阿拉善荒漠区5种植物叶片性状的季节动态

植物叶片性状研究是植物生态学的热点研究领域之一。以阿拉善地区荒漠植物霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)和无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)为研究对象,采集不同物候期的叶片,分析叶片性状的季节变化特征。结果表明:(1)5种荒漠植物叶片性状在生长季内变化规律不同,即使同种生活型灌木叶片性状也有很大差别。(2)叶片单叶面积和单叶重量在单个植物物种以及整体水平上均表现出显著的幂函数方程曲线。(3)植物叶片元素(C、N、P、K、Ca、Na、Mg)含量在生长季内波动较大,而4种微量元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu)含量在生长季内随月份变化不大,其中,5种植物叶片Zn和Cu含量均维持在"低"水平,对整体植物叶片元素含量变异系数的排序为:NaKPMgZnCaFeCuNMnC。(4)对植物叶片性状之间的相互关系分析显示,在单个物种水平上,5种植物叶片性状之间的相关性差别较大;在整体水平上,植物叶片单叶重量、单叶面积和比叶重与元素C和Cu表现出协同关系,与其余元素均表现出相反的关系。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地10种灌木光合器官的滞尘能力评价

通过全株光合器官取样,利用质量差减法,对塔中植物园10种灌木的滞尘能力进行多指标比较。结果表明：① 植物光合器官滞尘量与所处环境条件有关,在沙漠地区同种植物光合器官滞尘量大于沙漠以外区域。② 梭梭和沙拐枣的光合器官退化为同化枝,形态类似针叶树种的针叶,但尚有极度退化的叶片,其滞尘量大于其他区域针叶树种;与沙拐枣相比,梭梭同化枝节间距较短,叶片数量相对较多,因此梭梭的滞尘能力大于沙拐枣。③ 柽柳属植物虽然叶片也极度退化,但具有数量众多、分布密集、被覆绒毛、分泌盐分等特性,而且树冠光合器官密度大,具有很强的滞尘能力,光合器官滞尘量大于梭梭和沙拐枣,也大于阔叶灌木和阔叶乔木;由于光合器官表面滞尘特性、叶片数量以及树冠光合器官密度的差异,柽柳属植物光合器官滞尘能力也存在种间差异。④ 全植株光合器官滞尘量、单位重量光合器官滞尘量、单位表面积光合器官滞尘量都只能从一个侧面反映植物光合器官的滞尘能力,而单位树冠体积的光合器官滞尘量则可较全面地反映植物光合器官的滞尘能力。以单位体积树冠空间光合器官滞尘量为评价指标,10种灌木光合器官滞尘能力的排序为：甘蒙柽柳>长穗柽柳>华北柽柳>紫杆柽柳>刚毛柽柳>多花柽柳>多枝柽柳>沙生柽柳>梭梭>头状沙拐枣。     

2种荒漠植物根系生物量分布与土壤水分、养分的关系

通过野外挖根试验和室内样品分析测试的研究,测定了2种荒漠植物多枝柽柳和梭梭群落内土壤水分、养分的含量及其分层根系生物量,分析了2种荒漠植物根系生物量的垂直分布与土壤水分、养分之间的关系。结果表明:1 2种荒漠植物的根系生物量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少,符合指数递减模型,多枝柽柳的根系生物量是同林龄梭梭的2.36倍。2 2种荒漠植物群落内土壤水分含量差异显著,养分差异不显著。3 2种荒漠植物的根系生物量与土壤水分之间的相关关系显著,其中多枝柽柳与土壤水分呈显著正相关关系,梭梭与土壤水分呈显著负相关关系。表明在干旱区,土壤水分状况对植物根系生长、发育的影响极大。4 2种荒漠植物根系生物量与土壤养分的相关关系不显著,表明在本地区极端干旱的恶劣环境中,土壤养分不是植物根系生长的限制性因子。     

基于分形理论的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自然植物根系构型特征分析

采用全根挖掘法挖取塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地3种典型自然植物-塔克拉玛干柽柳(Tamarix taklamakanensis)、塔干沙拐枣(Calligonum roborovskii)、罗布麻(Apocynum venetum)成年植株根系,运用分形理论分析其构型特征。结果表明:(1)塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地3种植物根系均以水平分布为主,根系浅层化特征显著。(2)塔克拉玛干柽柳、塔干沙拐枣和罗布麻根系分形维数分别为1.31±0.05、1.22±0.06、1.14±0.07,分形维数的显著差异表明了3种植物根系分支状况的差异。(3)3种植物根系分支前后横截面积比分别为0.95,1.04和1.06,表明根系具有显著的自相似性和分形特点。(4)根系直径与根长、生物量之间存在很好的相关关系,基径、根系直径等较易测定的指标可以有效地对根长、生物量等构型指标进行预测估计。     

咸水灌溉对三种柽柳幼苗成活和生长状况的影响

为了开发利用塔里木沙漠公路沿线地下咸水进行沙漠公路绿化,文中选取公路两侧三种典型柽柳植物(多花柽柳(Tamarix hohenackeri Bge.)、刚毛柽柳(Tamarix hispida Willd.)和中华柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.))为研究对象,以塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙土土壤为基质进行植苗大田试验,分别选用2,5,10,15,20,28 g/L等6种矿化度咸水对其进行灌溉处理。基于植物存活率、保存率和生长量分析了咸水灌溉对三种柽柳生长状况的影响。结果表明:1)三种柽柳属植物在灌溉水矿化度<15 g/L时生长最好;2)从萌发至成活阶段,中华柽柳对于高矿化度水灌溉的适应能力强于多花柽柳和刚毛柽柳,但在后期生长阶段,适应能力比多花柽柳和刚毛柽柳弱;除矿化度2 g/L灌溉的植物生长量略低于5~10 g/L外,其余基本随灌溉水矿化度增加而减小;3)从三种植物对比来看,中华柽柳对不同矿化度的灌溉水适应能力最强,多花柽柳次之,刚毛柽柳适应能力最弱。     

新疆三种类型盐生植物矿质元素含量的特点比较

通过比较生长在新疆极端干旱区的三种生态类型的盐生植物 ,即积盐植物 (以盐爪爪为代表 )、泌盐植物(以柽柳为代表 )和避盐植物 (以芦苇为代表 )地上部元素含量特点 ,发现盐爪爪属于Na>K >Ca >Mg型SO2 -4-Cl-盐生植物 ,柽柳属于Ca>Mg >Na>K型Cl--SO2 -4盐生植物 ,芦苇属于Ca >Na >K >Mg型的Cl--SO2 -4型盐生植物。Na、K、Cl-含量以盐爪爪 >柽柳 >芦苇 ,SO2 -4含量以芦苇 >柽柳 >盐爪爪 ,Mg2 + 含量柽柳 >盐爪爪 >芦苇 ,Ca含量为柽柳 >芦苇 >盐爪爪。这三种盐生植物体内元素含量特点与其生长的土壤盐分类型相反     

新疆阜康盐生植物园植物简介

为了保护盐生植物种质资源,建立长期研究盐生植物耐盐机理的基地和未来的开发利用,中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所在阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外科学实验研究站内,历经6年,初步建成了以强耐盐盐生植物为主的植物园,占地约7 hm2。现已栽种102种盐生植物,隶属于20科59属,以当地藜科、柽柳科、豆科、禾本科为主。介绍了新疆阜康盐生植物园的植物种类、生活型、生境、耐盐型、功用等。新疆阜康盐生植物园位于扇缘地下水溢出带,是天然盐生植物集中分布区,该处的生态与环境自然选育了丰富的盐生植物种类,在此建园基本不会改变盐生植物的生物学和生态型特征。新疆是盐土的"博物馆",决定了盐生植物种类多样化,持续完善、维护该盐生植物园对盐生植物宝贵抗逆基因的研究和利用具有深远意义。     

三种荒漠植物导管特征及其可塑性研究

运用植物形态解剖学的实验方法对生长在准噶尔盆地的梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、无叶假木贼(Anabasis aphylla)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)三种典型荒漠植物主茎次生木质部导管的形态进行观察和分析,以研究荒漠植物次生木质部导管对环境差异所表现的可塑性.结果表明:1)相比人工营造荒漠植物,三种野生荒漠植物次生木质部导管直径分布中宽窄导管并存,且宽导管较少,导管直径小、水力直径小、导管密度大、导管壁厚度大,使得野生荒漠植物对水分的输导率变小,但是对水分运输的安全性变强,机械强度变大.2)野生荒漠植物多枝柽柳、梭梭和无叶假木贼具有相似的导管特征,三者相比,导管长度依次变短、单导管直径依次变小、水力直径依次变小;导管密度则是多枝柽柳最小、梭梭最大、无叶假木贼次之;宽窄导管并存,但多枝柽柳宽导管较多,梭梭、无叶假木贼窄导管较多;说明野生多枝柽柳、梭梭、无叶假木贼对水分的输导率依次变小,其中梭梭、无叶假木贼导管密度较大,窄导管较多,可以提高对水分运输的安全性,这些差异是三种荒漠植物对其所处干湿环境适应的结果.通过探讨上述荒漠植物次生木质部导管结构与生境的关系,为引种栽培、资源保护提供解剖学依据,同时也为多枝柽柳、梭梭、无叶假木贼三种荒漠植物的起源、进化、系统分类提供参考资料.     

基于积温因子的草地植物生长特征模拟及统计分析

文中以内蒙古典型草原羊草+大针茅(Leymus chinensis+Stipa grandis)群落为研究样地,选取8种代表性植物,采用积温生态因素代替时间变量的方法,分别对其单珠生物量的动态变化与积温因子累积关系做了如下研究:1)对Logistic模型进行了改进;2)建立了植物生物量与积温因子累积关系的Logistic生长模型;3)分别模拟8种植物对积温因子的响应特征并给出了数据分析。结果表明:8种植物相对生物量与相对积温关系基本呈S型变化,其中决定系数均达到0.94以上,说明积温既是影响干物质积累的重要因素,同时作为衡量植物生育过程的时间标尺具有其可靠性与可行性。另外,由模型确定的多个生长特征参数值分析表明,不同生活型功能群之间对积温因子的响应差异较大,而相同功能群的不同植物种对积温因子的响应差异相近,该结果显示出与植物生活型功能群的分类具有一致性。     

策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带两个建群种阻沙能力对比研究

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带为研究区,在区域内确定了一个100 m×500 m的骆驼刺-花花柴-柽柳植物群落样地,随机选择了67株疏叶骆驼刺和67株花花柴植株,对每株植物及其沙堆形态参数进行测量,对比分析两个建群种草本植物形态和沙堆形态特征及其相互关系与植物的阻沙能力。结果表明：两种灌草丛植物地面植株平均高度和沙堆的平均高度均相近,但骆驼刺灌丛的平均冠幅面积和冠幅体积,分别是花花柴灌丛的近1.8倍;灌丛沙堆的平均底面积和体积,分别是花花柴沙堆的近1.7倍和2.0倍。骆驼刺灌丛沙堆形态参数间的相关性明显高于花花柴沙堆,骆驼刺灌丛沙堆的底面积及体积的增长幅度较花花柴大。总体而言,骆驼刺灌丛具有更强的空间占有能力,对地表的防护作用面积大,植物个体阻沙能力强。但在两种植物生长的早期阶段,花花柴则显示出较强的阻沙性能,说明不同生长阶段两种植物的阻沙能力大小存在差异。     

干旱胁迫下CoCl2对紫花苜蓿幼苗生长影响初探

通过不同浓度的CoCl2溶液浸种,研究在干旱胁迫下促进紫花苜蓿幼苗生长的最佳浓度。试验结果表明:在干旱胁迫下CoCl2处理的紫花苜蓿幼苗,以0.00025～0.1mmol/L处理的幼苗在株高、分枝数、根系长度、叶面积、地上部分鲜重、地下部分鲜重、地上部分干重、地下部分干重都有所增加,浓度为0.005mmol/L时各指标基本表现为最优。研究表明,较低浓度的CoCl2具有保护幼苗的作用,较高浓度时则表现为一定的伤害作用。紫花苜蓿株高(y)与叶面积(x1)、分枝数(x2)、地下部分鲜重(x3)、地上部分干重(x4)、根系长度(x5)、地上部分鲜重(x6)、地下部分干重(x7)之间的多元线性回归方程为:y=2.9153-0.4377x1 0.1227x2-4.9510x3-3.0736x4 226.4584x5 350.9114x6 342.4854x7。     

Effect of the relative time of emergence on the growth allometry of Galium aparine in competition with Triticum aestivum

The impact of the relative time of emergence on the growth allometry of Galium aparine L. (cleavers) in competition with Triticum aestivum L. (spring wheat) was studied in a greenhouse experiment. The hypothesis that changes in growth allometry, particularly in the leaf area/height ratio, caused by a shift in the relative time of emergence, could lead to plants overcoming the competition or to competitive suppression was tested. The plant height, dry weight, total leaf area and vertical distribution were analyzed during the first 83 days of growth. The late emergence of G. aparine substantially influenced the growth dynamics for the dry weight and total leaf area. The dynamics of height growth were affected only following a significant delay in G. aparine emergence. The ratio of dry weight to total leaf area was almost unaffected by the competition. By contrast, the allometric relationship between the plant height and total leaf area was highly sensitive to the relative time of emergence. The results suggest that height is the most important growth trait for the plants to resist increasing competition. Even though the plants responded to competition with elongation, the physiological costs linked with “shade avoidance” caused reductions in the dry weight and leaf area growth that resulted in the total suppression of the late‐emerging individuals, in particular when their emergence was >10 days after that of the crop.     

黄淮海地区夏玉米对干旱和涝渍的生理生态反应

利用黄淮海地区多站点的夏玉米水分控制试验,探讨旱涝对夏玉米发育进程、光合能力、干物质分配、叶面积扩展、产量结构及最终产量的影响,进而分析旱涝对夏玉米生长过程的影响机制。结果表明:干旱减缓了夏玉米营养生长阶段的发育速率,但加快了生殖生长阶段的发育进程,而涝渍对夏玉米发育进程的影响较小;夏玉米全生育期土壤湿度距适宜湿度减小1%,其叶片最大光合速率将下降0.3 mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),比叶面积上升8×10-6hm~2·kg~(-1);夏玉米全生育期土壤相对湿度下降1%,其地上总干重和穗干重均下降0.55%,而产量将减少155kg·hm~(-2);干旱不仅使玉米灌浆时间变短,而且使叶片光合能力下降;营养生长阶段干旱使干物质更多地分配向茎秆,导致叶面积扩展乏力,生殖生长阶段干旱减少干物质向贮存器官的分配而影响产量构成;尽管干旱使叶片变薄而促进其扩展,但仍不足以减缓干旱的整体负面影响,最终导致玉米减产;而涝渍主要使玉米叶片光合能力下降,并导致干物质向穗的分配减少而减产。     

Tolerance of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Plants to Partial Defoliation

Vegetables in the tropics are grown continuously throughout the year due to the favorable climate. Unfortunately, leafy vegetables are often damaged because of slugs and snails. These mollusks and other herbivores cause different levels of defoliation to plants which can significantly impact their growth, production, and quality of the harvested product. A study was carried out in order to artificially simulate the effect of a loss in foliar area caused by these pests. The impact of severe artificial defoliation in spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea) was evaluated in Tunja, Colombia. Under greenhouse conditions and after transplanting, the plants had 75% of their leaf area removed. This procedure was repeated weekly on newly emerging leaves while a control group of plants was left intact. 71 days after transplanting, the plants were harvested, and the leaf area and dry weight of the plants were measured with which some allometric variables were calculated to express growth. Variables such as the number of leaves, plant height, total dry weight, relative growth ratio, leaf weight ratio (LWR), and root to shoot ratio (R:S) were unaffected by defoliation while leaf area, leaf area ratio (LAR), and specific leaf area (SLA) were reduced with the partial removal of the leaf area. The partial defoliation resulted in an increased partial biomass of the leaves. These results suggest that spinach plants have a moderate tolerance to partial defoliation.

     

土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗生长和叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验对不同土壤干旱下冬小麦幼苗生长和生理特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,幼苗株高、叶面积、叶干重、茎干重、根干重、总生物量、叶水势、叶片相对含水率均随土壤水分的减少而呈降低趋势;根冠比、叶片水分饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性、MDA含量以及叶片SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。这说明,在干旱胁迫下,冬小麦幼苗一方面通过改变生物量分配策略,较多地提高根比重,以利于根系吸水增加抗旱性;另一方面,通过改变叶片的生理特性以提高抗旱性。     

Phenotypic plasticity of Ammannia spp. in competition with rice

The annual broadleaved weeds Ammannia auriculata Wild, and A. coccinea Rottb. are widespread and competitive in California rice ( Oryza sativa L.) fields. We studied Ammannia spp. biology in a greenhouse pot experiment. Weeds were grown alone and in competition with rice (cv. M–202), and harvested six times over 122 days. Compared with growth alone, competition reduced Ammannia spp. total plant dry weight (DW), shoot DW and leaf area in all but the first harvest. However, weed height differed at only one harvest (85 days after planting). Ammannia spp. responded to competition with increased shoot:root DW ratios, increased stem:other shoot DW ratios, decreased stem diameters, fewer but elongated internodes and fewer branches. This suggests that light capture was more important than nutrient capture for maintaining Ammannia spp. growth. The weeds appear to lodge easily in rice fields because competitive growth responses make them top heavy and unstable. Weed seed DW declined by 97% in competition, which showed the importance of crop interference to Ammannia spp. control. Plasticity may help Ammannia spp. to escape common control practices (e.g. high crop plant densities or early herbicide application), and probably contributes to its widespread distribution. Thus, Ammannia spp. plasticity should be more fully considered when designing management strategies.     

Improved assessment of mycelial growth stimulation by low doses of mefenoxam in plant pathogenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Globisporangium</Emphasis> species

Globisporangium Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (syn. Pythium Pringsheim) species cause many plant diseases, including Pythium damping-off, leaf and fruit blights, and root rots. Fungicide resistant isolates are selected by repeated use of a single active ingredient on infected crops without rotation. Previous studies demonstrated increased pathogenicity and radial growth in a mefenoxam resistant isolate of Pythium aphanidermatum when exposed to sub-lethal doses of fungicides and ethanol. In those studies, reproducibility of in vitro assays was difficult to achieve due to large variations among trials. This study aimed to examine two protocols for improved reproducibility during the assessment of biphasic dose-responses in mefenoxam-resistant isolates of Globisporangium ultimum and G. irregulare. Two different growth related endpoints, total growth area and total dry mass weight, were assessed. Assays were conducted using ten concentrations of mefenoxam ranging from 0.01 to 1,000 μg/ml. Statistically-significant stimulatory effects were observed in the two Globisporangium species using the two growth related endpoints. Because of its better reproducibility, mycelial growth area is recommended as an endpoint for future studies of chemical hormesis on growth of Globisporangium spp.     

Rain-free requirement and physiological properties of cotton plant growth regulators

Greenhouse studies were conducted to (1) evaluate the rain-free requirement for mepiquat chloride and mepiquat chloride plus cyclanilide with and without surfactant and to (2) evaluate absorption and translocation of cyclanilide, a component of a new cotton plant growth regulator. No significant differences in the number of nodes, leaf area, and plant organ fresh and dry weight were observed with any PGR treatment and rainfall simulation combination. Both plant growth regulators responded similarly to rainfall interval. As rain-free period increased, cotton height was reduced. Based on these data, a rain-free period of 8 h is needed to maximize efficacy, regardless of the use of surfactant. Absorption of cyclanilide ranged from 11 to 15% at 3 and 48 h after treatment, respectively. Averaged over harvest intervals, 18% of the applied cyclanilide remained in the treated leaf while 1.7 and 6.5% of the applied cyclanilide was found in the above and below treated leaf tissue, respectively.     

水稻田除草剂三唑磺草酮的作用特性

为了明确水稻田除草剂三唑磺草酮(QYR301)的最佳施药条件,以稗草Echinochloa crus-galli和水稻Oryza sativa作为测试靶标,采用温室盆栽法研究了其施药适期、耐雨水冲刷性、温度和光照强度对其除草活性的影响。结果显示:三唑磺草酮对不同叶龄水稻具有较高的安全性,在有效成分360 g/hm^2的剂量下,对2叶期以后的水稻干重抑制率为0%;其除草活性与稗草的叶龄显著相关,其中2~3叶期的稗草最为敏感,有效成分30 g/hm^2的三唑磺草酮对其干重抑制率为95%~98%;三唑磺草酮具有一定的耐雨水冲刷能力,药后降雨间隔达到8 h以上,其除草活性与药后降雨间隔时间无显著相关性,在有效成分30~120 g/hm^2的剂量下,对稗草的干重抑制率为75%~93%;在20~35℃区间,三唑磺草酮药效稳定,对稗草的GR50值在44.6~51.4 g/hm^2之间;相较于中度光照(45%)和低光照(4%),高光照(100%)条件下三唑磺草酮对稗草的干重抑制率显著增加。分析表明杂草叶龄、降雨、温度和光照会显著影响三唑磺草酮除草活性,为使其发挥最大药效,应选择在水稻2叶期以后至稗草2~4叶期,天气晴朗,气温高于20℃的情况下施药;如药后8 h以内遇降雨天气,则需进行补喷。     

反枝苋对烤烟农艺性状及产值的影响

为了明确烟田主要杂草反枝苋对贵州烤烟农艺性状、产量、产值的影响,反枝苋按0~25株/m~2的密度栽种,共设置13个处理,在烤烟成熟期记录株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶鲜质量、地上植株鲜质量、茎秆鲜质量、叶干质量、产值等一系列指标参数,通过11种曲线方程进行拟合、回归分析。结果发现三次方程(y=b_0+b_1×x+b_2×x~2+b_3×x~3)具有最高的拟合度和实用性,建议生产上可以用该三次方程预测反枝苋对烟草农艺性状、产量、产值的影响。