediction models predicted that the number of midlife individuals would increase in future 10, 20, 30 years, and P. euphratica population grew steadily as a result of rich saplings.     

Gas exchange of Populus euphratica leaves in a riparian zone

Riparian vegetation belts in arid regions of Central Asia are endangered to lose their ecosystem services due to intensified land use.For the development of sustained land use,management knowledge of plant performance in relation to resource supply is needed.We estimated productivity related functional traits at the edges of the habitat of Populus euphratica Oliv.Specific leaf area(SLA) and carbon/nitrogen(C/N) ratio of P.euphratica leaves growing near a former river bank and close to moving sand dunes in the Ebinur Lake National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang,Northwest China(near Kazakhstan) were determined and daily courses of CO2 net assimilation(PN),transpiration(E),and stomatal conductance(gs) of two consecutive seasons were measured during July-August 2007 and June-July 2008.Groundwater level was high(1.5-2.5 m below ground) throughout the years and no flooding occurred at the two tree stands.SLA was slightly lower near the desert than at the former river bank and leaves contained less N in relation to C.Highest E and g s of P.euphratica were reached in the morning before noon on both stands and a second low maximum occurred in the afternoon despite of the unchanged high levels of air to leaf water vapor pressure deficit(ALVPD).Decline of g s in P.euphratica was followed by decrease of E.Water use efficiency(WUE) of leaves near the desert were higher in the morning and the evening,in contrast to leaves from the former river bank that maintained an almost stable level throughout the day.High light compensation points and high light saturation levels of PN indicated the characteristics of leaves well-adapted to intensive irradiation at both stands.In general,leaves of P.euphratica decreased their g s beyond 20 Pa/kPa ALVPD in order to limit water losses.Decrease of E did not occur in both stands until 40 Pa/kPa ALVPD was reached.Full stomatal closure of P.euphratica was achieved at 60 Pa/kPa ALVPD in both stands.E through the leaf surface amounted up to 30% of the highest E rates,indicating dependence on water recharge from the ground despite of obviously closed stomata.A distinct leaf surface temperature(Tleaf) threshold of around 30℃ also existed before stomata started to close.Generally,the differences in gas exchange between both stands were small,which led to the conclusion that micro-climatic constraints to E and photosynthesis were not the major factors for declining tree density with increasing distance from the river.     

Anatomical and morphological characteristics of Populus euphratica in the lower reaches of Tarim River under extreme drought environment

Populus euphratica Oliv.is an old desert tree species that has been naturalized and invades zones along the watercourses in many arid and semiarid regions.The plant species developed some plasticity to adapt to the gradual environmental gradients.The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the changes in leaf morphology of P.euphratica reflect the adaptability of the plant to the unique environment of the lower reaches of Tarim River in China.The foliar architecture,blade epidermal and internal anatomies of P.euphratica were analyzed at different sites along the Tarim River.Compared with the abaxial surface of the leaves,their adaxial surface has more hairs,a greater stomatal density and opening,higher mesophyll proportion,and increased blade thickness,palisade width,and epidermal thickness.The long trichome of the roots found at site 6 in the Yinsu section may be an adapted structure of the plants in arid areas.The mature leaves of P.euphratica have comparatively more epidermis and cuticles,well developed palisades and more chloroplasts at different sites compared to the young leaves.Foliar morphological and anatomical variability in P.euphratica may be considered an adaptive advantage that enables leaves to develop and function in different habitats,marked by strong variations in solar radiation,air temperature,humidity and water table.     

黑河中游湿地胡杨蒸腾速率与叶性状的关联性分析

干旱区湿地植物叶片蒸腾作用与叶性状的关联性研究,对揭示植物叶片叶脉网络性状、叶片形态构建模式与植物体内水分平衡间的内在联系至关重要。以黑河中游湿地胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象,按胡杨林距离水域的远近分别设置:Ⅰ(离水域30~110 m,土壤含水量(SMC)58.23%)、Ⅱ(离水域160~240 m, SMC 40.53%)、Ⅲ(离水域290~370 m, SMC 28.36%)3个样地,研究了不同土壤含水量条件下胡杨叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)与叶性状之间的关联性。结果表明:(1)随着土壤含水量的逐渐减小,胡杨林的高度、胸径和郁闭度均逐渐降低,光合有效辐射(PAR)显著增加;(2)胡杨叶片的叶脉密度、叶厚度、净光合速率(Pn)、Tr、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)逐渐增加,而叶脉直径、叶面积和比叶面积逐渐减小;(3)3个样地胡杨Tr与叶脉密度均呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),与叶面积和比叶面积呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01);(4)在样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ,胡杨Tr与叶脉直径呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),在样地Ⅱ二者呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。为适应土壤水分的梯度性变化,胡杨种群通过优化叶性状的资源投入以调控叶片蒸腾耗水,实现对土壤水分的有效利用和光合碳同化产物的合理分配,体现了干旱区内陆河湿地植物对特殊生境的生态适应机制。     

生物诱抗剂草酸对黄瓜叶片中过氧化物酶的系统诱导作用

 本文进一步证明草酸是一种有效的非生物诱抗剂,它能显著提高黄瓜对炭疽病的系统抗性,进而研究了草酸对黄瓜叶片中与抗病有关的过氧化物酶(POD)的系统诱导作用及其内在机理。结果表明:40mmol/L草酸诱导可溶态POD活性效果最佳;在测定时间范围内,草酸诱导的可溶态POD活性在第7d后逐渐下降,而细胞壁离子键结合态POD活性被诱导后保持稳定;草酸在快带区诱导出一种新的POD同功酶,其Rf值为0.63;自由基清除剂甘露醇和抗坏血酸可明显抑制草酸对可溶态POD活性的诱导作用;草酸诱导可溶态POD的作用信号可在5h左右从被处理的第1片真叶传导至未处理的第2片真叶,被处理叶的保留时间越长,其诱导效果越好。     

塔里木河下游胡杨物候特征观测

以塔里木河下游胡杨(Populus euphratica)为对象,对胡杨的开花期、展叶期、第一次展叶期、第二次展叶期、果熟期、叶黄期及落叶期等主要物候期进行观测。结果表明:胡杨各物候期中,开花期持续时间最短,3月29日至4月19日,果熟期持续时间最长,5月25日开始,10月13日结束。由于春尺蠖(Apocheima cinerarius)的危害,胡杨有"二次展叶"现象,第一次展叶期为4月4日至5月1日,第二次展叶期为5月13日至6月4日。胡杨叶黄期和落叶期相重叠,叶黄期从9月26日开始,10月28日结束,落叶期从10月11日开始,11月12日结束。胡杨长达4个多月的果熟期与河道洪水期吻合,这有利于种子的传播、萌发及幼苗扎根,促进天然胡杨林种群的更新及演替。