甜玉米小斑病抗性的遗传分析与主效QTL定位

为培育抗病品种,利用抗小斑病甜玉米自交系T14和感小斑病自交系T18为亲本配制杂交组合,对玉米抗小斑病性状进行遗传分析和抗病基因分子标记定位,用主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型和P₁、P₂、F₁、B₁、B₂、F₂ 6世代联合分析的方法对单位叶面积病斑数量进行遗传分析,并应用复合区间作图法检测抗小斑病QTL。结果表明,单位叶面积病斑数量受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因控制,自交系T14的抗病性在各个分离世代都以主基因遗传为主。在第4染色体上检测到4个相互连锁的小斑病抗性QTL,解释表型变异的7.7%、30.9%、14.8%和11.5%;在第6染色体上定位了1个抗病QTL,可解释表型变异的37.7%。检测到的小斑病抗性主效QTL位于第4和第6染色体的特征与2对主基因的遗传模型相吻合。     

大豆谷胱甘肽还原酶基因的扩增及连作胁迫应答

利用数据库Phytozome获得大豆胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione reductase,GR）基因4个成员的编码序列（Coding sequence, CDS）序列,以大豆叶片和根中RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增获得[STBX]Glyma10g03740和Glyma02g16010[STBZ]基因,二者大小均为1 638 bp,基因结构相似;获得[STBX]Glyma16g27210和Glyma02g08180[STBZ]基因,二者结构相似,基因大小均为1 506 bp。系统进化分析显示,Glyma10g03740/Glyma02g16010和Glyma16g27210/Glyma02g08180蛋白聚类于不同分支,但分别都与豇豆、尖叶菜豆和芸豆亲缘关系最近。4个成员的结构域相同,均含有FAD/NAD-binding_dom结构域和Pyr_nucl-dis_OxRdtase_dimer结构域。三级结构显示Glyma16g27210和Glyma02g08180构象相似,Glyma10g03740和Glyma02g16010构象相似,4个蛋白均以二聚体结构存在,互作蛋白完全相同,包括2个硫氧还蛋白还原酶和8个硫氧还蛋白。RT-qPCR方法分析GRs基因对连作逆境的响应,结果显示,在连作胁迫下,敏感品种HF55的GRs基因表达在根中启动较早（出苗后15 d内）,而叶片中启动较晚,出苗后45 d时表达仍呈上升趋势;对于抗性品种KX8,根和叶片中GRs基因各成员均在出苗后15~45 d表达量达到最高,30 d时根中GRs基因总表达量增加达19.03倍,叶片中GRs基因总表达量增加2.50倍。     

甜玉米茎秆强度相关性状的数量性状基因座定位

为选育抗倒伏玉米品种,挖掘甜玉米茎秆强度相关性状的数量性状基因座（quantitative trait locus,QTL）,应用复合区间作图法以甜玉米组合T49×T56的F₂为作图群体,通过测定F_2：3家系的茎秆穿刺强度、茎秆抗压强度和茎秆弯折性能3个性状进行相关性状的QTL定位。结果表明,遗传连锁图谱包含153个SSR标记位点,覆盖玉米基因组1 199.1 cM,平均图距7.83 cM。3个性状共检测到10个QTL,其中与茎秆穿刺强度相关的2个QTL位于第3、7染色体上,解释11.81%和22.15%的表型变异,与茎秆抗压强度相关的4个QTL位于第1、3、7染色体上,单个QTL可解释3.68%~33.26%的表型变异,与茎秆弯折性能相关的4个QTL位于第3、6、8染色体上,单个QTL可解释3.55%~18.58%的表型变异。第7染色体检测到1个同时控制茎秆穿刺强度和茎秆抗压强度2个性状的QTL,位于umc1015~umc1987标记区间,分别可解释11.81%和33.26%的表型变异,第3染色体检测到1个同时控制茎秆穿刺强度、茎秆抗压强度、茎秆弯折性能3个性状的QTL,位于umc1400~dupssr23标记区间,分别可解释22.15%、13.27%和18.58%的表型变异。3个茎秆强度性状共同检测到的主效QTL,可在育种实践中用于分子标记辅助选择和抗倒伏玉米品种的选育。     

不同水肥管理模式下糯玉米水氮利用及熵权TOPSIS综合评价

为探究施肥与灌水方式对糯玉米各生育期株高、叶面积指数、产量品质及水氮利用率的影响,以晋糯41号为材料进行田间试验,设置I₀（播种期75%θ_f~85%θ_f,苗期~拔节前期65%θ_f~75%θ_f,拔节后期~孕穗期70%θ_f~80%θ_f,孕穗期~开花期70%θ_f~80%θ_f）、I₁（播种期75%θ_f~85%θ_f,拔节后期~孕穗期75%θ_f~85%θ_f）2种灌水方式,F₀（N、P、K肥全部基施）、F₁（N、K肥基施30%+拔节期30%追施+大喇叭口期追施40%,P肥全部基施）和F₂（N、K肥基施30%+大喇叭口期追施70%,P肥全部基施）3种施肥方式。结果表明：不同施肥水平F₁、F₂相比F₀可增加株高2.86%~4.29%,增加叶面积指数6.47%~11.61%,增加鲜穗产量0.63%~8.42%,提高水分利用效率6.41%~21.34%,提高灌溉水利用率1.94%~21.88%,提高氮肥农学效率10.02%~19.80%,I₁水平效果更加显著,I₀相比I₁在F₀、F₁、F₂施肥方式下分别可增加鲜穗产量13.57%、5.54%、8.59%,增加籽粒产量16.14%、2.77%、6.49%,I₁水平相比I₀水平可减少灌水量29.55%、37.02%、25.20%,减少土壤耗水量20.82%、22.01%、13.44%,增加灌溉水利用率11.50%、33.31%、17.57%,增加水分利用效率4.09%、18.69%、6.51%。研究表明F₁I₀处理为最优水肥管理方案。     

用AMMI双标图分析西瓜品种的产量稳定性及试点分辨力

借助AMMI模型分析了2009年国家西瓜品种区域试验中的产量数据,结果表明：基因型与环境的互作效应小于基因效应和环境效应,但是也达到了极显著的水平,而且基因型的效应占比例较大,其次为环境效应。不同西瓜品种在各试点的品种稳定性和不同试点对品种的分辨力差异较大：品种G4（09-N2）的稳定性参数最大（D_g=15.53360）,G7（09-N9）的稳定性参数最小（D_g=2.56881）;8个西瓜品种中高产稳产的品种是G2（09-N1）和G1（09-N7）,产量低且不稳定的品种是G4（09-N2）和G6（09-N12）,产量高而稳定性一般的品种是G8(CK,09-N15),产量低而稳定的品种是G7（09-N9）,产量一般且稳定性一般的品种是G3（09-N5）,产量一般稳定性差的品种是G5（09-N8）;在4个参试点中,甘肃兰州试点对品种的分辨力强,宁夏中卫试点和宁夏中宁试点对西瓜品种的分辨力一般,宁夏海原试点对品种的分辨力较差。     

苹果MdGH3-2/12在盐胁迫下的功能分析

于2020年5月—2021年2月以苹果野生型WT植株和MdGH3-2/12的RNA干扰转基因植株（RNAi）为材料,采用水培试验方法测定了盐胁迫条件下苹果植株的表型、生长量、光合参数、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶及活性氧（ROS）含量变化,初步解析了MdGH3-2/12在苹果响应盐胁迫中的功能。研究结果表明：（1）与WT植株相比,RNAi植株叶表面出现更多的褐斑和坏死,且根系活力显著降低,其3个株系（GR-1,GR-9,GR-10）根系活力分别为WT植株的93.8%、77.5%和90.0%;植株的生长和光合作用受到更大影响,P_n、C_i和G_s都显著降低,其中P_n值分别下降至WT植株的62.9%、77.41%和83.6%。最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）也显著下降,3个株系分别为WT植株的97.0%、96.4%和97.5%;叶绿素含量分别显著下降至WT植株的90.7%、86.2%和81.9%,MDA含量分别为WT植株的1.15、1.25倍和1.16倍;REL含量分别为WT植株的1.23、1.39倍和1.48倍;叶片气孔开度在盐胁迫下也分别缩小了35.0%、39.0%、55.0%和46.2%。（2）与WT植株相比,RNAi植株株系体内Pro含量显著增加,3个株系分别为WT植株的7.1、10.3倍和6.3倍;叶片中ROS积累显著高于WT植株,H₂O₂含量分别为WT植株的1.6、1.8倍和1.8倍,而抗氧化酶活性显著下降,各材料（WT,GR-1,GR-9,GR-10）盐胁迫组的SOD酶活性分别为对照组的2.4、1.2、1.7倍和1.9倍,这表明与WT植株相比,盐胁迫下RNAi植株各株系不能有效清除ROS,对植株造成了更大伤害。（3）盐胁迫后各材料植株的Na⁺/K⁺比值分别为0.497、0.558、0.525和0.577,RNAi植株株系显著高于WT植株,但是相关离子转运基因的表达量显著低于WT植株,致使Na⁺不能及时外排,植株受到钠离子毒害,从而导致其耐盐性降低。以上结果表明,MdGH3-2/12在苹果植株应对盐胁迫方面发挥着重要的作用,将MdGH3-2/12[STBZ]基因干扰后苹果植株在盐胁迫下受到的伤害更大,植株对盐胁迫的抗性下降。     

干旱胁迫对3种苹果砧木叶片光合、叶绿体超微结构和抗氧化系统的影响

以新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii Roem.（XJ））、垂丝海棠（Malus halliana Koehne（CS））和山定子（Malus baccata Borkh.（SDZ））3种一年生苹果砧木实生苗为材料,采用盆栽控水的方法设置正常供水（75%~80% RWC）和干旱胁迫（45%~50% RWC）2种水分处理,研究干旱胁迫下叶片光合特性、叶绿体超微结构、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧阴离子（O^—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]₂）产生速率以及抗氧化酶活性的变化规律,并利用主成分分析（PCA）对3种砧木进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明：干旱胁迫抑制了3种苹果砧木的光合作用,但干旱胁迫下CS的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、PSII最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、潜在光化学活性（Fv/Fo）及光化学猝灭系数（qP）的降幅均显著小于其他两种砧木,胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）的增幅显著高于其他两种砧木;干旱胁迫下,3种砧木超微结构受到不同程度的伤害,其中CS叶片的超微结构损伤较小,能较好地保持细胞结构的完整性;干旱胁迫下3种砧木的SOD和CAT活性先升高后降低,POD活性逐渐增加至21 d趋于稳定,MDA含量和O^—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]₂产生速率持续升高。PCA结果显示：2个主成分的方差贡献率达到98.502%,干旱胁迫下CS的综合得分最高。因此,干旱胁迫下,垂丝海棠能保持叶绿体结构的完整性,激活抗氧化酶系统,清除氧化产物而保持较高的光合能力。     

滴灌棉花叶绿素荧光参数与棉花生长指标反演模型研究

以新陆早58号为试验材料,分析顶二叶荧光参数与叶绿素含量、植株群体叶面积指数及地上部生物量随生育进程和不同施氮量的变化规律,确定荧光参数与生长指标的关系,构建出基于叶绿素荧光参数的滴灌棉花生长指标反演模型。结果表明：棉花顶二叶叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F₀、F_v/F_m、F₀、F_m随棉花生育进程的推进逐渐降低;植株群体叶面积指数、地上部生物量与顶二叶荧光参数F₀、F_m、F_s、F₀′、F_m′呈极显著相关,相关系数在0.84以上;叶绿素含量与荧光参数F_v/F_m、F_v′/F_m′相关性较好,相关系数在0.710~0.877之间,模型的决定系数均在0.5以上;类胡萝卜素含量与F_v′的相关性最好,相关系数为0.892。在构建的叶绿素荧光参数与棉花生长指标的反演模型中,荧光参数F_m与植株地上部生物量的模型（y=186.17e^{-0.001x）精度最好,决定系数达0.907。利用荧光参数构建的模型可对滴灌棉花顶二叶叶绿素含量、群体叶面积指数及地上部生物量进行估测。}     

马铃薯气孔密度表皮模式因子StSTOMAGEN的克隆和功能分析

为了研究马铃薯EPFL9/StSTOMAGEN基因在气孔发育过程中的功能,从马铃薯品种大西洋中克隆得到气孔密度表皮模式因子StSTOMAGEN,将其通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法,在拟南芥中异位表达,对该基因的表达特性及功能进行分析。结果显示：StSTOMAGEN主要定位于细胞间隙和细胞核,并且它在顶端未展开叶中表达最多,表达量在1 d中呈现周期性变化,长日照条件下（16 h/8 h,光/暗）,在授时因子为20 h时表达量最高;聚乙二醇（PEG）模拟干旱胁迫处理4 h后其表达量达到最高,而脱落酸（ABA）和NaCl胁迫处理后,其表达水平呈现出持续降低的趋势。功能鉴定表明,过表达StSTOMAGEN基因的拟南芥（ST）相对于野生型（WT）气孔密度增大63%~83%,光合速率增大36%~42%。此外,ST植株离体叶片的水分散失速率增大24%~55%,离体叶片H₂O₂含量也显著升高,约为野生型的50%~100%。干旱胁迫下,ST株系的光合速率、F_v/F_m和瞬时水分利用效率都显著低于野生型,其中光合速率降低55%~66%,F_v/F_m降低22%~50%,瞬时水分利用效率降低11%~12%。综上结果可知,表皮模式因子StSTOMAGEN通过正调控气孔密度而降低植物的抗旱性,该结果为后期通过基因编辑技术降低StSTOMAGEN基因的表达,培育抗旱节水型马铃薯新品种奠定理论基础。     

小麦矮秆基因Rht-8对株高和其它农艺性状的遗传效应

分析矮秆基因Rht-8的遗传力及其对小麦株高及相关农艺性状的影响。利用三个小麦品种晋麦47、西峰20、丰产3号分别与Rht-8的供体亲本济宁13杂交,以其F₂分离群体分析Rht-8的遗传效应。结果表明,丰产3号和济宁13后代的遗传力最高（74.32％）,西峰20、晋麦47与济宁13后代的遗传力分别为69.49%、67.60%。Rht-8在西峰20和济宁13的F₂中具有较强的效应,株高和穗下节分别降低了30.26％和19.20％。在丰产3号和晋麦47与济宁13的F₂中,株高和穗下节分别降低了27.14%和26.15%、14.86 %和14.59%。Rht-8减少了有效分蘖个数,对其他性状则无明显的不利影响。相关性分析表明株高与分蘖数显著正相关（r为0.415,0.355,0.489）,与穗下节显著正相关（r为0.408,0.450,0.500）;株高与穗长、每穗小穗数、穗粒数没有显著相关性。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.