金龟子绿僵菌对苜蓿生长的影响及对苜蓿抗蚜性的诱导作用

为明确金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae在促进植物生长和提高植物抗性方面的作用,以金龟子绿僵菌拌土种植紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa,于室内测定植株的生长参数、苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphis trifolii的取食选择性及其发育历期和繁殖力。结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌处理后7 d,植株株高比对照显著增加了0.87 cm;处理后14 d,植株分枝数为3.88个,根长为54.67 mm,均显著高于对照。株龄14 d的植株接入苜蓿斑蚜,至株龄28 d时,金龟子绿僵菌处理的植株株高、分枝数和根长均较对照显著增加;同时生物量、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量也有不同程度的升高。选择性试验结果显示,24 h内选择并驻留在金龟子绿僵菌处理植株叶片上的苜蓿斑蚜数量较对照显著减少28.57%。以金龟子绿僵菌处理的植株叶片饲喂苜蓿斑蚜,1～4龄若虫的发育均有所减缓,各龄若虫的发育历期均较对照叶片饲喂的各龄若虫有所延长,而成虫寿命较以对照叶片饲喂时显著缩短了30.09%,总生命历期显著缩短了18.83%。表明金龟子绿僵菌促进了紫花苜蓿植株的生长,同时增强了植株对苜蓿斑蚜的耐害性、排趋性与...     

土壤底墒与苗期灌溉量对玉米出苗和苗期生长发育的影响

采用二次回归正交设计方法,进行了土壤底墒和苗期灌溉量对玉米出苗和苗期生长发育影响的盆栽试验研究,分别建立了苗期株高、总干重与土壤底墒、灌溉量关系回归模型。研究结果表明,土壤底墒显著影响玉米出苗率,玉米出苗率最高时的壤土和沙土底墒分别为20.6%和13.6%;土壤底墒和苗期灌溉量的交互作用对株高和单株干物质重量具有相互协同效应和替代效应;玉米苗期株高和总干重最大时的壤土底墒均为15.1%,最佳灌溉量分别为86.7 mm和91.7 mm;玉米苗期株高和总干重最大时的沙土底墒分别为12%和13%,最佳灌溉量均为76 mm。     

种子超干贮藏对紫花苜蓿前期生长和生理特性的影响

采用硅胶室温干燥法对陇东紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L. cv. Longdong）种子进行超干处理,使其含水量由9.03%（CK）分别降至7.09%～4.59%共八个不同含水量水平,用铝箔纸密封,常温下贮藏1年后,采用沙培盆栽试验,研究种子超干贮藏对苜蓿生长和生理的影响。结果表明,超干贮藏后,紫花苜蓿种子的出苗数、植株的株高比CK显著提高,MDA含量显著降低。播种第30天时,含水量为6.36%～4.59%处理种子的出苗数较CK提高25%～50%;播种第60天时,种子含水量为6.36%～5.46%处理的植株株高较CK提高11.02%～15.68%,各超干处理种子的植株MDA含量仅为CK的44.92%～70.29%;所有处理植株的根体积、地上干重、地下干重和可溶性糖含量仅为CK的55.36%～89.29%、63.06%～88.05%、50.71%～76.69%和63.35%～97.86%;除4.59%含水量处理的叶片数和5.18%含水量处理的根瘤数与CK比差异不显著,其它各处理的单株叶片数与根瘤数均显著低于CK,其中各超干处理的根瘤数仅为CK的63.00%～92.56%。说明超干贮藏能够提高苜蓿种子的出苗数、植株的株高和耐受性,但降低了植株的生物量及根体积,并影响了叶片生长及根瘤的形成。     

施磷对紫花苜蓿光合作用及抗蓟马的影响

为了明确施磷对苜蓿抗蓟马的影响及其相关的光合机制,本试验以西北广泛种植的感蓟马苜蓿品种‘甘农3号’和抗蓟马苜蓿品种‘甘农9号’为材料,在大田蓟马为害高峰期,调查评价了不同施磷水平下苜蓿的受害指数、生长指标和蓟马虫口数量,测定了不同施磷水平下苜蓿的光合气体交换参数、可溶性糖含量。结果表明:施磷后,‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’苜蓿的受害指数均显著降低,株高和产量显著增加,蓟马虫口数量无显著变化;净光合速率(Pn)和水分利用率(WUE)显著升高,蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著降低;苜蓿心叶可溶性糖含量显著升高,但可溶性糖含量与蓟马虫口密度间无相关性,而与受害指数之间存在极显著的负相关关系。施磷有效地增强了苜蓿的光合作用,进而增强了苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。在大田条件下,通过增施磷肥来控制苜蓿蓟马的危害是一种经济有效的绿色防控措施。     

辽西半干旱区长期施用化肥对玉米苗期生长的影响

对辽西半干旱区的玉米生产进行了不同施肥措施的长期试验,在试验进行的第10年拔节期对玉米植株生长状况进行观测。结果表明,施用氮肥和磷肥均能使玉米的株高和叶面积明显增加;长期不施用氮肥会使玉米叶片内叶绿素的形成受到限制,不利于有机物质的合成;施用氮肥使玉米叶片宽大,植株健壮,是玉米获得高产的基础。     

几个苜蓿新品种抗旱性的初步研究

选用质膜透性、离体叶片保水力、扩散阻力和蒸腾强度等抗旱指标，对国内外几个苜蓿新品种的抗旱性进行了鉴定。通过对不同苜蓿品种抗旱性的相关分析和系统聚类分析，将21个苜蓿品种划分为3类；高抗旱苜蓿品种、中抗旱苜蓿品种和低抗旱苜蓿品种。     

不同根型苜蓿苗期对干旱胁迫的生理耐受性分析

为探讨不同根系类型苜蓿对干旱胁迫的生理生化适应机制,采用盆栽模拟土壤干旱条件,以根茎型、直根型和根蘖型苜蓿为材料,测定不同根系类型苜蓿叶片相对含水量、叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA的含量及SOD活性.结果表明,不同根系类型苜蓿叶片相对含水量及叶绿素含量随干旱胁迫程度增强而降低,直根型陇东苜蓿降低程度小于其他苜蓿材料;...     

60Co-γ辐射苜蓿种子的变异植株叶片愈伤组织诱导及其诱变效应分析

以‘龙牧806’苜蓿种子为材料,采用600、800 Gy和900 Gy辐射剂量对其种子进行~(60)Co-γ辐射处理,辐射的M_1和M_2苜蓿种子后代进行变异植株筛选,对筛选的变异植株叶片进行愈伤组织诱导和9项生理生化指标测定,利用主成分和隶属函数法对各愈伤组织的生理生化变化进行综合分析。结果表明:依据植株叶型、株高及叶面积变化筛选出辐射变异植株6种,包括矮化植株(A)、偏高植株4种(G1、G2、G3和G4)、叶型畸变植株(J)。J株、A株和G4株叶片愈伤组织诱导率分别为79.35%、91.89%和98.00%,对照和G1、G2、G3植株叶片愈伤组织诱导率均为100%,各叶片愈伤组织褐化率为0.00%～5.41%。G3植株愈伤组织的脯氨酸(Pro)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性最高,分别为58.72μg·g~(-1)和123.45μmol·min~(-1)·g~(-1),丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率(RC)最低,分别为0.44μmol·L~(-1)和44.44%,可溶性蛋白(SP)和可溶性糖(SS)含量在J植株愈伤组织中最高,分别为6.92 mg·g~(-1)和1.48%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在G2愈伤组织中最高,为98.40μmol·min~(-1)·g~(-1),而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在A愈伤组织中最高,为911.67μmol·min~(-1)·g~(-1)。主成分分析显示苜蓿愈伤组织生理生化特性受辐射影响的主要指标为SS,Pro, CAT,MAD,RC和SOD,各愈伤组织6项指标隶属值的排序为G3CKJAG1G2G4。本研究所筛选的辐射变异植株G3叶片的愈伤组织可为苜蓿抗逆性突变体的进一步筛选提供基础材料。     

玉米对矮花叶病毒抗性指标体系

以自交系、F1、B1、B2和F2为材料，研究叶片为害度、病叶百分率、株高和单株产量等四个量化指标的变化规律，以确立玉米对矮花叶病抗性鉴定指标。结果表明，同质群体内叶片为害度变异较小而分离群体的叶片为害度变异较大，即叶片为害度能较大程度地区分抗感差异，且受环境影响较小，因而可作为抗性鉴定的指标。由此建立的量化指标体系包括了叶片褪绿程度的分级标准和叶片为害度的计算两个部分，为了操作方便而又降低叶片发育进程所造成的误差，调查时可以用功能叶片的为害度代替全株叶片的为害度。     

紫茎泽兰对茄子产量的影响及其经济阈值

为了有效反映大田条件下,紫茎泽兰对茄科植物生长和产量的直接危害和经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法观察了不同紫茎泽兰密度下茄子的株高和产量变化,以及茄子田间透光率和紫茎泽兰水肥积累量的变化。结果表明,当紫茎泽兰密度为1～2株/m2时,对茄子株高、结果数和产量无影响,当紫茎泽兰密度增加到5株/m2以上时,茄子株高、结果数和产量显著降低。紫茎泽兰的株高、对田间透光率的干扰程度和水肥积累量是茄子减产的重要原因。双曲线模型（1/y=-0.0108＋0.2083/x）可以较好地拟合紫茎泽兰密度与茄子产量损失间的关系。茄子田间紫茎泽兰的经济危害允许水平为0.192%～1.282%,经济阈值为0.03～0.26株/m2。     

西北地区生态环境建设与水资源相互关系问题的研究

中国西北地区气候干旱、水资源短缺,生态环境脆弱,水资源限制了生态环境建设;生态环境退化,又加剧了水资源的紧张。就目前生态环境建设与水资源相互关系问题的研究进行综述,指出西北地区生态环境建设必须以当地水资源为约束。     

The relevance of morphological plasticity in the simulation of competition between maize and Datura stramonium

The INTERCOM model was calibrated for Datura stramonium and maize with data from monoculture plots, and used to simulate the competition between the weed and the crop. The model adequately simulated the growth (leaf area index, above-ground biomass, plant height, yield) of both species in monoculture. In competition, the growth of D. stramonium and the competitive effect of D. stramonium on the growth of maize were clearly underestimated. Simulation of competition was improved when the observed morphological adaptations of D. stramonium under competitive light stress, as reflected in dry-matter partitioning, height growth and specific leaf area (SLA) were considered. Model analysis demonstrated that the observed changes in SLA and height growth were more relevant for the increased competitive ability of D. stramonium . The modification of the model in order to simulate the effect of shading by an overtopping species in the SLA of the shaded species improved model simulation of competition.     

干旱胁迫下CoCl2对紫花苜蓿幼苗生长影响初探

通过不同浓度的CoCl2溶液浸种,研究在干旱胁迫下促进紫花苜蓿幼苗生长的最佳浓度。试验结果表明:在干旱胁迫下CoCl2处理的紫花苜蓿幼苗,以0.00025～0.1mmol/L处理的幼苗在株高、分枝数、根系长度、叶面积、地上部分鲜重、地下部分鲜重、地上部分干重、地下部分干重都有所增加,浓度为0.005mmol/L时各指标基本表现为最优。研究表明,较低浓度的CoCl2具有保护幼苗的作用,较高浓度时则表现为一定的伤害作用。紫花苜蓿株高(y)与叶面积(x1)、分枝数(x2)、地下部分鲜重(x3)、地上部分干重(x4)、根系长度(x5)、地上部分鲜重(x6)、地下部分干重(x7)之间的多元线性回归方程为:y=2.9153-0.4377x1 0.1227x2-4.9510x3-3.0736x4 226.4584x5 350.9114x6 342.4854x7。     

Simulation study of the competitive ability of erect, semi-erect and prostrate cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes

Ecophysiological simulation models provide a quantitative method to predict the effects of management practices, plant characteristics and environmental factors on crop and weed growth and competition. The INTERCOM interplant competition model was parameterised, calibrated by monoculture data for three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes that differed in growth habit, common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and used to simulate competition of cowpea cover crops with sunflower or purslane. The simulation results were compared with observations from field competition experiments in 2003 and 2004. INTERCOM more accurately simulated actual field data for the competition of cowpea genotypes and sunflower than companion field experiments for the competition of cowpea and purslane. The validated simulation model of cowpea and sunflower at two densities was used to study the effects of cowpea growth habit on final biomass production of cowpea and sunflower. The model suggested that erect growth habit was more competitive than semi‐erect and prostrate growth habit, when cowpea genotypes were grown with sunflower. Cowpea leaf area distribution was important to higher cowpea biomass production, while cowpea height growth was important to reduce sunflower biomass. Our simulation approach is suggested as a method for crop breeders to gauge the likely success of selection for competitive crops before undertaking expensive long‐term breeding experiments.     

植物生长调节剂对烟草生长发育及钾素吸收与分配影响研究

通过盆栽试验,采用不同钾素水平,在烟草植株打顶后夹吸不同的植物生长调节剂对烟草生长发育进行研究。研究表明,不同钾水平对烟草植株的株高、最大叶面积、根体积、倒二叶叶面积均没有显著的促进作用,但是能够显著增加根鲜重,而烟株打顶后夹吸生长调节剂能显著地促进烟草植株的株高、最大叶面积、根体积、根鲜重、倒二叶叶面积的增长。同时,植物生长调节剂能明显提高不同部位烟叶中的钾含量和各部位钾素的积累量,促进钾素从根、茎部向叶部的转移,显著提高烟草的品质,其中表油菜素内酯(BR)与赤霉素(GA3)处理效果最为明显。     

Rain-free requirement and physiological properties of cotton plant growth regulators

Greenhouse studies were conducted to (1) evaluate the rain-free requirement for mepiquat chloride and mepiquat chloride plus cyclanilide with and without surfactant and to (2) evaluate absorption and translocation of cyclanilide, a component of a new cotton plant growth regulator. No significant differences in the number of nodes, leaf area, and plant organ fresh and dry weight were observed with any PGR treatment and rainfall simulation combination. Both plant growth regulators responded similarly to rainfall interval. As rain-free period increased, cotton height was reduced. Based on these data, a rain-free period of 8 h is needed to maximize efficacy, regardless of the use of surfactant. Absorption of cyclanilide ranged from 11 to 15% at 3 and 48 h after treatment, respectively. Averaged over harvest intervals, 18% of the applied cyclanilide remained in the treated leaf while 1.7 and 6.5% of the applied cyclanilide was found in the above and below treated leaf tissue, respectively.     

Effect of the relative time of emergence on the growth allometry of Galium aparine in competition with Triticum aestivum

The impact of the relative time of emergence on the growth allometry of Galium aparine L. (cleavers) in competition with Triticum aestivum L. (spring wheat) was studied in a greenhouse experiment. The hypothesis that changes in growth allometry, particularly in the leaf area/height ratio, caused by a shift in the relative time of emergence, could lead to plants overcoming the competition or to competitive suppression was tested. The plant height, dry weight, total leaf area and vertical distribution were analyzed during the first 83 days of growth. The late emergence of G. aparine substantially influenced the growth dynamics for the dry weight and total leaf area. The dynamics of height growth were affected only following a significant delay in G. aparine emergence. The ratio of dry weight to total leaf area was almost unaffected by the competition. By contrast, the allometric relationship between the plant height and total leaf area was highly sensitive to the relative time of emergence. The results suggest that height is the most important growth trait for the plants to resist increasing competition. Even though the plants responded to competition with elongation, the physiological costs linked with “shade avoidance” caused reductions in the dry weight and leaf area growth that resulted in the total suppression of the late‐emerging individuals, in particular when their emergence was >10 days after that of the crop.     

陇东黄土高原春播紫花苜蓿不同茬次生物量动态研究

2003～2005年,在陇东黄土高原区进行的春播紫花苜蓿生物量观测试验表明,春播紫花苜蓿当年的株高,由缓慢增长转为快速增长的转变时段在分枝到现蕾期,由快速增长再次转为缓慢增长的时段在开花期后;生长二、三年紫花苜蓿,一年中适宜刈割三次,前二茬鲜草的平均日增长量明显高于第三茬,并且生长三年的各茬鲜草平均日增长量普遍高于生长二年的;最大地上生物量均出现在第一、二茬,其鲜草和干草重量分别占三茬总重量的76.9%～84.3%和79.1%～86.3%;各茬次紫花苜蓿鲜干比在现蕾期后明显降低,到开花期刈割前降至最低.年际和地域的气候条件差异直接反映在紫花苜蓿各茬次生物量和鲜干比的变化上,在水份满足的情况下,以气温日较差大的地域更有利于紫花苜蓿物质积累.     

水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以黄色彩椒花仙子幼苗为试材,研究了桶栽称重控水条件下水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:1随着水分胁迫时间的延长,彩椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积呈上升趋势,但随水分胁迫程度的增强,彩椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积、根长、根体积、地上部干鲜重和地下部干鲜重明显降低,而根冠比增大。2随着水分胁迫时间的延长,彩椒幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、最小荧光(Fo)、暗适应下叶片PSⅡ的最大量子产额(Fv/Fm)和叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均呈下降趋势,而叶片PSⅡ光合性能指数(PI)和叶绿素含量升高,但随水分胁迫程度的增强,幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和PI均明显下降,而Fo明显升高。3隶属函数分析结果显示,与彩椒幼苗受水分胁迫密切相关的生长指标为叶面积、根长、株高、根冠比和根体积;与光合指标密切相关的为Ci和Pn;与叶绿素荧光参数密切相关的指标为Fv/Fm、PI和Fo。轻度(75%的田间持水量)和中轻度(65%)水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长发育及光合特性影响较小。综合分析,75%~65%之间的田间持水量可以满足彩椒生长对水分的需求。