秸秆添加对土壤微生物–根系形态介导的番茄磷吸收的影响

  【目的】  研究了添加秸秆后土壤微生物(包括解磷微生物)丰度、磷有效性的动态变化,以及作物根系的生长发育特征对作物磷吸收的影响。  【方法】  以番茄 (Solanum lycopersicum)为供试作物进行田间试验,设置添加秸秆和不添加秸秆对照两个处理,在番茄移栽后第15、30及45 天,测定了番茄地上部生物量、磷含量和根系形态,同时测定了土壤微生物数量(细菌、真菌、解磷微生物)、微生物生物量磷和速效磷含量,分析了微生物?根系–作物磷吸收的关系。  【结果】  添加秸秆提高了成熟期番茄的地上部生物量,显著提高了叶片和地上部的磷吸收量,地上部(叶+茎+果实)总磷吸收量较不加秸秆番茄增加21.8%。与无秸秆对照处理相比,添加秸秆处理提高了土壤细菌以及具phoD,phoC和pqqC功能基因的解磷微生物丰度,增加了微生物量磷。添加秸秆处理降低了移栽后15 天番茄根系生物量和组织密度,增加了根系比根长,降低了移栽后15到30 天的番茄根系生长。番茄移栽后第30 天到45 天,土壤细菌、真菌丰度下降,微生物量磷降低,丰富的解磷微生物以及微生物量磷降低介导的磷活化,驱动番茄根系生长加快,比根长增加,根系直径降低。根系生长与土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)相关性显著。  【结论】  添加秸秆初期微生物增生导致番茄根系生长缓慢,后期微生物量磷的降低和解磷微生物对磷的活化促进细根的快速伸长。秸秆还田激发微生物量磷活化协同根系高效磷吸收特征,促进成熟期番茄地上部磷吸收的增加。     

不同氮肥水平下玉米与龙葵竞争吸收镉的差异性研究

【目的】 研究不同氮肥用量处理对玉米镉 (Cd) 积累的影响及其生理响应机制,为今后利用玉米–龙葵间作模式进行植物修复时合理使用氮肥、减少修复成本及环境污染奠定基础。 【方法】 以Cd超积累植物龙葵 (Solanum nigrum L.) 与玉米为供试材料,取Cd污染浓度为2.79 mg/kg的供试土壤,采用温室盆栽试验,设置玉米单作及玉米、龙葵竞争模式下3个不同氮肥用量处理,分别为不施肥、N 0.1 g/kg、N 0.2 g/kg,研究施氮量对玉米、龙葵的生长以及各器官吸收积累Cd的影响。 【结果】 施用氮肥能提高玉米和龙葵各器官的生物量,且随着施氮量的增加龙葵和玉米的生物量均显著性增加,高施氮量处理下龙葵根、茎、叶、籽粒生物量增量最大,分别增加了47.2%、51.0%、25.3%、63.2%;玉米根、茎、叶、籽粒生物量分别增加了35.5%、17.0%、76.2%、112%。不同氮肥用量处理下,龙葵各器官中Cd含量显著性增加,同时与其竞争的玉米各器官Cd含量显著性下降。玉米与龙葵竞争模式下高施氮量处理的龙葵根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cd含量分别增加了23.2%、41.2%、12.3%、45.3%;玉米根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cd含量分别下降了49.2%、38.0%、42.8%、19.5%。高施氮量处理下,龙葵各器官Cd累积量显著性增加,根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cd累积量分别增加85.6%、88.4%、131%、159%;同时玉米各器官Cd累积量显著性降低,茎、叶、籽粒中Cd累积量分别下降12.2%、34.8%、79.5%。高施氮量处理下,玉米与龙葵竞争模式下龙葵富集系数增加113%,转运系数增加15.1%;玉米的富集系数降低25.7%,转运系数降低15.2%。玉米与龙葵竞争模式下,随着施氮量的增加,龙葵对Cd的吸收转运能力增强,玉米对Cd的吸收转运能力受到抑制。因此,Cd污染土壤中,通过玉米–龙葵间作处理并适当提高施氮量,能够促进龙葵的生长和地上部Cd的积累能力。这一研究结果旨在为修复污染土壤,提高修复效率以及保证农产品质量安全提供理论依据。 【结论】 玉米与龙葵竞争模式下,0.2 g/kg的施氮量能够促进龙葵对Cd的吸收转运,降低Cd在玉米各器官的累积,并提高Cd污染土壤的修复效率,达到边生产边修复的目的。      

重金属超富集植物龙葵对镉响应的蛋白组学分析

龙葵是典型的重金属超富集植物,但是我们对其重金属耐受和超富集的分子机理仍不完全清楚。为了从蛋白组学层面探究重金属超富集植物龙葵如何响应金属镉,本研究采用双向电泳和MALDI-TOF MS分析方法,鉴定了重金属超富集植物龙葵叶片和根中Cd胁迫下差异表达的蛋白。双向电泳在根和叶片中分别至少得到927和1 025个蛋白点,其中Cd胁迫下差异表达的蛋白点在根中有45个,叶片中有57个。采用MALDITOF MS分析,在根和叶片中分别鉴定了9个和12个蛋白点,分别代表了9个和6个差异表达的蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,这些蛋白涉及到激素合成、防御响应、能量代谢和细胞结构等。这些结果为进一步揭示重金属超富集植物龙葵响应Cd胁迫的分子调节机制,以及为通过现代生物技术手段进行重金属污染的植物修复提供了理论依据。     

油菜素内酯对龙葵幼苗Cd毒害耐受性的影响

以重金属超富集植物龙葵为试验材料,分析了油菜素内酯(BR)对幼苗镉(Cd)毒害耐受性影响的生理机制。Cd毒害导致龙葵幼苗出现氧化伤害,同时降低了幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性。表油菜素内酯(eBL,人工合成的BR)处理增加了龙葵幼苗对Cd毒害的敏感性,与eBL处理的结果相反,施用油菜素唑(Brz,BR合成的特异性抑制剂)增加了Cd毒害下龙葵幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,降低了ROS的累积,减少了幼苗的氧化伤害。Brz处理后幼苗株高和根长较Cd处理的对照分别增加29%和28%,MDA水平和Evans blue染色程度较Cd处理的对照分别降低37%和20%,进一步证明BR增加了Cd毒害下龙葵幼苗的氧化伤害,从而加重了Cd胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用。表明BR通过降低龙葵幼苗的抗氧化能力,增加了幼苗对Cd毒害的敏感性。     

间作两个生态气候区的龙葵和少花龙葵促进茄子幼苗生长且降低镉吸收

Soil contamination by heavy metals is a serious environmental problem worldwide,and reduction of heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown on contaminated land is a matter of urgency.A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of intercropping with the Cd hyperaccumulators Solanum nigrum and Solanum photeinocarpum from two ecoclimatic regions,Ya'an and Chengdu,Sichuan Province,China,on the growth and cadmium (Cd) uptake of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).The biomass,photosynthetic pigment contents,and activities of antioxidant enzymes of eggplant were enhanced by intercropping.The biomass of eggplant was the highest after intercropping with S.photeinocarpum from Ya'an,but did not differ significantly from that after intercropping with S.nigrum from Chengdu.The shoot Cd content of eggplant was significantly reduced by intercropping with the hyperaccumulators,which ranked as follows:S.nigrum from Chengdu ＞ S.nigrum from Ya'an ＞ S.photeinocarpum from Chengdu ＞ S.photeinocarpum from Ya'an,with the decreases being 19.60％,14.36％,9.66％,and 6.42％,respectively,as compared with the control.The lowest shoot Cd content and translocation factor of eggplant were attained after intercropping with S.nigrum from Chengdu.Therefore,it was feasible to intercrop eggplant with S.nigrum and S.photeinocarpum on Cd-contaminated soil.     

铅胁迫下接种AM真菌对龙葵根际土壤微生物群落代谢特征的影响

为从微生态角度探索接种AM真菌对铅污染根际土壤微生物群落代谢特征的影响,以摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae）和幼套近明囊霉（Claroideoglomus etunicatum）为接种菌剂,在温室盆栽条件下以Pb⁴⁺含量为0 mg·kg^-1、200 mg·kg^-1、400 mg·kg^-1和800 mg·kg^-1土壤种植龙葵（Solanum nigrum）10周后采集根际土壤,采用Biolog微平板法测定龙葵根际土壤微生物群落的代谢变化。结果表明：1）微生物平均代谢活性（AWCD）随铅浓度增加呈降—升—降趋势;接种AM真菌显著提高了铅胁迫下根际土壤微生物的AWCD值,仅中浓度（400 mg·kg^-1）下未达显著差异。2）中浓度铅处理能显著提高根际土壤微生物对糖类及其衍生物、氨基酸类、脂肪酸和脂类及代谢产物类四大类碳源底物利用能力;接种AM真菌,高浓度（800 mg·kg^-1）铅处理显著提高了根际土壤微生物对氨基酸类底物的利用能力。3）铅胁迫下接种AM真菌提高了根际土壤微生物多样性指数,在中浓度下丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数均达显著水平。4）主成分分析显示,代谢产物类在PC1和PC2中种类最多,分别为6种和4种;糖类及其衍生物在PC3中种类最多（5种）。5）在铅胁迫和接种AM真菌共同作用下,微生物碳源利用主要受铅浓度调节,并且二者对微生物碳源利用具有显著交互效应。综上可知,接种AM真菌能够提高铅胁迫下龙葵根际土壤微生物多样性指数,增强根际土壤微生物对碳源底物的利用能力。该研究为进一步探究AM真菌强化植物联合修复技术提供了依据。     

鸭跖草(Commelina communis L.): 发现于中国安徽省的铜的超积累植物

Commelina communis L. growing over some new copper mining wastelands at Bijiashan, Tongling City of Anhui Province, China, was found to be a copper hyperaccumulator. Its copper concentrations were 2707~6159 (4439±2434) mg kg^-1, 369~831 (731±142) mg kg^-1, and 429~587 (547±57) mg kg^-1, respectively, in the roots, stems, and leaves. The soils supporting the growth of the species had a copper concentration ranging from 4620 to 5020 mg kg^-1 and averaging 4835±262 mg kg^-1, suggesting that the species could not only grow on heavily copper-contaminated soils but also accumulate extraordinarily high concentration of copper. Thus, it shows great potential in the phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils, the restoration of mined land, geochemical prospecting, and the study of environmental pollution changes.     

土壤重金属污染植物修复的紫云英调控研究

有机调控是植物修复土壤重金属污染的有效措施之一,为研究绿肥--紫云英的调控效果,实验于2004年3-12月选取江西省贵溪市冶炼厂周边受重金属污染的大田进行研究.结果表明,紫云英处理显著降低土壤重金属浓度和土壤综合污染指数,下降幅度与CK比呈极显著差异:除土壤Zn、Cd浓度和土壤重金属多因子综合污染指数的下降幅度显著低于有机试剂处理,其他与有机试剂处理均无显著差异;紫云英处理与“紫云英 有机试剂“的交互作用处理相比,土壤重金属浓度和土壤综合污染指数的下降幅度无显著差异.海洲香薷对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd都有不同程度的富集,富集系数评价表明,紫云英处理、有机试剂处理及其交互作用处理与CK相比,海洲香薷对重金属元素的富集有显著提高,紫云英处理对植物富集重金属的影响介于有机试剂处理与其交互作用处理之间.     

麻疯树复垦酸性矿山废弃地及其生长影响因子研究

粤北大宝山矿开采产生大量的毒性金属,严重地威胁着矿区周边地区的土壤和水体环境[1],给矿区周边居民的身体健康造成巨大威胁[2]。因此,解决大宝山矿区周边环境的重金属污染已刻不容缓。目前,在矿山重金属污染土壤的修复技术中,植物复垦因具有成本低、效益高的优点而成为合适的修复技术[3]。其可以通过向土壤中添加改良剂来降低金属迁移和生物有效性,并通过所种植的金属耐性植物的根部积累、表面吸附或根际沉积作用来稳定土壤中的重金属,从而降低人类或动物接触重金属污染物的风险[3-4]。理想的耐性植物应该能耐受极端环境、具有非食用性及经济价值的特点,然而目前这类植物的报道较少[5]。麻疯树(Jatro-pha c     

刺萼龙葵土壤种子库特征及其对替代控制的响应

土壤种子库在退化生态系统植被的恢复和演替中起重要作用,为明确外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵（Solanum rostratum Dunal.）土壤种子库特征,评价植物替代控制刺萼龙葵的效果,调查了河滩及农田边缘两个典型生境中的刺萼龙葵土壤种子库特征,分析了刺萼龙葵种子在土壤中的垂直分布与季节变化动态,并利用多种多年生禾本科与豆科牧草对刺萼龙葵进行替代控制研究,以期为刺萼龙葵生态调控提供理论依据。结果表明：1）两个生境中共鉴定出23种植物,禾本科和菊科为优势科;河滩及农田边缘刺萼龙葵种子总储量分别达347粒·m^-2和2 600粒·m^-2,占整个种子库的2.46%及35.16%。2）河滩生境中刺萼龙葵种子多集中于表层（0~2 cm）土壤,占种子总量的64.3%,且随土层深度的增加而减少;而农田边缘生境0~2 cm、2~5 cm和5~10 cm 3层种子数量差异不大（P>0.05）,分别占种子总量的32.7%、38.2%及29.1%。3）两个生境中刺萼龙葵种子主要集中于4月份采集的土样中,分别为273粒·m^-2（河滩）和1 970粒·m^-2（农田边缘）,显著高于6月份与8月份采集的土样种子数（P<0.05）;4）从替代控制第2年起,刺萼龙葵的密度、生物量及土壤种子储量即被控制在较低水平,均显著低于同期对照（P<0.05）,沙打旺+苇状羊茅+冰草+羊草组合对刺萼龙葵控制效果最佳,同时还可获得牧草鲜重20 396.1 kg·hm^-2,干重7 710.6 kg·hm^-2（2017年）,经济效益可观。5）刺萼龙葵种子库与刺萼龙葵密度（P<0.01）、生物量（P<0.05）呈正相关,牧草产量与刺萼龙葵种子库储量、密度、生物量均呈负相关,但相关性不显著（P>0.05）;降雨显著影响刺萼龙葵种子库储量（P<0.05）,可用幂函数模型y=2.619x^0.001（R²=0.822,F=18.486,P=0.013）描述二者之间的关系。     

超累积植物油茶中Al的吸收和累积

Oiltea camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.), an aluminium (Al) hyperaccumulator, grows well on acid soils in tropical or subtropical areas. In this study, the growth of oiltea camellia in response to Al application and the characteristics of Al uptake and accumulation were investigated using laboratory and field experiments. The growth of oiltea camellia seedlings in the nutrient solution tended to be stimulated by addition of Al. Results of the field experiment showed that oiltea camellia accumulated 11000 mg kg-1 Al in leaves within 10 months, and the average rate of Al accumulation in new leaves was about 1100 mg kg-1 month?1; however, the monthly rate varied and was highest in spring and autumn. The results of the laboratory experiment on Al uptake by oiltea camellia seedlings in CaCl2 solutions with various forms of Al showed that large amounts of Al supplied as Al3+ and Al complexes Al-malate (1:1) and Al-F (1:1) were influxed into oiltea camellia roots, whereas Al supplied as Al-citrate (1:1), Al-F (1:6), Al-oxalate (1:3), and Al-oxalate (1:1) complexes exhibited low affnity to oiltea camellia roots. The kinetics of Al3+ cumulative uptake in excised roots and intact plants showed a biphasic pattern, with an initial rapid phase followed by a slow phase. The Al cumulative uptake was una?ected by low temperature, which indicated that Al uptake in oiltea camellia was a passive process. The effcient influx of Al into the roots and the high transport rate in specific seasons were presumed to account for the plentiful Al accumulation in leaves of oiltea camellia.     

Nuclear DNA content estimations in wild olive ( Olea europaea L. ssp. europaea var. sylvestris Brot.) and Portuguese cultivars of O. europaea using flow cytometry

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an economically important woody fruit crop widely distributed in the Mediterranean regions. In this work the genome size of six Portuguese cultivars of olive (O. europaea ssp. europaea var. europaea) and wild olive (O. europaea spp. europaea var. sylvestris) was estimated for the first time. The nuclear DNA content of O. europaea cultivars ranged between 2.90 ± 0.020 pg/2C and 3.07 ± 0.018 pg/2C and the genome size of wild olive was estimated as 3.19 ± 0.047 pg/2C DNA. These results suggest a low intraspecific variation at least among the studied cultivars and between them and wild olive. This is not in accordance with previous results in some Italian cultivars where high genome size heterogeneity was found. The methodology presented here seems appropriate for genome size estimations within this genus and opens good perspectives for a large screening of estimation of nuclear DNA content among O. europaea cultivars and Olea species that could clarify this issue.     

锌镉超富集植物滇苦菜中碳酸酐酶对镉的响应

A number of higher plants are able to hyperaccumulate cadmium(Cd). However, it is unknown whether cadmium(Cd) plays a biological functional role in the carbonic anhydrase(CA) of hyperaccumulators. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to explore the potentially physiological function of Cd in CA and the accumulation and tolerance of Cd in the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Picris divaricata Vant. P. divaricata was exposed to nutrient solutions with six Cd concentrations(0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 75 μmol L~(-1)). After 12 d, plants were harvested for the analysis of plant biomass, Cd concentration and CA activity. The Cd concentrations in plant increased with the increasing Cd in nutrient solution, reaching 640 and 3 100 mg kg~(-1) in shoot and root, respectively, at the 75 μmol L~(-1) Cd treatment. Meanwhile, plant growth was enhanced by the Cd treatments at 5–25 μmol L~(-1), but it was significantly inhibited when the plants were exposed to solutions with higher Cd concerntrations(50 and 75 μmol L~(-1)). Exposure to Cd significantly increased the CA activity in P. divaricata, which reached a maximum value of 21.27 U mg~(-1) proteins at the 25 μmol L~(-1)Cd treatment, and the CA activity and shoot Cd concentration were positively correlated at solutions Cd of ≤ 25 μmol L~(-1). Moreover, two protein bands appeared on the denatured gel electrophoresis of purified CA, indicating that P. divaricata may have CA isomers with their respective molecular weights at around 60 and 55 k Da, at least one of which is Cd-bound. In addition, trace amounts of Cd in purified CA significantly increased with the supplied Cd concentration in nutrient solution(5–25 μmol L~(-1)). The results suggested that Cd may play a biological role by enhancing the activities and forming the active Cd-specific CA in the hyperaccumulator P. divaricata.     

施肥对干旱胁迫下幼龄期小粒咖啡光合 特性及生长的影响

为明确氮、磷肥对幼龄期小粒咖啡抗旱性的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫下3种施氮水平[N0(0 g·株-1)、N1(2.5 g·株-1)、N2(7.5 g·株-1)]和3种施磷水平[P0(0 g·株-1)、P1(2.5 g·株-1)、P2(7.5 g·株-1)]的完全处理组合对幼龄期小粒咖啡光合及生长的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下小粒咖啡的叶片相对含水量(LRWC)、最大净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、比叶面积及生物量均较正常供水时低。干旱胁迫时,施氮、磷肥均能减缓咖啡LRWC的下降速度,其中中氮(N1)和磷肥(P1、P2)单施及其配施处理下的LRWC均在72%以上,显著大于N0P0处理的LRWC。施氮、磷肥有利于改善干旱胁迫下咖啡的光合特性,其中N0P1、N0P2和N1P2处理的最大净光合速率和水分利用效率显著大于其他处理,分别是N0P0处理的2.09倍、2.09倍、2.40倍和1.37倍、1.46倍、1.58倍。施氮、磷肥皆可增加叶绿素含量,还能缓解干旱下叶绿素的降解速度,且氮磷配施的效应优于氮磷单施。施氮、磷肥有利于小粒咖啡各器官生物量的积累,而干旱胁迫能促进光合产物向地下部的分配,各处理的根重比(RMF)和根冠比(R/S)都大于正常供水时的对应值,其中N0P1和N0P2处理的RMF和R/S最大,其次是N1P2处理,且N1P2处理的根干重大于正常供水时的对应值。因此得出,氮肥和磷肥在改善幼龄期小粒咖啡抗旱性方面发挥着重要作用,而磷肥的效果优于氮肥,增强小粒咖啡抗旱性的最佳施肥处理为N1P2。     

Plant elemental composition and element ratio in some crops at the flowering stage

Abstract

The elemental composition of winter wheat, spring barley, oat, rye, buckwheat and potato at flowering stage as well as the molar ratio of elements to each other in these crops were determined. Presented is a new theoretical approach to fertilization based on the view that knowing the ratio of elements in crops at the flowering stage can be useful in determining the appropriate ratios of fertilizer components in plant nutrition and fertilization.     

连作条件下地黄药用品质及土壤微生态特性分析

怀地黄是我国著名"四大怀药"之一,在其种植过程中存在着非常严重的连作障碍。本研究探讨了连作对地黄药用品质的影响,并从土壤微生态方面分析了连作障碍造成地黄药用品质下降的原因。从怀地黄道地产区河南省焦作地区和地黄主产区山西省临汾地区分别采集正茬地黄及其正茬土壤、重茬地黄及其重茬土壤和未种植地黄的对照土壤,利用生药学研究方法对两个产区正茬和重茬地黄的药用品质进行评价,并对4种土样的自毒作用潜力、土壤微生物群落和土壤酶活性指标进行测定分析。结果表明,道地产区与非道地产区地黄品质的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05,下同),但正茬与重茬地黄的品质差异显著高于产区之间差异;两产区地黄连作均显著抑制地黄幼苗生长;连作还造成根际土壤细菌数量减少,土壤真菌和放线菌数量增多,土壤微生物类型由"细菌型"向"真菌型"过渡;与正茬土壤相比,连作根际土壤中土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的活性显著下降,土壤多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶的活性有所增加,但土壤磷酸酶活性在两个产区连作土壤中呈现相反的变化趋势。由此可见,连作会引起土壤酶活性和土壤微生态区系的变化,降低了地黄对营养物质的吸收利用,进而造成地黄药用品质下降。     

Zn accumulation and subcellular distribution in the Zn hyperaccumulator Sedurn alfredii Hance

Zn accumulation and subcellular distribution in leaves of the hyperaccumulating ecotype （HE） and non-hyperaccumulating ecotype （NHE） of Sedum alfredii Hance were studied using radiotracer and gradient centrifugation techniques. Leaf Zn accumulation in the HE of S. alfredii was 18.5-26.7 times greater than that in the NHE when the plants were grown at 1-500μmol Zn L-1. Leaf section uptake of 65Zn was highly dependent on external Zn levels. Greater 65Zn uptake in HE was noted only at external Zn levels 〉 100μmol L-1. Zinc subcellular distribution in the leaves of the two ecotypes of S. alfredii was： cell wall 〉 soluble fraction 〉 cell organelle. However, more Zn was distributed to the leaf cell wall and soluble fractions for HE than for NHE. In the leaf of HE, 91%-94% of the Zn was found in the cell walls and the soluble fraction and only 6%-9% Zn was distributed in the cell organelle fraction. For NHE, about 20%-26% Zn was recovered in the cell organelle fraction. In stems, Zn distribution to the ceil wail fraction was approximately two fold greater in the HE than that in the NHE. For the hyperaccumulating ecotype of S. alfredii, the cell wall and the vacuole played a very important role in Zn tolerance and hyperaccumulation.     

镉在两种菊芋品种中的吸收与转移特性研究

Jerusalem artichoke(Helianthus tuberosus L.) not just can be used for bioethanol production but may be potentially used in phytoremediation for the removal of heavy metal pollutants.Two Jerusalem artichoke cultivars,N2 and N5,were subjected to six cadmium(Cd) concentrations(0,5,25,50,100 and 200 mg L1) to investigate Cd tolerance and accumulation.After 21 days of growth,the effects of Cd on growth,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,intercellular CO2 concentration and malondialdehyde content were evaluated.Most growth parameters were reduced under Cd stress.The two Jerusalem artichoke cultivars had relatively high Cd tolerance and accumulation capacity(> 100 mg kg1),with N5 being more tolerant and having higher Cd accumulation than N2.Roots accumulated more Cd than stems and leaves.The bioconcentration factors(far higher than 1) and translocation factors(lower than 1) decreased with an increase in Cd applied.The results suggested that Jerusalem artichoke could be grown at relatively high Cd loads,and N5 could be an excellent candidate for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

Response of soybean cultivars toward inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the alluvial soil

The aim of this study was to assess the comparative efficacy of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) combined with cultivar specific Bradyrhizobium japonicum (CSBJ) in soybean under greenhouse conditions. Soybean seeds of four cultivars namely JS 335, JS 71-05, NRC 2 and NRC 7 were inoculated with three AM fungi (Glomus intraradices, Acaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora gigantea) and CSBJ isolates, individually or in combination, and were grown in pots using autoclaved alluvial soil of a non-legume cultivated field of Ajmer (Rajasthan). Assessment of the data on nodulation, plant growth and seed yield revealed that amongst the single inoculations of three AMF, G. intraradices produced the largest increases in the parameters studied followed by A. tuberculata and G. gigantea indicating that plant acted selectively on AMF symbiosis. The dual inoculation with AMF + CSBJ further improved these parameters demonstrating synergism between the two microsymbionts. Among all the dual treatments, G. intraradices + B. japonicum brought about the largest increases in the studied characteristics particularly in seed weight per plant that increased up to 115.19%, which suggested that a strong selective synergistic relationship existed between AMF and B. japonicum. The cv. JS 335 exhibited maximum positive response towards inoculation. The variations in efficacy of different treatments with different soybean cultivars indicate the specificity of the inoculation response. These results provide a basis for selection of an appropriate combination of specific AMF and Bradyrhizobium which could further be utilized for verifying the symbiotic effectiveness and competitive ability of microsymbionts under field conditions of Ajmer region.     

促生荧光假单胞菌对桃树根区土壤环境和植株生长的影响

【目的】探究荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)的促生特性及其对桃树根区土壤环境和桃树生长的影响,明确荧光假单胞菌在桃树根系–土壤微生态系统中的作用机制,为荧光假单胞菌在桃园的应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用不同固体培养及液体发酵试验鉴定荧光假单胞菌的促生特性。以1年生盆栽毛桃[Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]实生苗为试材进行预备试验,确定了荧光假单胞菌悬液的适宜施用浓度为4×10⁸ CFU/mL。以2年生‘瑞光39/毛桃’[P. persica (L.) Batsch]嫁接苗为试材进行盆栽试验,试验设土施荧光假单胞菌悬液(4×10⁸ CFU/mL)(PF)和清水对照(CK) 2个处理,在处理后1、2、4、6周,采集桃树根区土壤样品,测定荧光假单胞菌数量;在处理后40天采集根区土壤样品测定土壤微生物结构、酶活性、养分状况和pH。在处理后20、40天取植株样进行光合指标、生物量、根系生长发育的测定。【结果】1)荧光假单胞菌具有以下促生特性：吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)产量为6.17 mg/L,溶无机磷和...