海晏县棘球蚴病流行病学调查及综合防治报告

１９９１年９一１１月在海晏县进行棘球蚴病流行病学调查，剖检绵羊２２３０只，感染率平均８７．０４％，剖检牦牛１０４０头，感染率平均８０．５８％，剖检犬１１条，细粒棘球绦虫感染率为６３．６４％，确认海晏县是犬棘球绦虫感染和家畜棘球蚴病的高发区。并于１９９１年１１月至１９９３年１１月在全县境内进行了棘球蚴病综合防治。采取“犬犬投药，月月驱虫”为主的综合防治措施后，犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率下降到零，２岁羊棘球蚴感染率由防治前的５６．９３％下降到２１．６２％，１岁羔羊由防治前的４７．５０％下降到１３．２８％，两年来的综合防治效果十分显著。     

青海高原地区棘球绦虫／棘球蚴病的流行概况

对青海高原地区犬棘球绦虫感染率和人、动物棘球拗的感染情况资料进行整理和分析。结果：犬的棘球绦虫感染率为１９．３％－８２．３％；家畜棘球蚴感染率在８０．０％以上者占全省４０个县、市的５２．５％；人体因包虫病住院接受手术治疗者占人群均数的０．２‰－１‰，感染率平均为１％－５％。结果表明该地区为棘球蚴病的高度流行区，并就防治提出了建议。     

甘德县畜间棘球蚴（包虫）病感染情况调查

2000年5月－12月在果洛甘德县进行了家畜棘球蚴病感染情况调查。共检查羊1700只，阳性818只，感染率为48．12％；牛96头，阳性54头，感染率56．25％；犬细粒棘球绦虫感染调查犬63只，阳性22只，感染率34．92％；对人包虫的感染情况进行了回顾性调查表明，甘德地区属棘球蚴病高发流行区。     

玛沁地区犬绦虫感染情况调查

本文对玛沁县4个乡镇的40条犬进行了绦虫感染情况调查。结果:感染犬23条,感染率为57.5%,犬感染的绦虫主要棘球绦虫,感染率为91%。     

海东市平安区包虫(棘球蚴)病基线调查报告

在对犬、牛、羊进行养殖情况调查的基础上,我们采用随机抽样的方法,对我区犬棘球绦虫、牛羊棘球蚴感染情况进行剖检检查。结果显示:我区犬、牛、羊养殖数量分别为1.29万条、1.48万头、10.34万只;共剖检6条犬,细粒棘球绦虫感染率为66.7%,棘球绦虫数量在2000~15000条之间,没有发现其他绦虫感染;共剖检150只羊,棘球蚴感染率51.1%,平均感染强度为2.07;剖检牛100只,感染率为58%,平均感染强度为1.3。综上所述,我区包虫病在畜间感染较为严重,应深入加强防控工作。     

黑龙江省部分市县猪绦虫蚴和犬绦虫感染情况调查

对来自黑龙江省１７个市,县的１５６头猪进行了绦虫蚴感染情况调查,并对其中５个市,县的５０头犬进行了绦虫感染情况调查。结果,细颈囊尾蚴,辣球蚴,猪囊尾蚴的感染率 ５０．６％,４．５％和３．２％;犬泡状带绦虫,细粒棘球绦虫的感染率分别为２４．０％和４．０％。     

德令哈地区家畜包虫(棘球蚴)病感染情况调查

2000年4～10月在海西州德令哈地区进行了家畜棘球蚴病感染情况调查，共检查羊1176只，阳性769只，感染率65.39%；共检牛115头，阳性64只，感染率55.65%；犬细粒棘球绦虫感染调查犬59条，阳性14条，感染率23.7%；对人包虫感染情况进行了回顾性调查。调查表明，德令哈地区属棘球蚴病高发流行区。     

天祝县畜间包虫病防治试验分析

细粒棘球蚴病在天祝县黄牛、绵羊、山羊之间流行严重，局部地区高速100％，其中4岁以上羊感染比例大占43．5％，并以单纯感染肝包虫为主，占50．1％。1998年起使用犬用吡喹酮药饵驱治犬细粒棘球绦虫，犬犬投药，月月驱虫，经六年的防治和跟踪调查，2003年羊包虫病感染率下降到2．1％，防治效果显著。     

新疆喀什地区犬细粒棘球绦虫感染情况的调查

为了解2019年新疆喀什地区犬细粒棘球绦虫的感染情况,于2019年8—10月从喀什地区各县(市)采集犬粪样品共760份,用细粒棘球绦虫犬粪抗原ELISA检测试剂盒进行检测,共检测出27份阳性样品,总感染率为3.55％(27/760);其中,牧区感染率为5.12％(19/371),农区感染率为2.06％(8/389).表明喀什地区犬细粒棘球绦虫的感染程度较为严重,牧区感染率比农区高.该地区应继续加强犬只的管理和驱虫工作,从而提高包虫病的防控效率,降低牛、羊及人的感染风险.     

包虫病犬驱虫药物试验

犬细粒棘球绦虫的感染率和羊包虫病感染率之间存在一定的相关性,犬细粒棘球绦虫的感染率高的乡镇,羊包虫病感染率相应较高,犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率低的乡镇,其羊包虫病感染率相对较低。通过犬驱虫药物试验,筛选出最佳驱虫药物,从而控制感染源头,对靖远县包虫病防控工作意义重大。     

犬细粒棘球绦虫粪抗原夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立特异性和敏感性高的检验犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的方法。用细粒棘球绦虫(简称,Eg)成虫抗原分别免疫兔和绵羊,收集高免血清,纯化的高免抗体。依据抗体夹心ELISA工作原理,以兔抗体包被,检测感染Eg、不同犬带科绦虫的实验犬和空白犬粪样,绵羊抗体扑捉抗原,HRP标记兔抗绵羊IgG(1∶8 000)催化显色,用酶标仪测定OD 405nm吸光度,用以确定其特异性和敏感性。试验结果表明,敏感性为82.69%(43/52),特异性为85.88%(140/163);粪抗原在感染细粒棘球绦虫16d后可检出,最低抗原浓度为9.7ng/mL即犬感染5条成虫时可检测出阳性。该检测方法具有较好的特异性和灵敏性,为进一步研制检测细粒棘球绦虫虫体抗原ELISA检测试剂盒奠定了基础。     

Screening for Echinococcus granulosus in dogs: Comparison between arecoline purgation, coproELISA and coproPCR with necropsy in pre-patent infections

Echinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic infection of dogs. The purpose of the present study assessed the performance of two laboratory diagnostic methods with arecoline purgation and necropsy in infected dogs. In total 65 dogs were successfully experimentally infected with protoscoleces of E. granulosus from ovine infection. At 14-34 days post-infection groups of dogs were purged with arecoline hydrobromide and then necropsied. Faecal samples were tested at weekly intervals by coproantigen ELISA and coproPCR. The necropsy infection rate with E. granulosus was 89.2 per cent. Only 43 per cent of dogs were successfully purged after one arecoline dose; this percentage increased to 76.9% for two doses of arecoline purgation. E. granulosus coproantigen was detected by coproELISA in 82.8% of faeces. The positive and negative predictive values for coproantigen ELISA were 96 and 44.4% respectively. E. granulosus DNA was detected in pre-patent faecal samples by coproPCR in 25.9% of dogs. These results indicate that coproELISA is more sensitive than arecoline purgation for the detection of pre-patent E. granulosus infection in dogs. CoproPCR detected E. granulosus DNA in dog faeces by 21 days post-infection before egg production.     

Detection of Echinococcus granulosus coproantigens in faeces from naturally infected rural domestic dogs in south eastern Australia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence of Echinococcus granulosus in rural domestic dogs in farming areas around Yass, New South Wales, and Mansfield and Whitfield, Victoria. DESIGN: Faeces were collected per-rectally from farm dogs voluntarily presented by their owners in four farming districts in New South Wales and two in Victoria. PROCEDURE: Faeces were collected in the field, an extract prepared from each sample and E granulosus coproantigens detected in an ELISA. Farmers were also questioned about their dog feeding and worming practices. RESULTS: Echinococcus granulosus coproantigens were detected in 99 of 344 dogs (29%) from 95 farms in south eastern New South Wales and 38 of 217 dogs (17.5%) from 43 farms in Victoria. Cross-reactions between E granulosus coproantigen trapping antibody and coproantigens in faeces from dogs monospecifically infected with other species of intestinal helminthes (Taenia ovis, T hydatigena, T pisiformis, Spirometra ericacei, Dipylidium caninum, hookworm, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis) were not evident. Dietary and worming data revealed many owners fed raw meat and occasionally offal from domestic livestock and wildlife to their dogs and few owners wormed their dogs frequently enough to preclude the chance of patent E granulosus being present in their dogs. CONCLUSION: Echinococcus granulosus occurs commonly in rural dogs in south eastern Australia and an education program promoting the public health importance of responsible management of rural dogs is urgently needed.     

A canine purgation study and risk factor analysis for echinococcosis in a high endemic region of the Tibetan plateau

The Tibetan plateau of western China has been shown to have a very high prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus and human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. The domestic dog is suspected to be the primary definitive host for the transmission of both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis to humans in this locality. A purgation study of 371 dogs in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province during 2002-2003 resulted in an E. multilocularis prevalence of 12% and an E. granulosus prevalence of 8%. These crude prevalences were then adjusted, based on the known sensitivity of arecoline purgation for the detection of E. granulosus and a suggested sensitivity for the detection of E. multilocularis. In addition, it was assumed that some immature parasites of either species could be misidentified morphologically and wrongly assigned. This resulted in credible true prevalence intervals of between 13-33% for E. multilocularis and 8-19% for E. granulosus. Prevalences of other intestinal helminthes found on purgation were: Taenia spp. 31%, Dipylidium caninum 1%, and ascarids 8%. Risk factors associated with the acquisition of canine echinococcosis were evaluated based on responses to a questionnaire administered to dog owners. Male dogs were more likely to be infected with Echinococcus spp. than female dogs (P<0.05) and dogs allowed to roam were more likely to be infected with E. multilocularis (P<0.05).     

Environmental hygienic aspects of echinococcosis]

A literature review on the current situation of echinococcosis in Central Europe is given. The only final host for Echinococcus granulosus in this region ist the dog. The infection rate of dogs with E. granulosus in Central Europe is less than 1%. According to meat inspection statistics in Germany less than 0.008% of sheep, pigs and horses carry larval stages of E. granulosus. Parasitologically confirmed is the occurrence of a cattle-dog strain, the cysts of which were found in 0.26% of slaughter cattle. It is not known whether this strain infects also man as does the sheep-dog strain. Cases of cystic echinococcosis (E. granulosus) diagnosed in Central Europe are often imported from mediterranean countries. In Baden-Wurtemberg, the only state where human cases of echinococcosis are recorded, 50-100 cases are diagnosed per year. In areas with endemic E. multilocularis infection also dogs and cats may be infected with the adult worm besides the red fox. Recent investigations have revealed that not only in classical endemic areas (Switzerland, Austria, Baden-Wurtemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate) foxes have infection rates of up to 67% but that E. multilocularis-infection is also wide-spread in Thuringia, Hesse, Northrhine-Westphalia and in the southern parts of Lower Saxony. The most northern infested area seems to be the region of Detmold (infection rate of foxes 9%). The infection rates with alveolar echinococcosis (E. multilocularis) in humans even in endemic areas are low. In Baden-Wurtemberg 140 new cases became known during the past ten years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Modelling the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the northwest and in the southwest of Morocco

Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection was studied in 151 dogs in two regions of Morocco: 68 dogs in the northwest (Loukkos) and 83 dogs in the southwest (Tiznit). The mean prevalence rates of echinococcosis in dogs were 58.82% (46.23-70.63%) in Loukkos and 55.42% (44.10-66.34%) in Tiznit and the mean abundances of E. granulosus per dog were 75 (59-93) and 547 (504-595), respectively. The mean abundance of E. granulosus in dogs was fitted to a negative binomial distribution by the maximum likelihood techniques to define parameters. E. granulosus was aggregated in dogs in the two regions. The prevalence of infection and the abundance of E. granulosus in dogs were fitted to mathematical models in order to determine if the parasite population is partly regulated by definitive host immunity. The best fit was obtained with the models assuming the presence of immunity. The mean time of exposure to infection was similar in the two regions and ranged from 8 months to about 2 years. The infection pressures (number of E. granulosus) obtained per dog each year were 65 (8-294) in Loukkos and 476 (316-886) in Tiznit. The proportion of dogs susceptible to infection was still high along the life of the dogs in Loukkos, while it was not different from zero in old dogs of Tiznit.     

Efficacy of divided doses of fospirate against immature Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs.

Seventy dogs were used to evaluate efficacy of divided doses of fospirate against immature Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs. Dose rates of 10 to 80 mg/kg given on 1 or 2 occasions resulted in the clearance of 70.6 to 94.5% of expected worm numbers. At least 3 treatments may be required before dogs can be free from E granulosus. Vomiting, which occurred in dogs given doses of 40 mg or more/kg, seemed to interfere with anthelmintic efficacy in some dogs.     

Echinococcus granulosus in wildlife in and around the Kosciuszko National Park, south-eastern Australia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of Echinococcus granulosus in wild dogs and foxes and hydatidosis in wildlife coexisting with foxes and wild dogs in and around Kosciuszko National Park. DESIGN: Prospective and ad hoc surveys by necropsy of definitive and intermediate hosts. PROCEDURE: Wild dogs and foxes were trapped at one location in the Kosciuszko National Park and at 7 locations around the periphery of the Park. Feral pigs, macropodid marsupials, wombats, and feral goats were collected at some of the same locations. The animals were humanely killed, their small intestines removed in the field, the contents collected, preserved and examined microscopically. All internal organs of intermediate hosts were examined for hydatid cysts. Unidentified lesions were examined histologically. RESULTS: Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms were found in wild dogs from all locations. Prevalence ranged up to 100% with worm burdens up to 300,000 worms. Prevalence in foxes ranged up to 50% in animals recovered from 5 locations. The worm burdens were usually less than 50 E. granulosus per fox. Hydatid cysts were found in all macropodid species. Prevalence (69%) and cyst fertility (100%) were highest in swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolour). Prevalence of cysts in feral pigs ranged up to 49%. Less than 22% of the cysts were fertile. No cysts were found in any of the wombats or feral goats. CONCLUSION: Echinococcus granulosus occurs commonly in wildlife in and around the Kosciuszko National Park. High numbers of fertile cysts in swamp wallabies, a favoured dietary item for wild dogs in this region, suggests swamp wallabies are pivotal in maintaining transmission. Physical contact with wild dogs and foxes or accidental contact with wild canid faeces is a public health risk.     

Echinococcus granulosus in northern Queensland. 2. Ecological determinants of infection in beef cattle

OBJECTIVE: To provide information on possible ecological determinants of infection with Echinococcus granulosus in a beef pastoral area of northern Queensland. PROCEDURE: An ecological study was carried out on the prevalence and viability of infection with Echinococcus granulosus in definitive and potential intermediate hosts, and their predator prey relationships. Seven adjacent extensive beef properties 100 km south of Townsville, that included areas of savannah, open woodland and dense closed scrub, were selected for the study. Infection with E granulosus in dingoes was determined at post mortem, and in domestic dogs by examining duodenal mucus after purging with arecoline hydrobromide. Cattle, wild pigs and macropods were examined at post mortem for viable hydatid cysts. The diet of dingoes was investigated by identifying the hair of prey species found in their stomach and colon, and that of domestic dogs by questioning their owners. RESULTS: Prevalence of hydatidosis in adult cattle ranged from 41% in animals from properties with large areas of dense closed scrub, to 3% on properties with little or no scrub. Hydatid cysts were found in 21.8% of black-striped wallabies (Macropus dorsalis), 9.4% of feral pigs, 1.5% of wallaroos (Macropus robustus), and 1.4% of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). No rufous rat kangaroos (Aepyprymnus rufescens) or swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) were infected. Most cysts in macropods were viable, whereas in pigs about half were viable and in cattle only 0.7% contained viable protoscoleces. Infection with E granulosus was detected in 76% of dingoes, whereas no infection was detected in domestic dogs in the study area. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the sylvatic cycle of E granulosus in the study area was maintained mainly through predation of black-striped wallabies by dingoes, and that the verges of dense scrub were the main nidus of infection.