基于棉花红边参数的叶绿素密度及叶面积指数的估算

利用野外非成像高光谱仪,测试棉花两个品种4种配置种植方式两年关键生育时期的冠层反射光谱数据,应用光谱微分技术,获取棉花微分光谱680～750 nm波段的红边参数：红边面积（SDr）、红边斜率（Dr）以及红边位置（λr）变量;将棉花红边面积、红边斜率分别与其冠层叶绿素密度（CH.D）、叶面积指数（LAI）进行相关分析,它们的相关性均达到1%极显著水平,其中红边面积与叶绿素密度的相关性最好（RCH.D=0.8787**,n=137）;并且红边面积较红边斜率对叶绿素密度、叶面积指数的预测精度更高。以棉花新陆早13号和19号为建模样本,通过红边面积与叶绿素密度的线性相关模型,分别反演新陆早13号、19号冠层叶片的叶绿素密度,结果表明对这两个棉花品种的叶绿素密度估算精度分别达87.4%和83.3%,说明高光谱红边参数是估算棉花叶绿素密度和叶面积指数的一种简单、快捷、非破坏性的有效方法。     

高温胁迫下水稻红边特征及SPAD和LAI的监测

为了促进高光谱遥感技术在水稻长势监测及其灾害评估中的作用,该文以扬稻6号与南粳43为试验对象,通过高温胁迫试验,测定孕穗期高温胁迫后2个品种在不同生育期冠层高光谱反射率、红边参数和叶片绿色度（SPAD）值及叶面积指数（LAI）。结果表明,2个水稻品种剑叶的SPAD值与LAI随生育期的进行呈先上升后下降的趋势,在开花期均达到最大值,在始穗期与蜡熟期时较低。随着高温胁迫的加剧,SPAD值和LAI不断减小。冠层光谱红边位置、红边幅值与红边面积在开花前呈“红移”,开花后呈“蓝移”现象。随着胁迫温度的提高,3个红边参数也呈现“蓝移”现象。不同生育期剑叶SPAD值和LAI与红边特征参数均具有显著或极显著的相关关系。相对于红边幅值,以红边位置为参数所建的模型能更好地预测水稻剑叶的SPAD值和LAI。     

水稻微分光谱和植被指数的作用探讨

通过两年两个不同品种水稻在不同供氮水平下的田间试验，测定了水稻冠层在生长过程中不同时期的高光谱反射率及对应的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量，分析了微分光谱对消除水稻冠层光谱的背景影响和植被指数在农学参数测定中的作用。结果表明：由微分光谱所得的红边位置、红边斜率与盖度和供氮水平之间有一定的相关性，与叶面积指数、地上生物量及冠层叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量有显著相关；水稻多光谱植被指数RVI、NDVI与叶面积指数LAI及其地上部生物量之间有极显著相关性；高光谱植被指数及其变量与植被盖度、供氮水平、叶面积指数、地上生物量及叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量之间存在相关性。这表明，用微分光谱技术与植被指数方法来监测水稻的色素含量和长势应该是可行的。     

利用高光谱数据预测水稻籽粒粗蛋白含量研究

籽粒粗蛋白含量是水稻营养食味品质的重要指标之一。通过大田小区试验,测定了2个品种、3个供氮水平处理下水稻冠层和旗叶在成熟过程中不同时期的高光谱反射率,及茎、叶、穗和稻米的含氮量及粗蛋白含量,分析了它们之间的相关性。结果表明：稻穗和稻米粗蛋白质含量与孕穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期的茎、叶粗蛋白质含量极显著相关,与灌浆期、乳熟期的冠层光谱ρ_λ及其一阶导数光谱D_λ、冠层光谱RVI在某些波段也达到极显著相关;稻穗粗蛋白质含量与主茎旗叶某些高光谱指数极显著相关。这表明能用高光谱方法来估测水稻籽粒粗蛋白含量,它将为水稻品质遥感监测提供依据。     

水稻成熟过程中高光谱与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的变化规律研究

通过大田和室内试验，测定了2个品种、3个供氮水平处理的水稻冠层、主茎剑叶、完全展开倒三叶和穗在成熟过程中的不同时期的高光谱反射率及对应叶片和穗的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量。结果表明：不同供氮水平的水稻冠层和叶片光谱差异明显，其叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量随供氮水平的提高而增大；冠层光谱反射率随发育期推移在可见光范围内逐渐增大，在近红外区域逐渐降低；穗光谱的红边位置象冠层、叶片光谱一样也存在“蓝移”现象；叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和高光谱植被指数VI1(R₉₉₀/R_{553相似文献}   

玉米全氮含量高光谱遥感估算模型研究

该文对不同品种玉米测定了其室内光谱反射率及其对应的全氮含量,采用相关性分析以及单变量线性与非线性拟合分析技术,对全氮含量与原始光谱反射率、光谱反射率一阶微分、一些高光谱特征参数(如红边波长、红边位置以及红边面积等)以及由一阶微分光谱所构建的一些比值植被指数和归一化植被指数之间的关系进行了分析,结果表明：全氮含量与原始光谱在716 nm处具有最大相关系数(r=-0.847),呈极显著负相关,并且基于此波长所构建的对数关系估算模型明显优于线性模型;与光谱反射率一阶微分值在759 nm处具有最大相关系数(r=0.944),呈极显著正相关,并且基于此波长所构建的线性和非线性模型的拟合效果接近;对于所选取的3类高光谱特征变量,全氮含量除了与黄边位置(λy)以及由红边面积和黄边面积所构建的比值植被指数和归一化植被指数的相关性较弱之外,与其余变量均呈极显著相关关系,说明由这些变量对玉米全氮含量进行估算具有可行性;对所建立的各类方程进行精度检验,最终筛选确定由759 nm处的光谱反射率一阶微分值所构建的指数模型作为对玉米全N含量的预测模型最为理想。     

冬小麦冠层光谱红边特征分析

通过对不同N素营养水平冬小麦冠层光谱特性的田间试验研究,发现红边位移现象:在孕穗期前,红边随施N量增加向长波方向"红移";孕穗期后"红移"现象基本消失,继而发生"蓝移"。红边参数中红边斜率(dλred)与叶片N累积量(TN.D)、叶绿素含量(CHL.T)、叶绿素密度(CHL.D)的相关关系通过显著性检验,红边面积(∑dλ680~760)和叶片全N含量(N%)的相关关系通过显著性检验,红边位置(λred)、红边斜率、红边面积与叶面积指数有着密切关系,均通过极显著性检验,一些红边参数可作为小麦农学参数估测的简便方法。     

不同氮营养冬小麦冠层光谱红边特征分析

利用FieldSpec FR2500光谱仪测定了不同氮素处理冬小麦冠层光谱,分析其红边特征变化规律及与农学成分的相关关系。结果表明,波长550 nm、680 nm、980 nm、1100 nm与350～680 nm和750～1100 nm可作为氮素营养诊断的敏感特征点与波段范围。随着施氮量的提高,拔节期、抽穗期以及灌浆期的红边位置（REP）、红谷位置（Lo）与光谱反射率一阶微分极大值（FD_Max）均增大,红边宽度（Lwidth）则有减小的趋势。总体上看,施氮与无氮处理在整个生育期均存在较大差异,施氮处理之间差异较小。冠层反射光谱的红边位置、红谷位置、随生育期向长波方向移动,呈现红移现象;从抽穗期开始逐渐减小,呈现蓝移现象。冬小麦红边参数中红边位置与农学组分之间的相关性优于其他参数,除与地上部生物量正相关显著外,与叶面积指数、叶含水率、叶绿素含量、叶可溶性蛋白含量、叶鲜重、叶含氮量均呈正相关且达到极显著水平。红谷位置则与叶面积指数、叶含水率、叶绿素含量、叶鲜重以及SPAD值呈极显著正相关;与可溶性蛋白呈显著正相关。红边宽度与叶面积指数、叶含水率、叶氮含量、叶绿素含量以及叶鲜重均呈极显著正相关;与可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关。反射率一阶导数极大值与叶面积指数、叶含水率、叶鲜重呈极显著正相关,与叶含氮量极显著负相关。通过红边参数与农学组分稳定良好的数学关系,可以对农学组分进行预测估算。     

UV-B增强下施硅对水稻冠层反射光谱特征的影响

通过田间试验,在UV-B增强和施硅条件下,利用ASD便携式手持光谱仪在水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期选择典型晴天观测冠层光谱曲线,通过计算一阶导数曲线分析光谱的红边参数特征。UV-B辐射设2个水平,即对照(自然光,ambient UV-B,A)和UV-B增强(比自然光增强20%,elevated UV-B,E);施硅设2个水平,即不施硅和施硅(硅酸钠,200kg SiO_2·hm~(-2))。结果表明:UV-B增强下水稻叶面积指数(LAI)和叶绿素含量(SPAD值)降低,而施硅可提高叶面积指数(LAI)和SPAD值,缓解UV-B增强对水稻生长的抑制作用。各处理间水稻冠层光谱的差异主要体现在近红外波段,UV-B增强使水稻近红外波段反射率降低,施硅使近红外波段反射率上升。UV-B增强使水稻光谱红边位置蓝移,施硅使红边位置红移。随着生育期推移,水稻光谱红边位置、红边幅值和红边面积均呈现先增后减的趋势,且在拔节期达最大。     

不同筋力冬小麦冠层反射光谱的差异分析

为了利用冠反射光谱特征监不同筋力小麦品种的生理特征差异,利用不同筋力小麦冠层反射光谱的差异,可对不同小麦品种进行遥感识别与监测。试验以低筋小麦品种扬麦13和高筋小麦品种徐麦31为材料,结合不同生育时期两品种叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量和叶片氮含量的变化,以及相应的光谱参数,分析不同筋力小麦冠层反射光谱的变化特征。结果表明,在近红外和可见光波段,从拔节期到蜡熟期,扬麦13的冠层光谱反射率均高于徐麦31,在孕穗期两品种的差异最显著;LAI、叶片叶绿素和氮含量均在开花时达最大值,扬麦13的叶绿素含量明显高于徐麦31,而LAI和叶片氮含量则低于徐麦31。比值植被指数(RVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)与LAI;红边位置(λr)、红边幅值(Dr)与叶绿素含量,氮素反射指数(NRI)、抗大气植被指数(VARIgreen)与叶片氮含量极显著相关,表明RVI、NDVI可以反演LAI;λr、Dr可以反演叶绿素;NRI、VARIgreen可以反演叶片氮含量的变化。以上光谱参数能反映小麦相关指标的变化情况,不同时期可运用小麦冠层反射光谱进行不同筋力小麦品种识别,孕穗期为最佳识别时期。通过本研究,以期为不同筋力小麦品种的遥感识别提供依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.