罗氏沼虾不同群体线粒体16SrRNA基因的序列变异及其保守性分析

利用PCR技术扩增获得罗氏沼虾广西养殖群体、江苏养殖群体和缅甸原种F13个不同群体共15个个体的线粒体16SrRNA基因片段,测定序列并进行序列同源性比较。结果显示,在得到的401bp长度的基因片段中,3个群体所有个体的核苷酸序列完全一致,序列同源性为100%,该基因在群体内或不同群体间均不存在遗传差异。表明罗氏沼虾的16SrRNA基因是比较保守的序列,在不同群体间的分化程度很低。     

表型轮回选择和分子标记辅助选择累加陆地棉产量优势相关基因

 为创造优良杂交种的亲本和优良杂交种，以湘杂棉2号、皖杂40、中棉所28等生产上大面积推广的杂交组合的亲本为材料创建产量优势相关基因累加的轮回选择群体，并经过了两轮选择。结果表明，在单株水平和组合水平上，相同性状的表现完全一致，两试验点各群体的表现也完全一致。各群体间纵向（同一亲本来源的不同级群体）比较，从平均数看，两轮选择使得包括皮棉产量、籽棉产量和结铃数等性状群体间表现显著提高；从变异度看，所考察的性状在各群体中，总体上未因轮回选择而使遗传变异系数下降太快，遗传方差差异不显著。对本实验室筛选出的4个产量性状SSR分子标记进行辅助选择的结果表明，用S1495210（与一衣分QTL紧密连锁）、S167255（与一衣分QTL连锁）、S3994100（与一籽指性状QTL连锁）和S3452180（与皮棉产量和衣分2个产量性状QTL关联）进行分子标记辅助选择，效果显著。同时应用2个标记进行衣分辅助选择时，比单用其中一个标记效率高。     

玉米轮回选择基础群体及其亲本群体的遗传变异评估

以鄂西地方玉米巫溪（Ｗ），美国硬粒坚杆玉米（Ｂ）及墨西哥耐热玉米墨黄九（Ｍ）３个开放分群体为主体，加另外８份材料经手配重组和３次隔离区混粉重组合成的用于轮回选择的基础群体ＷＢＭＣＯ等４个开放群体为试材，比较了单株粒重、穗重、株高等１５个农艺性状的平均值及标准差。以穗粒 因变量进行回归分析，以及用ＲＡＰＤ和ＲＦＬＰ分析技术，在ＤＮＡ水平上进行跗多态性的初步研究。结果表明，同一性状的均值，在４个群体的     

Haptoglobin types in Poland

The frequency of the Hp(1) gene in Polish subjects is 0.36. This frequency is lower than that in Western European populations and higher than that in Asiatic populations. We suggest that the increase in frequency of this gene from East to West has a regular continuous character that may be attributed to a stillunclear genetic mechanism.     

Hemoglobin patterns in American Indians

Two populations of North Carolina have been analyzed for hemoglobin patterns by paper electrophoresis. Of 534 Cherokee Indians, both mixed and full bloods, all showed normal hemoglobin. Lumbee Indians of less certain ethnic status had 1.7 percent of hemoglobin S, an equal amount of hemoglobin C, and one possible hemoglobin D trait among 1332 bloods studied.     

小桐子居群种子表型变异研究

对小桐子8个居群种子表型进行研究,测量种子长度、宽度、重量等11项形态学指标。种子表型性状,居群间的变异系数c.v.%=10.64~19.33,表型频率分化系数平均Pst=10.02%,表型方差分化系数平均Vst=14.27%,表明小桐子种子表型居群内变异是其变异的主要来源。居群间欧氏距离Q-聚类分析表明,种子表型分化基本与居群间的地理距离远近相关联。11个表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关,种子长度、宽、厚、周长和种子百粒重为小桐子易测定和重要的表型性状。     

华东4个鹌鹑群体微卫星标记的遗传多样性检测

在DNA水平上检测了华东地区4个亲源关系不同的鹌鹑群体的3个微卫星座位遗传变异,每一位点均检测到4~5个等位基因,各位点的基因多态比例接近100%。为检测这一地区鹌鹑遗传多态性水平,估计了每个位点的基因杂合度和各群体的基因平均杂合度。结果表明:基因平均杂合度为(0.462 7±0.03)~(0.634 5±0.05),4个群体的平均值按由小到大排列分别为0.462 7、0.514 6、0.554 9和0.634 5,平均有效等位基因数为(1.868 8±0.12)~(2.798 1±0.43),平均多态信息含量为0.376 7~0.571 3,累积辨别力达到95.76%;聚类分析表明,华东地区鹌鹑群体间存在高水平的遗传变异,微卫星标记检测鹌鹑群体间的遗传多样性非常合适。     

Structure of Allozymatic Diversity of Ten Temperate and Adapted Exotic Breeding Populations of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Ten temperate and adapted exotic breeding populations of maize were studied with electrophoretic techniques. Three isozyme systems coded by nine allozyme loci were used for evaluating the genetic variability within and among populations.The results revealed that 78.57% of allozyme loci were polymorphic. Low allelic variation with a mean number of 1.84 alleles per locus per population was detected. But, these populations still maintained higher level of heterozygosity;moreover, the exotic populations had greater gene diversity than the temperate populations. All the populations were non-panmictic with negative Wright's fixation indexes (-0.091- -0.424). The tropical BS16 was typified by maximum allelic richness, percent of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity. More than 93% of the gene diversity maintained within populations, and the genetic differentiation among populations was low (0.002-0.191). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the tropical BS29 diverged from other populations in the reverse direction. The temperate BS9 and tropical BS 16 were divergent each other, and highly differentiated from other temperate and tropical populations, consequently, these two populations would be analogically postulated as potential germplasms to establish new heterotic groups for temperate maize breeding programs.     

云杉天然群体基因分化与种质资源异地保存抽样策略

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳和水平淀粉凝胶电泳对云杉全分布区10个天然群体的300个个体进行酶电泳分析,研究天然群体的等位基因数量和频率分化,共测定8种酶系统,得到17个清晰酶位点和27个等位基因.10个群体检测到的等位基因数均值为24.7个(变幅为23～27个).据基因频率进行分类,检测到全域基因和广域基因数量分别为19个和7个,分别占总基因的70.37%和25.93%;特有基因只有1个,即铁布群体的Idh-2-C,占总基因的3.7%.10个群体基因频率的均值没有太大差异,相同位点的广域基因频率在群体间均存在差异.通过计算机模拟建立云杉天然群体种质资源保存的群体和群体内个体两个层次的基因捕获曲线.群体的等位基因频率与地理生态因子的相关分析表明:Fdh-2-B基因频率与生态梯度值呈显著负相关(r=-0.661 1*).构建了云杉天然群体核心种质保存的抽样策略,经综合分析,抽取全分布区内铁布、卓尼、阿坝、小金、热务沟、凤县和曲谷7个群体,每个群体保存25个拟式无亲缘关系的个体,可以保护云杉种内95%～99%的基因资源.     

花生含油量杂种优势表现及主基因+多基因遗传效应分析

 【目的】了解是花生遗传改良主要目标含油量的杂种优势和遗传特点,指导花生育种实践。【方法】利用植物数量性状主基因与多基因混合遗传模型的P1、P2、F1、F2 4个世代联合分析方法,分析以花生野生种为高油基因源的4个组合后代群体含油量的遗传效应。【结果】4个组合均存在一定的杂种优势,中亲优势率分别为1.41%～9.42%。不同亲本组合含油量基因遗传特点差异明显。SW9721-3×特21和SW9721-12×濮花22号2个组合分离世代F2含油量次数分布均呈混合正态分布,符合主基因+多基因遗传特征。D-0模型是这2个组合含油量的最佳遗传模型,其含油量遗传受1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,主基因遗传率为45.00%～47.51%,多基因遗传率为18.72%～22.75%。SW9721-23×95-3和SW9721-38×鲁花11号2个组合F2含油量次数分布均呈正态分布,符合多基因遗传特征,多基因遗传率为66.09%～66.51%。【结论】花生含油量杂种优势和超亲分离普遍存在;控制含油量性状的基因在效应上存在较大差异,有的出现主基因特性;加性基因在花生含油量遗传中起主要作用,通过高油单株定向选择育种可以实现含油量的有效改良。     

Structure of AIIozymatic Diversity of Ten Temperate and Adapted Exotic Breeding Populations of Maize （Zea mays L.）

Ten temperate and adapted exotic breeding populations of maize were studied with electrophoretic techniques. Three isozyme systems coded by nine allozyme loci were used for evaluating the genetic variability within and among populations. The results revealed that 78.57% of allozyme loci were polymorphic. Low allelic variation with a mean number of 1.84 alleles per locus per population was detected. But, these populations still maintained higher level of heterozygosity; moreover, the exotic populations had greater gene diversity than the temperate populations. All the populations were non-panmictic with negative Wright＇s fixation indexes （-0.091— -0.424）. The tropical BS 16 was typified by maximum allelic richness, percent of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity. More than 93% of the gene diversity maintained within populations, and the genetic differentiation among populations was low （0.002—0.191）. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the tropical BS29 diverged from other populations in the reverse direction. The temperate BS9 and tropical BS16 were divergent each other, and highly differentiated from other temperate and tropical populations, consequently, these two populations would be analogically postulated as potential germplasms to establish new heterotic groups for temperate maize breeding programs.     

红皮云杉等位酶群体遗传的多样性分析

在红皮去杉（Picea koraiensis）分布区内，选取了有代表性的12个群体（含170个单株种子的1042粒胚乳和300粒混合群体的胚乳）进行遗传分化分析。结果表明，11个酶系统21个位点中约有27.2％的基因位点是多态的，群体间的变异量只占总变异量的15.2％，84.8％的变异存在于群体内。红皮去杉群体等位酶多态位点的比率在去杉属中处于较低的水平，群体间的分化与去杉其它树种相比处于较高的水平。红皮去杉遗传改良工作在充分利用群体间（种源）变异的情况下，应加大红皮去杉群体内及个体选择的力度，以创造出更加优良的高产品种。     

Admixture studies and the detection of selection

Three methods can be used to search for evidence of natural selection from admixture studies. These include classification of the admixture estimates into two groups; calculation of the rank correlation between estimates from more than one population; and the testing of admixture estimates for homogeneity. The use of these methods is discussed with special reference to black-white admixture in the United States. Using revised estimates of African gene frequencies, derived from a consideration of the geographical origin of the slaves, we calculated admixture estimates and their variances for five U.S. black populations; Claxton (Georgia); Sapelo Island (Georgia); James Island (South Carolina); Charleston (South Carolina); Oakland (California). Two out of the five populations yielded heterogeneous admixture estimates but all other tests were non-significant. The data provide little evidence for the action of selection. The few, inconsistent significant results are more indicative of the action of random drift or biased gene frequency estimates than natural selection, and in general these effects cannot be differentiated. It seems doubtful that admixture studies can ever provide unequivocal evidence for the action of natural selection in human populations. In the search for natural selection, perhaps admixture studies should only be used as a preliminary screening device.     

辣椒DH群体果实性状的分离及与F2群体的比较

为分析DH群体的遗传稳定性及其DH群体内性状分离与同来源的F2群体之间异同,本研究利用辣椒花药培养技术,构建一个由“羊角椒(97403)×方灯笼甜椒(97410)”的杂交而成的牛角椒组合作为供体的且由103个DH系组成的DH群体,对该DH群体进行单果重等5个主要果实性状的遗传表现进行分析,并与同来源的F2群体进行比较。结果表明:原供体及其双亲的5个果实性状的变异系数均较小,三者之间的各性状均存在显著差异,说明原供体及其双亲的整齐一致性;对DH群体和F2群体各性状的平均值、变异系数及其性状分离区间的分析和对比结果表明,5个果实性状均是受多基因控制的数量性状,且由于基因重组无论是DH群体还是F2群体均能产生正向和负向两个方向的超亲基因型。但DH群体与F2群体比较各性状的分离区间明显增大,超亲分离类型明显增加,且获得的各DH系均为稳定遗传的自交系,提高了花培育种的选择效率。     

缢蛏六群体16S rRNA基因片段序列的差异分析

采用PCR技术扩增了缢蛏线粒体DNA的16SrRNA基因片段，PCR产物经纯化、测序、同源序列比对获得长度为440bp的核苷酸序列。利用16SrRNA基因片段分析了江浙沪地区三个野生群体（江苏射阳、上海崇明、浙江象山）和三个养殖群体（江苏射阳、上海奉贤、浙江象山）的遗传多样性，共检测到了19个单倍型和41个核苷酸多态位点。序列分析结果显示，三个野生群体之间出现了明显的遗传分化，其中崇明群体遗传多样性最高，其次为射阳群体，象山群体遗传多样性最低，表明崇明群体未受到养殖群体基因的污染。在养殖群体之间则没有达到遗传分化，且单倍型混杂，聚类结果显示与象山野生群体亲缘关系最近，这表明长期的养殖过程在一定程度上对野生群体产生了影响，降低了种质资源的丰富度。     

缢蛏六群体16S rRNA基因片段序列的差异分析

采用PCR技术扩增了缢蛏线粒体DNA的16SrRNA基因片段,PCR产物经纯化、测序、同源序列比对获得长度为440bp的核苷酸序列。利用16SrRNA基因片段分析了江浙沪地区三个野生群体（江苏射阳、上海崇明、浙江象山）和三个养殖群体（江苏射阳、上海奉贤、浙江象山）的遗传多样性,共检测到了19个单倍型和41个核苷酸多态位点。序列分析结果显示,三个野生群体之间出现了明显的遗传分化,其中崇明群体遗传多样性最高,其次为射阳群体,象山群体遗传多样性最低,表明崇明群体未受到养殖群体基因的污染。在养殖群体之间则没有达到遗传分化,且单倍型混杂,聚类结果显示与象山野生群体亲缘关系最近,这表明长期的养殖过程在一定程度上对野生群体产生了影响,降低了种质资源的丰富度。     

胭脂花野生群体表型多样性研究

对胭脂花的5个野生群体17个表型性状进行测量和分析,结果表明:胭脂花野生群体间和群体内均存在显著差异,表型分化系数（Vst）为0.09~0.34,群体内多样性大于群体间的多样性,其变异来源主要存在于群体内;表型性状的变异系数（CV）在13.71%~48.80%之间,其中变异最大的性状是花眼颜色,为48.80%,花冠筒长度表现最为稳定,变异系数为13.71%;叶片数、叶长、叶宽、花葶直径、花序轮数、花量等性状之间呈显著正相关,花柱长短与花冠筒长呈显著负相关。经度和纬度与大部分性状之间呈显著正相关;海拔、年均降雨量与大部分性状之间呈显著负相关。对其野生群体进行UPGMA聚类表明,5个群体聚为2大类,并没有严格按照地理距离聚类。      

秀丽白虾3个地理种群mtDNA 16S rRNA基因序列变异及遗传分化

为探究秀丽白虾Exopalaemon modestus不同地理种群的遗传变异,采用PCR产物纯化测序的方法,分别测定了太湖、鄱阳湖和兴凯湖3个种群共计129个秀丽白虾样品的mtDNA 16S rRNA基因序列。结果表明:在486 bp序列中,检测到10个变异位点,占所测序列的2.06%;共发现8种单倍型,其中太湖种群5种,鄱阳湖种群4种,兴凯湖种群1种;单倍型Ⅰ为太湖和鄱阳湖种群共有,单倍型Ⅳ为鄱阳湖和兴凯湖种群共有,3个种群未有共享单倍型;平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.691 00和0.002 46,遗传多样性较低;AMOVA分析显示,3个种群间的遗传变异为29.58%,种群内的遗传变异为70.42%,遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.295 8,基因流(Nm)为0.595 2,3个种群间遗传分化存在极显著性差异(P0.01)。本研究结果可为秀利白虾种质资源保护提供基础数据。     

Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of domestic dogs

The origin of the domestic dog from wolves has been established, but the number of founding events, as well as where and when these occurred, is not known. To address these questions, we examined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation among 654 domestic dogs representing all major dog populations worldwide. Although our data indicate several maternal origins from wolf, >95% of all sequences belonged to three phylogenetic groups universally represented at similar frequencies, suggesting a common origin from a single gene pool for all dog populations. A larger genetic variation in East Asia than in other regions and the pattern of phylogeographic variation suggest an East Asian origin for the domestic dog, approximately 15,000 years ago.     

云杉天然群体种实性状变异研究

以云杉全分布区内7个有代表性的天然群体,每个群体30个家系(单株)为试验材料,对7个种实表型性状采用方差分析、多重比较、相关分析和聚类分析等统计分析方法,讨论了群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明,云杉种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在极其丰富的遗传变异,云杉球果长度、球果宽度、球果长宽比、球果干重、种子长度、种子宽度和种子长宽比7个性状的表型分化系数(VST)分别为48.63%,41.19%,24.59%,49.72%,61.63%,62.04%和5.00%,球果和种子的性状指数比单个性状稳定;种实性状表型分化系数的变幅为5.00%～62.04%,群体间表型分化系数均值为41.83%;群体间变异(41.83%)稍小于群体内变异(58.17%)。7个种实表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著相关,球果长度、球果宽度和种子长度为易测定和重要的种实表型性状;云杉种内群体的球果表型变异在空间分布上呈现出以纬度为主的单向变异模式,球果性状与温度呈极显著正相关,与纬度、年降水量和生态梯度值(EGA)呈极显著或显著负相关;利用群体间欧氏距离进行UPGMA聚类分析,可将云杉群体划分为4类。