试论木兰科植物的园林应用

木兰科植物是现存被子植物中比较原始的类群,是双子叶植物中最原始的科,原始特征主要有：木本,花两性,萼片,花瓣不分;雄蕊和心皮多数,离生,螺旋排列于柱状的花托上;种子有丰富的胚乳。主要分布在亚洲东南部,南部,北美洲东南部及中美洲,共15属300余种。中国南部和西南部具有丰富的木兰科属种代表,众多的特有类群和该科最原始的成员,以及反应木兰科系统发育不同阶段的类型,是木兰科植物的现代分布中心、分化中心和保存中心,也可能是起源中心。木兰科植物具有极高的科研价值及开发利用价值,又具有芳香,药用,木材等多种经济效益和绿化、美化,优化环境等生态效益,特别因其花色艳丽,花香宜人,树姿优美多态,树叶、聚合果各具特色,是一类具有很高观赏价值的园林绿化树种。木兰科植物虽然大多分布范围不小,但所占据的面积都较窄,种群数量较少,且很不完整,再加上其所处生境质量日益降低、本身繁殖能力低,靠自然更新扩大种群数量是很难的,因此进行引种栽培是必然途径。然而目前开发利用的只是其中的一小部分如广玉兰、白玉兰等,而许多具有优良观赏价值的木兰科树种还没有得到很好的开发应用,因此大力开发木兰科园林新树种既扩大了其种群数量和分布范围又完全适合城市园林绿化及景观建设的需要,有着广阔的发展前景和生态效益。     

黄土高原重点水土流失区人工栽培乔木树种的区系特征

黄土高原重点水土流失区位于我国几大地形的中间地带,其自然生态条件的渐变特征十分明显,是典型的生态过渡地带.多年来的造林实践工作,使得人工栽培乔木树种既有适应当地环境条件的北温带成分,也有一些毗邻地区的泛热带等成分,还有许多外来引进树种成分.区内人工栽培乔木树种的区系成分较为丰富,与毗邻的天然次生林区十分相近.在中国种子植物地理成分分布区的15个类型中,除热带亚洲至热带非洲成分、中亚成分2种类型外,本区有其余13个类型.植物区系成分与水热等气象条件密切相关,降水量大、热量高的东南部地区区系成分复杂,树种多,而西北干旱地区则刚好相反.     

晋南常见阔叶落叶灌木的定量生态研究

在晋南霍山地区常见野生阔叶灌木及部分乔木树种植物生态调查的基础上，应用定量生态学理论，分析了它们的生态位宽度，生态位重叠两指标，并进行了适应性评价，从而筛选出适宜于该地区水保造林的9种先锋灌木树种以及灌木－灌木混交林，乔木－灌木混交林的适宜混交灌木树种，为当地植被建设提供了重要的理论指导。     

川西北五种野生药用观赏植物研究利用现状

从植物学特征、药用价值、研究及应用现状3个方面,概述四川省植物工程研究院近年来所关注的五种(紫金莲、地榆、银露梅、太白米、红花绿绒蒿)具有川西北特色的野生药用观赏植物,旨在从药用植物特异种质资源评价与利用方向探求新的亮点.     

通州区东郊森林公园不同树种叶片滞尘能力探究

植物叶片对粉尘有明显的阻挡、过滤和吸附作用,可使大气含尘量降低,探讨不同植物的滞尘能力具有重要的意义。以通州区东郊森林公园的3种杨树和8种典型园林绿化树种为研究对象,运用方格法计算叶面积、质量差减法计算其滞尘量,对不同树种的滞尘能力进行的分析评价结果表明:同一采样周期,3种杨树在林缘处采集的叶片滞尘量均远远大于林内的叶片;3种杨树中,新疆杨的林内叶片滞尘量和林缘叶片滞尘量总体上远大于河北杨与小叶杨;在同一采样点,3种杨树叶片的滞尘量随时间变化却并不相同;8种园林绿化树种的滞尘能力存在相当大的差异,灌木树种以金叶女贞最小、玫瑰最大,乔木树种以垂柳最小、洋白蜡最大,灌木树种的滞尘能力总体远高于乔木树种,约为乔木树种的3.1倍。     

喀斯特生态系统中乔木和灌木林根际土壤微生物生物量及其多样性的比较

我国喀斯特区域面积分布较广,而喀斯特生态系统的退化已成为当前西南地区面临的严重的生态问题。本研究选取贵州中部两种不同植被类型的生态系统—乔木林和灌木林,以乔木林中的白栎、园果化香和灌木林中的火棘、竹叶椒等主要优势树种为对象,研究不同的植物树种对根际土壤微生物生物量及其细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示:乔木林系统中根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮显著性高于灌木林,植物的根际效应在乔木林中表现更为显著;同时乔木林中的优势树种通过根系分泌物的作用显著提高根际土壤细菌多样性指数,而灌木林中优势树种的根际土壤微生物量及多样性均未表现出明显的根际效应。因此,植被的演替通过改变土壤微生物的特性影响植物-微生物-土壤之间的物质和能量循环,进一步影响喀斯特生态系统的稳定和健康功能。     

四川省土地整治项目时空分异格局分析

从不同空间尺度分析特定时期土地整治项目的分布特征,可为制定下一阶段土地整治规划及优化空间布局提供决策参考。基于2011—2015年土地整治项目数据,以县域为评价单元,采用变异系数法、重心模型法和空间自相关模型法,探讨了四川省土地整治项目在不同空间尺度的分布特征,分析了重心转移和空间格局演变特征。研究表明:(1)从时间维度看,四川省土地整治项目总量呈下降趋势,项目绝对规模差异、相对规模差异逐步减小,呈现均衡化趋势。(2)不同空间尺度下土地整治项目具有不同特征。区域层面上,土地整治项目集中分布在盆地丘陵农用地整治区;市域层面上,项目主要集中在成都市和宜宾市,而甘孜藏族自治州、凉山彝族自治州和攀枝花市分布较少。(3)重心移动轨迹中所有重心点均落在盆地丘陵农用地整治区内,空间分布具有一定的地域均衡性。(4)土地整治项目在县域尺度分布存在较为显著的集聚性。高-高集聚区主要集中在盆地丘陵农用地整治区的东北部,低-低集聚区主要分布在川西北高山高原生态整治区。由于受项目区社会经济、人口、地形条件和政策的影响,四川省土地整治项目时空格局均衡性有待进一步提高。该研究明确了四川省土地整治规划重心在盆地丘陵农用地整治区,今后土地整治发展方向在于适时适度地开展川西南山地河谷农用地整治区、川西北高山高原生态整治区土地整治,有利于优化四川省土地空间开发利用格局。     

野生杜鹃的扦插育苗及驯化栽培技术要点

杜鹃在我国分布很广,主要分不在长江流域及四川省、云南省、贵州省山区,河南省伏牛山分布尤多,主要分布在鲁山县、汝阳县、嵩县、栾川县和卢氏县等地。杜鹃品种单一,栽培技术落后,基本处于野生生长状况。野生杜鹃育苗技术简单,可以用扦插育苗,布设了3种扦插基质(原生腐殖土、河沙、蛭石与珍珠岩1:1混合),分别用3种浓度的生根粉(IAA、GGR、IBA+NAA)和3个不同的浸泡时间处理接穗,处理后立即进行扦插。栽培时要合理配置树种。     

华北山区油松侧柏降雨前后水分来源

北京山区处于季节性干旱的生态脆弱地带,研究其典型树种在降雨前后的水分来源对干旱区水分利用具有重要意义.本研究基于氢氧同位素技术,以北京山区典型乔木树种油松和侧柏为研究对象,测定分析树木枝条、土壤、地下水和降雨等氢氧同位素组成,探明2种乔木树种在降雨前后主要水分来源.结果表明:不同树种在同一时期的水分来源不同,同一树种在降雨前后水分来源不同.油松表层根系分布虽少,但在雨前仍能吸收利用含水量较高的表层土壤水,利用率为36.0％;为获得稳定水源,油松在降雨前后都利用发达的主根系吸收利用地下深层水分,利用率分别为38.0％和58.2％.侧柏在雨前干旱缺水时能利用深层水维持正常生理活动,利用率为71.2％,但分布在土壤表层0～ 20 cm的侧根系对降雨反应较为敏感,雨后的侧柏主要利用表层土壤水分,利用率为71.6％.试验结果将对于干旱半干旱地区人工造林、树种配置和缓解水资源短缺具有重要意义.     

四川省土壤水分状况空间分布特征

土壤水分状况(SMR)是确定土壤分类单元的重要依据,也是土壤资源可持续利用的保证。基于1951—1980年四川省160个气象站的地面气候资料,利用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和FAO-PPP-17 Penman修正公式计算各个站点年/月潜在蒸散量和干燥度(IA),采用地统计学原理与普通Kriging法对年/月IA进行空间插值,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》中有关SMR的规定,对四川省可能的SMR空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:四川省SMR区域差异明显,整体呈现"东湿西干"的空间分布特征;以"湿润"和"半干润"为主,湿润主要分布于四川盆地,"半干润"主要分布在川西南山地及川西北高山高原地区;"常湿润"分布在宜宾部分区域,川西北德荣南部为"干旱"。本研究为四川省土壤系统分类与土壤资源的可持续利用提供了科学依据。     

Genetic resources of wild tuberous food plants traditionally used in Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India

The subterranean parts of many wild plants form an important constituent of traditional diet of the tribal inhabitants of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha especially in times of food scarcity during critical periods. However, no specific study has been made so far on this aspect. The present study was conducted during 2008–2012 as a search for sources of food and to assess the dietary diversity, consumption pattern, culinary uses and prioritized species of wild tuberous plants sustained by local tribes. The exploration and germplasm collection missions along with intensive botanical survey, focus group discussions, structured household interview and market survey were conducted in 30 villages interacting with 102 key informants of core and buffer zones. A total of 55 wild edible tuberous species representing 37 genera and 24 families were inventoried including 17 species used during food deficiency to meet seasonal shortages. The analyzed data contributed 5 use categories, 4 preparation methods, 7 kinds of food items, 10 species as children snacks, 35 species of pharma-foods and 20 prioritized species. Ten species were domesticated by tribes thus reducing threats on wild tubers and 20 species were traded in local markets to generate additional income exemplifying economic benefits from wild tubers. Seventeen species were identified as novel uses of food items from India. The findings suggested that the nutritional profile along with pharmaceutical attributes of preferred wild food plants be analyzed for recommending suitable species for better nutrition and development of nutraceuticals. Further, many genetic resources of these wild tuberous species of agri-horticultural importance constitute the wild genepool hence their economic and breeding potential along with desirable attributes need to be investigated for utilization in crop improvement programmes.     

Genetic resources of wild edible plants and their uses among tribal communities of cold arid region of India

This paper analyzes the diversity, consumption and gathering patterns, and uses of wild edible plants among the tribal communities living in cold arid region of Indian Himalaya. Eco-geographically, extremely cold climate, open vegetation, strong afternoon winds and loose soils characterize the region. Wild edible plants have special significance in the livelihoods of tribal people particularly during harsh winters when nothing grows on field. We gathered information on 164 wild edible plant species belonging to 100 genera and 37 families sharing 14% of total plants species occurring here. Around 83% plant species were present in pure wild state while 17% were in semi wild state/cultivated occasionally. Wild plants are eaten more as vegetable and it was found that out of 101 plants used as vegetable, 57 are cooked and eaten and the rest (44) eaten raw. The species like Pinus gerardiana, Prunus armeniaca, Hippophae rhamnoides, Bunium persicum are harvested more for commerce in the downtown markets while Lepidium latifolium, Taraxacum officinale, Urtica hyperborea, Capparis spinosa, Fagopyrum tataricum, Malva verticillata, and Rhodiola heterodonta are preferred for their medicinal and nutritional properties locally. Infrastructure development, more tourists flow, agricultural intensification, more jobs and business opportunities have led to rapid changes in the life styles and food habits of the people. Consequently, the age-old tradition of gathering wild edible plants is fading particularly among younger generations. Nevertheless, people do realize the importance of wild edible plants, and therefore to harness the benefits of this unique diversity participatory management and conservation programs, investigations on nutritional and pharmacological attributes, and regulated market support for some important WEPs have taken up in the region.     

The consumption of wild and semi-domesticated edible plants in the Arribes del Duero (Salamanca-Zamora,Spain): an analysis of traditional knowledge

The collection and consumption of wild (including naturalized) and semi-domesticated (cultivated and reverted to wild status, and neglected cultivated plants for food) edible plants in the rural communities of the Arribes del Duero (western Spain), a highly heterogeneous Mediterranean agroecosystem, were analysed. Through semi-structured interviews with 80 informants, data on the gathering, preparation and consumption of 76 wild edible plant species were acquired. To analyze how traditional knowledge varies with the characteristics of the informants, we performed an ANCOVA. The “age” variable was found to have a significant effect. The most frequently cited species in the study area (i.e. Rubus ulmifolius, Foeniculum vulgare, Quercus ilex, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare) are widely consumed in the Mediterranean region. Also, from a cluster analysis it was observed that the grouping succession this territory matches those of analysed areas of the Iberian southwest. Certain species have traditionally been consumed as an important supplement to the diet, particularly during food shortages (i.e. Rumex induratus, Chondrilla juncea). Several species are ethnobotanical novelties, among which are Erodium botrys and Astragalus pelecinus, whose immature fruits are eaten raw as a snack. Some ecological and cultural aspects of the gathering of wild plants for food are discussed.     

Phylogenetic position of east Tibetan natural populations in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaert.) revealed by RAPD analyses

Phylogenetic relationships among cultivated landraces and natural populations of wild subspecies of Tartary buckwheat were investigated by constructing an NJ tree based on RAPD markers focussing on east Tibetan natural populations. Ten plants from three cultivated landraces and 29 plants from five natural populations of wild subspecies in eastern Tibet were used for RAPD analyses. The wild subspecies from eastern Tibet was classified into three types; (1) same type as cultivated landraces; (2) closely related to natural populations of northwestern Yunnan; and (3) an exceptional population, Zhuka, which was closely related to Sichuan populations. Since the type (2) is considered as the wild ancestral type of cultivated Tartary buckwheat, we conclude that eastern Tibet too may be one of the center of origin of this crop.     

Natural hybrids between cultivated and wild sunflowers (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus</Emphasis> spp.) in Argentina

Two introduced wild species Helianthus annuus L. and H. petiolaris Nutt. have become widespread in central Argentina and overlap the sunflower crop region. Intermediate off-type plants between the wild and cultivated species are often found, which is of concern because of the recent release of imidazolinone resistant varieties and the likely use of genetically modified sunflower cultivars. The progeny of 33 off-type plants obtained from 14 representative sites of the diffusion area were studied to confirm hybrid origin. Germination, survival, morphological traits and days to flowering confirmed hybridization between crop and both wild species, when compared to eight accessions of typical wild plants. Some progenies were presumably crop–wild H. annuus hybrids, some originated from the cross of cultivated plants and H. petiolaris, and two were the advanced generation of a cultivated hybrid. Hence, morphological traits are a good clue for the identification of spontaneous hybrid plants at field. The results indicate that crop–wild hybridization and introgression occur at various places in central Argentina. This fact may represent a way to herbicide resistance escape and future transgene escape if GM sunflower cultivars are released for commercial use.     

川西北高原13种主要植物叶片的化学计量学特征分析

为探究川西北高原植物的生理适应特征,以川西北高原生态系统中13种主要植物为研究对象,分析其叶片的化学计量特征以及这些特征在海拔、生活型和植被类型等因素影响下的变化。结果表明,这13种植物叶片C、N和P含量分别为441.74、18.58和0.71 mg·g~(-1),C∶N、C∶P和N∶P分别为28.29、688.61和26.59。C、N、P含量之间,N∶P与C、N含量之间呈显著正相关(P0.05)。海拔、生活型和植被类型对植物叶片的化学计量特征影响明显,生长在高海拔样地的植物具有较高的C∶N和较低的N∶P,但不同植物对海拔梯度变化的响应不同;与草本植物相比,木本植物叶片具有更高的P含量,且其C∶N更低;8种生长于草地和灌丛草地植物的叶片N含量及N∶P均差异显著。本研究结果对当地生态系统管理和资源植物筛选等实践工作具有重要的指导意义。     

广西大石围天坑群风景旅游区野生观赏植物及其构景分析

调查研究大石围天坑溶洞群风景旅游区野生观赏植物种质资源．并对其构景组景加以分析与评价，结果表明：(1)景区共有野生观赏植物201种(含变种和变型)，隶属89科149属；(2)其中观赏树种最为丰富．有43科76属108种．其中花木类28种．果木类37种。叶木类48种，荫木类31种，蔓木类27种，林木类64种；(3)草本花卉种数次之，有36科51属74种，其中一、二年生花卉16种．球根花卉19种，宿根花卉11种．观赏蕨类植物24种。兰花9种；(4)种数再次的是地被植物，有32科38属52种；(5)草坪植物种数最少．仅有1科5属7种。最后．提出对景区野生观赏植物资源保护与持续利用的建议。     

Reduced sexual compatibility between cultivated and wild chicory and their F1 hybrids

Crops were domesticated from wild plants not too long ago and have subsequently diverged from the wild ones, especially in traits used by humans. Whether divergence between the cultigen and wild forms has also lead to reduced reproductive compatibility is unknown for many species. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) has been bred as a crop at least since Roman times. To test if this has led to a loss in reproductive compatibility with wild chicory, we planted cultivar, wild, and F₁ hybrid plants into two field plots, and let them pollinate freely. On 2?days, in the beginning and middle of the flowering season, we counted the numbers of flowering capitula and open flowers per capitulum, which in combination with counts of viable pollen per flower were used to estimate the expected proportion of seeds fathered by cultivar, wild, and hybrid plants. Open capitula on wild and hybrid plants were marked, and when seeds were ripe we determined whether cultivar, wild or hybrid plants had pollinated the seeds, using AFLP markers. Cultivar plants fathered much fewer seeds than expected, both on wild and hybrid plants, suggesting that some degree of incompatibility has evolved between cultivar and wild chicory. Hybrid plants fathered more seeds than expected on some of the hybrid plants, indicating that hybrids do not suffer much from outbreeding depression. Our study thus suggests that cultivated and wild chicory, even though they belong to the same species, have diverged to an extent where reproduction between them is somewhat impaired.     

Collection and evaluation of Primula species of western Sichuan in China

China is known as a major distribution center for the genus Primula, with a total account of 300 species out of the 430 species reported in the world. Western Sichuan is considered as an important area of diversity of Primula, approximately accounting for 40 % of the total found in the country. This paper focused on the distribution, classification, and evaluation of the Primula species collected from western Sichuan. A total of 29 species, four subspecies, and one variety were collected, identified, and classified based on their morphological characteristics. We also discovered some plants with different flower colors within the same species, which may be representative of new forms or ecotypes. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method through 14 indicator points was first used to evaluate the collected Primula resources based on their ornamental value, utilization potential, and ecological adaptability. The results indicated that P. denticulata subsp. sinodenticulata received the highest AHP scores making it the most potential species for sustainable exploitation. In addition, P. chionantha subsp. sinopurpurea, P. szechuanica, P. orbicularis, P. sikkimensis, P. hongshanensis, P. secundiflora, P. sonchifolia, P. polyneura, P. wilsonii, P. palmata, P. poissonii and P. watsonii showed better potential for exploitation than other species. This study also gave some suggestions regarding the protection and utilization of wild Primula resources.     

Responses of cycads with different life histories to the impact of plant collecting: simulation models to determine important life history stages and population recovery times

Collection of plants and seeds from wild populations threatens a large number of cycad species. We investigated to what extent individual life history stages contribute to population growth (λ) and compared two species with major differences in life histories in the African genus Encephalartos: Encephalartos cycadifolius, a highly persistent grassland species that resprouts after fire, and Encephalartos villosus, a relatively fast growing, non-sprouting forest species. Several harvesting scenarios impacting different sized individuals were simulated to determine the sensitivity of the two functional types to harvesting. In both species λ was most sensitive to changes in abundance of adult plants. The harvesting of seeds had minimal impact on population growth rates, whereas harvesting of adult plants led to rapid population decline. This response from two very different functional types suggests that the conservation of adult plants is critical for all cycad species. Despite similar responses to adult mortality, the two species had substantially different population growth rates. This determined recovery time after harvesting of adult individuals. Encephalartos cycadifolius is typical of highly persistent plant species associated with low levels of recruitment and unable to recover from even small losses of adults within a reasonable conservation time frame (<100 years). Our results suggest that the ability to recover from loss of individuals is an important factor that should be considered when assessing the vulnerability of wild populations to threats.