澳洲坚果种仁矿质营养特性研究

对28份澳洲坚果种质的种仁矿质元素（K、P、Mg、Ca、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu）含量进行测定与分析,并运用灰色关联度分析和模糊综合评判法对种质的矿质营养特性进行综合定量评判。结果表明：澳洲坚果种仁的矿质元素含量在供试种质之间变化较大,各元素在种仁内的平均含量由高到低依次为：K＞Mg＞P＞Ca＞Mn＞Fe＞Zn＞Cu;经综合评判,‘南亚2号’和‘HAES 922’为矿质营养综合表现优良的种质,‘H2’、‘24’、‘10’等17份种质的矿质营养综合表现中等,而‘HAES 783’、‘HAES 333’、‘DAD’、‘NG 18’、‘HAES 246’、‘Yonik’、‘HAES 788’、‘HAES 814’和‘D’等9份种质的矿质营养综合表现较差。     

海南红毛丹栽培品系果实矿质元素和品质指标的测定与相关性分析

为明确红毛丹果实矿质元素含量和品质指标之间的相关性,以海南省保亭县南茂农场采集的13个代表性品系的果实为试材,分别测定了果肉、果皮和种子中矿质元素含量和品质性状。结果表明：13份红毛丹当地主栽品系果肉、果皮和种子中的K、Mg、P含量均较高,其次为Ca和Fe;各矿质元素间,Mg与Mn呈显著相关,与P呈极显著相关,Ca与Mn呈极显著相关,Cu与Fe呈显著相关;果肉中8种矿质元素含量与可溶性糖呈负相关,与Vc、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸均不存在显著的相关性;8种矿质元素与Vc、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物之间不     

云南稻核心种质矿质元素含量及其变种类型

用等离子体原子发射光谱法测定了在云南省新平县同时繁殖的653份云南稻种核心种质糙米中的P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn共8种矿质元素的含量,比较了云南稻种核心种质8种矿质元素含量与变种分类性状间的差异。结果表明高产多抗育种、多样性降低与矿质元素含量的变化密切相关;高产和多抗水稻品种的K、Ca、Mg、Mn含量明显增加,P、Fe、Zn、Cu含量则明显降低,这与水稻矿质营养的遗传和生理机制密切相关。云南稻种核心矿质元素含量存在地带性分布, P、Fe、Zn、Cu含量高低可能与多样性中心有一定联系。核心种质矿质元素高低及其多样性与籼粳关系不大,但在水陆、粘糯、光壳与否、米色、米味、软米与否之间差异明显。这些结果间接支持了“亚洲栽培稻种—籼粳亚种—生态群—生态变种群—品种类型”五级分类系统的生态变种群。     

澳洲坚果种质资源果实性状的评价指标

对澳洲坚果(Macadamia integrifolia)的21份种质资源果实的平均鲜果单重、果仁干重、出仁率、可溶性总糖含量、粗蛋白、含油率等6项指标进行测定和统计分析,提出我国澳洲坚果种质资源评价系统中这些性状的数值分级指标和参照品种,为我国澳洲坚果种质资源描述系统数量化、规范化的建立奠定基础。同时也为澳洲坚果优种选育及发展生产提供参考。     

澳洲坚果果皮中主要功能性成分分析

对6个澳洲坚果品种果皮中的粗蛋白、可溶性总糖和单宁含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明,粗蛋白、可溶性总糖和单宁含量在自选品种‘南亚2号’ 的果皮内均最高,分别为9.21%、3.70%和2.16%;其次为引进品种‘O.C.’,果皮内的粗蛋白、单宁含量分别为6.42%、2.00%,自选品种‘南亚3号’ 果皮内的可溶性总糖含量为2.74%;自选品种‘南亚1号’果皮内粗蛋白含量最低,为5.04%,引进品种‘H2’果皮内的可溶性总糖和单宁含量最低,分别为0.90 %和1.06 %。     

广西水稻地方品种核心种质矿质元素含量差异及相关分析

以419份广西水稻地方品种核心种质的糙米为材料,分别于2014和2015年测定了Ca、Fe、Zn和Se 4种矿质元素含量,同时利用34个SSR标记对两年矿质元素含量进行Pearson相关分析。结果表明：4种矿质元素在两年间的鉴定结果存在极显著差异,呈显著正相关。籼稻的Ca、Se平均含量高于粳稻,Ca（2014）、Se（2014）在籼粳稻间呈显著性差异;粳稻的Fe、Zn平均含量高于籼稻,Fe（2015）、Zn（2014,2015）在籼粳间呈显著性差异。矿质元素含量与稻作区经纬度、海拔等因素相关,Fe平均含量在桂南稻作区最高,Zn平均含量在桂中稻作区最高;Ca、Fe、Zn平均含量在黑米中含量最高,Se在红米中含量最高;Ca和Zn平均含量在黑米与红米、黑米与白米之间存在显著差异,Fe无显著差异。4种矿质元素含量在2年间的相关系数范围为0.159~0.557,均呈极显著正相关。2014年4种元素含量间无显著性相关;2015年Se和Fe、Zn之间呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,Zn和Fe之间显著正相关（P<0.01）,Zn和Ca之间极显著正相关（P<0.001）。SSR标记共检测到167个等位基因,平均4.91个,遗传多样性指数为0.574,遗传信息量为0.522。经Pearson相关分析,4种矿质元素共关联到18个相关位点,其中8个位点与前人的研究结果不相同。     

粳稻“龙锦1号/香软米1578” F3家系群糙米矿质元素含量变异及相关性分析

 利用粳稻品种间杂交组合“龙锦1号/香软米1578”的196份F3家系,对糙米中Fe、Se、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na和P等10种矿质元素含量的变异及其相关性进行了分析。 10种矿质元素在F3家系间均有较大的变异,其中Na含量变异最大,Zn含量变异最小,变异系数分别为77.69％和12.04％。各矿质元素含量的变异系数大小顺序为Na>Se>Cu>Fe>Mg>Mn>Ca>P>K>Zn。不同矿质元素含量也有较大的差异,F3家系群各矿质元素含量平均值高低排序为P>K>Mg>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Na>Cu>Se。糙米中10种矿质元素含量在F3家系群中均表现为正态分布,为由多基因控制的数量性状。Zn与Fe、Cu,Mn与Mg、Ca、K、P,Ca与Mg、K、Na、P,Mg与K、P,P与K、Na含量呈显著或极显著正相关,而Fe与Se、Mn与Na、Mg与Na含量呈显著或极显著负相关。Mn、Ca、Mg、K、P含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系较Fe、Se、Cu、Zn含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系更为密切。     

澳洲坚果不同种质果仁粗脂肪及脂肪酸成分的研究

对28份澳洲坚果种质果仁的粗脂肪含量和8种脂肪酸含量进行测定与研究。结果表明：澳洲坚果种质的粗脂肪含量和油酸、棕榈油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、二十碳烯酸、肉豆蔻酸及二十一烷酸含量的平均值分别为77.61％、65.51％、12.57％、9.44％、4.32％、3.00％、2.41％、0.51％、0.32％;种质粗脂肪含量普遍较高,但其变异系数较小且与各脂肪酸组份含量无明显相关性;种质脂肪酸组份含量变异系数在5.08％～40.10％之间,变异幅度以肉豆蔻酸含量最大,油酸含量最小。8种脂肪酸之间存在显著的正相关或负相关关系,聚类分析将28份种质分成4个具不同脂肪酸含量特点的类群。     

100份甘蔗种质资源营养品质分析及评价

甘蔗是重要的糖料作物和能源作物，开展甘蔗种质资源的营养品质评价，可系统地了解甘蔗种质的营养价值，为甘蔗种质资源的开发利用及新品种的选育提供科学依据。以100份甘蔗种质为材料，通过分析蔗汁中的蔗糖、还原糖、总游离氨基酸、多酚、矿物质、蛋白质等14个营养指标，利用SPSS软件进行营养品质性状的主成分和系统聚类分析。结果表明：100份甘蔗种质营养成分存在差异，部分营养成分之间存在显著相关关系，蔗糖分与还原糖分、蛋白质、总游离氨基酸、果糖、葡萄糖含量呈极显著负相关，蛋白质与总游离氨基酸、总多酚含量呈显著正相关，果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量与磷（P）含量呈极显著正相关，矿物质元素之间，钙（Ca）含量与铁（Fe）含量、Fe含量与铜（Cu）含量之间呈正相关；影响甘蔗种质营养品质的主要因子为还原糖因子、蛋白质因子、蔗糖因子、Ca含量因子和钾（K）含量因子，上述公因子对甘蔗营养品质综合评价的累计方差贡献率达69.62%。系统聚类分析表明，100份甘蔗种质的营养品质在欧式距离18.5处可分为5个类群，第Ⅰ类群包含77份种质，该类群蔗糖含量最高；第Ⅱ类群包含6份种质，Ca、Fe含量较高；第Ⅲ类群包含2份种质，该类...     

澳洲坚果幼苗对缺水胁迫及复水的适应性反应

以澳洲坚果幼苗为试材,探讨缺水胁迫及复水处理后,其叶面积、叶片可溶性糖含量的适应性变化.结果表明:与对照相比,水分亏缺处理期间澳洲坚果叶面积呈降低趋势,可溶性总糖、还原性糖、蔗糖含量呈上升趋势;复水后,叶面积有较大的反弹,产生显著的补偿效应,而叶片可溶性总糖、还原性糖、蔗糖含量急剧下降,产生显著的负补偿效应.在西双版纳特有的旱季与雨季区别明显,饱和土壤水分处理(对照)的澳洲坚果幼苗在复水前后叶面积和叶片可溶性总糖、还原性糖、蔗糖含量同样也表现为先降后升、先升后降.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.