Susceptibility to Insecticides and Ecological Fitness in Resistant Rice Varieties of Field Nilaparvata lugens Stl Population Free from Insecticides in Laboratory

A population of rice brown planthopper(BPH) Nilaparvata lugens collected from a paddy field in Hangzhou was successively reared on susceptible rice Taichung Native 1(TN1) in a laboratory free from insecticides for more than 14 generations. The changes in susceptibility to insecticides and ecological fitness on different resistant rice varieties were monitored in each generation. The resistance ratio to imidacloprid sharply declined with the succession of rearing generations without insecticides from 359.94-fold at F1 to 6.50-fold at F14 compared with the susceptible strain, and the resistance ratio to chlorpyrifos was from 9.90-fold at F1 to 5.94-fold at F14. Nymphal duration and weights of newly hatched female adults were significantly affected by rice variety, generation and their interactions, but nymphal survival was significantly affected by the generation only. The ratio of brachypterous adults in males was affected by the generation and generation × variety interaction, whereas no difference was found in females. Nymphal duration extended with increasing generations, and the female nymphal duration was shorter in the susceptible variety TN1 than those in the resistant varieties IR26 and IR36. In addition, the female adult weight in TN1 was higher than those in IR26 and IR36. These results indicated that the resistance of field BPH population to insecticides was reversed after several generations of no-exposure to insecticides, and the ecological fitness in TN1 was higher than those in IR26 and IR36. These findings suggested the rational and reduced use of insecticides in combination with the manipulation of resistant rice varieties would be effective for BPH management.     

Resistance Evaluation to Sheath Blight in Transgenic Rice Lines

Resistance of forty-one homozygous rice lines transformed with chitinase gene (RC24) and β-1,3 -glucanse gene (β-1,3-Glu) to sheath blight was analyzed by inoculation. Among different lines, the resistance had significant differences according to the result by cluster analysis. The lines could be categorized into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible types, while 92.1% of which belonging to moderately resistant or moderately susceptible type. For different resistant or susceptible lines, the resistance to rice sheath blight was remarkable correlated with the chitinase activity of transgenic lines except resistant type lines, in which enzyme activity coded by target gene was lower than moderately resistant type. The chitinase activity of transgenic lines tested at different time after inoculation or different organs of the same plant was uniform, which suggested that the expression of chitinase gene was constitutive in nature. Check varieties‘ chitinase activity would change at different time after inoculation and reach a peak at sometime, but it had no difference at various parts of the same plant.     

Resistance Evaluation to Sheath Blight in Transgenic Rice Lines

Resistance of forty-one homozygous rice lines transformed with chitinase gene (RC24) and β-1,3 -glucanse gene β-1,3-Glu) to sheath blight was analyzed by inoculation. Among different lines, the resistance had significant differences according to the result by cluster analysis. The lines could be categorized into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible types, while 92.1% of which belonging to moderately resistant or moderately susceptible type. For different resistant or susceptible lines, the resistance to rice sheath blight was remarkable correlated with the chitinase activity of transgenic lines except resistant type lines, in which enzyme activity coded by target gene was lower than moderately resistant type. The chitinase activity of transgenic lines tested at different time after inoculation or different organs of the same plant was uniform, which suggested that the expression of chitinase gene was constitutive in nature. Check varieties chitinase activity would change at different time after inoculation and reach a peak at sometime, but it had no difference at various pans of the same plant.     

Quantitative Trait Loci for Resistance to Stripe Disease in Rice （Oryza sativa）

In order to map the quantitative trait loci for rice stripe resistance, a molecular linkage map was constructed based on the F2 population derived from a cross between Zhaiyeqing 8 and Wuyujing 3. Reactions of the two parents, F1 individual and 129 F2:3 lines to rice stripe were investigated by both artificial inoculation at laboratory and natural infection in the field, and the ratios of disease rating index were scored. The distribution of the ratios of disease rating index in Zhaiyeqing 8/Wuyujing 3 F2:3 population ranged from 0 to 134.08 and from 6.25 to 133.6 under artificial inoculation at laboratory and natural infection in the field, respectively, and showed a marked bias towards resistant parent (Zhaiyeqing 8), indicating that the resistance to rice stripe was controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL). QTL analysis showed that the QTLs detected by the two inoculation methods were completely different. Only one QTL, qSTV7, was detected under artificial inoculation, at which the Zhaiyeqing 8 allele increased the resistance to rice stripe, while two QTLs, qSTV5 and qSTV1, were detected under natural infection, in which resistant alleles came from Zhaiyeqing 8 and Wuyujing 3, respectively. These results showed that resistant parent Zhaiyeqing 8 carried the alleles associated with the resistance to rice stripe virus and the small brown planthopper, and susceptible parent Wuyujing 3 also carried the resistant allele to rice stripe virus. In comparison with the results previously reported, QTLs detected in the study were new resistant genes to rice stripe disease. This will provide a new resistant resource for avoiding genetic vulnerability for single utilization of the resistant gene Stvb-i.     

Bacterial Community in Different Populations of Rice Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens （St~l）

The structures of bacterial communities in the brown planthopper （BPH） Nilaparvata lugens （St~l） from different geographic and resistant virulent populations were analyzed by using denatured gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. Results showed that the bacterial communities in BPH nymph from the first to the fifth instars varied with nymphal growth and development. The bacterial communities in the first-instar BPH nymph were similar to those in adults. Nine geographic BPH populations were divided into three groups based on the cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprint. The first group was from the Philippines; the second group was from Thailand and Hainan, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces of China; and the third group was from Vietnam and Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces of China. BPH populations adapted to different resistant rice varieties. The BPH populations from Mudgo （with resistant gene Bphl） and ASD7 （with resistant gene bph2） differed with those of the susceptible rice variety TNI.     

Cold Tolerance of Core Collection at Booting Stage Associated with Eco-geographic Distribution in Yunnan Rice Landrace (Oryza sativa), China

Four hundred and seventy-seven accessions of the second core collection of rice landrace from five rice cropping regions (16 prefectures) of Yunnan Province, China, were evaluated for cold tolerance at booting stage. The results showed as follows: 1) there was a significant positive correlation (0.588**) between anther length and seed setting rate under natural low temperature conditions but was not significant in greenhouse (0.080). 2) there were significant differences in cold tolerance among core collections from different cropping regions under natural low temperature conditions while a negligible cold damage in greenhouse (with a seed setting rate approaching or exceeding 70%) for cold tolerance evaluation. Cold tolerance of core collection from Northwest Yunnan cold highland japonica region was the strongest, and that from south marginal paddy-upland rice region was the most sensitive, suggesting that the breeding goals for cold tolerance should be different in various rice cropping regions. 3) there were remarkable differences in cold tolerance of core collections from different prefectures of Yunnan Province under natural low temperature conditions. Based on the reduction of seed setting rate and characteristics of natural climate, the 16 prefectures could be divided into three categories, i.e. serious cold damage , cold damage and slight cold damage regions. 4) Difference of cold tolerance between different rice cropping regions and prefectures revealed further that temperature change caused by elevation and latitude was not only a dominant factor for differentiation of japonica and indica but also the basic reason that the genetic diversity and six ecological group of indica and japonica were being developed and, even the critical factor leading to the formation of the cold tolerance gene as well. The cold tolerance at booting stage could be believed to be resulted from the long term co-evolution between Yunnan rice landrce and cold stress in rice cropping     

Resistance Evaluation of Some Chinese Leading Rice Maintainer, Restorer lines and Their Hybrids to Magnaporthe grisea

Six isolates of Magnaporthe grisea were selected to inoculate on 10 Chinese leading maintainer lines (B-lines), 14 restorer lines (R-lines) and their F1 hybrid plants. In the tested rice materials, R-lines were proved to be more resistant to blast than B-lines. The resistance frequency of about 25% F1 hybrid plants was less than their parents. In addition, 26 isolates of M. grisea collected from different rice growing areas of China were inoculated on 13 new improved hybrid rice combinations. The resistance frequencies of 5 improved hybrids were better than those of the controls and leading varieties in rice production of China.     

Lowering Grain Amylose Content in Backcross Offsprings of indica Rice Variety 057 by Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection

To lower the amylose content （AC） of the indica rice restorer line 057 with high AC, backcrosses were made respectively by using four indica varieties （R367, 91499, Yanhui 559, Hui 527） as low AC donor parents and 057 as the recurrent parent. A molecular marker （PCR-Acc Ⅰ） was used to identify the genotypes （GG, TT and GT） of the waxy （Wx） gene. Plants with GT genotype were selected and used as female parent and crossed with 057 to advance generation. The ACs of rice grains harvested from plants with different Wx genotypes were measured and compared to analyze the efficiency of marker-assisted selection. The ACs of the rice grain, harvested from the plants of Wx genotypes GG, GT and TT, were higher than 20%, in the range of 17.7-28.5%, and less than 18%, respectively. The PCR-Acc Ⅰ marker could be used for efficiently lowering the AC of 057 through backcrossing, and there were some influence of parental genetic background on the AC of rice grains with the same Wx genotype.     

Comparison of Grain Quality Characteristics Between F1 Hybrids and Their Parents in Indica Hybrid Rice

Sixteen widespread elite indica parents including seven CMS lines and nine restorer lines, and their 63 F1 hybrids were chosen to compare the eleven traits of grain quality. Overall results showed that the frequency of negative over-dominance, dominance and partial dominance was much higher than that of positive ones and heterosis, indicating that the values of F1 hybrids were generally lower than the means of their parents in quality characteristics. There existed apparent disparity in grain quality performance among F1 hybrids varied with the traits. The characteristics of chalky area percentage, chalky grain percentage, gel consistency and head rice recovery had a great variation in all kinds of tested heterosis indices including the mid-parent heterosis index, over high-value parent heterosis index and over low-value parent heterosis index, which suggested that special attention should be paid to the selection of F1 hybrids in these traits in breeding. The mean values of F1 hybrids were significantly lower than those of their higher parents in all the traits but close to or significantly lower than those of their mid-parent values except for kernel length and amylose content; and significantly higher than those of their lower parents except for brown rice recovery, milled rice recovery and gel consistency.     

Analysis of genetic relationships between grain milling quality traits and plant agronomic traits of rice

Since seed and maternal plant are in different generations, the grain milling traits and plant agronomic traits ot rice are based on different genetic models. Using the genetic models which could estimate covariance components between two traits with unequal design matrices, we analyzed the gentic relationships between grain milling traits and plant agronomic traits. Nine cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines (Zhenshan 97 A and others) and five restoring lines (T 49 and others) of indica rice were used in an incomplete diallel cross. Seedlings of parents and F_1s were planted in the field at Zhejiang Agri Univ in 1994. There were 24 plants in each plot with three replications. Plant agronomic traits were determined from eight plants in the middle part of the plot. Seed samples of parents, F_1 and F_2s were used for analyzing milling quality traits of rice. It was indicated by the results (See table) that stronger genotypic relationships were existed according to genotypic covariances (C_(G/G)) between th     

转几丁质酶基因（RC24）水稻中大2号抗纹枯病特性研究

导入外源几丁质酶基因“RC24”的水稻中大2号接种纹枯病菌的结果表明,接种病菌后病斑扩展速率和田间病情指数小,表现为对水稻纹枯病高抗。组织病理学研究表明纹枯病菌能侵入中大2号,并引发纹枯病,入侵时间和症状出现的时间与非转基因感病对照没有显著差异,但病菌菌丝体消解现象出现早于对照,其抗病性主要表现为限制病菌扩展。以中大2号与非转基因水稻材料配制的杂交组合的抗病性表明,杂交组合的抗病性均高于非转基因亲本,但其抗病性也会因母本的不同而有所变化。     

Characteristics of Resistance to Rice Sheath Blight of Zhongda 2, a Transgenic Rice Line as Modified by Gene “RC24“

The transgenic rice, Zhongda 2, which was genetically modified from an indica rice line Zhuxian B by rice chitinase gene (RC24), had high resistance to rice sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) in laboratory and a two-year field experiment. The pathogen could invade sheath of Zhongda 2 and induce symptoms of the disease. No difference was noted in time of penetration or incubation period between Zhongda 2 and non-transgenic rice control, Zhuxian B, but the hyphae lysate could be observed earlier five non-transgenic rice lines showed higher resistance than donor non-transgenic parents, but the resistance was different along with the different maternal parents.     

抗稻瘟病转基因水稻竹转68的选育

应用基因枪法将抗病基因“水稻碱性几丁质酶（RC24）基因”转入籼稻保持系籼B，选育出了具抗稻瘟病特性的转基因水稻品系竹转68。该品系还表现出穗大粒多的高产特性，平均每穗总数粒比竹籼B增加103．6粒，每穗实粒数增加84．4粒，增长率分别达83．8％和86．6％；与竹籼B相比，对稻瘟病的抗性显著增强；稻米品质好；且竹籼A具有恢复能力，而失去了竹籼B的保持特性。     

Transfer of Lysozyme Gene into indica Parents of Hybrid Rice by Backcrossing

Rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae Cavara), one of the major fungal diseases in rice fields all over the world, is induced by the ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr [Anamorph: Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.] [1]. According to the statistic…     

芸苔素内酯与吡唑醚菌酯对水稻抗病性及产量的影响

设置0.01%芸苔素内酯SL(芸天力)+常规杀菌(处理3)、0.01%芸苔素内酯SL+9%吡唑醚菌酯AS(芸乐收)+常规杀菌(处理4)、常规杀菌(处理2)及喷清水(处理1)4个处理,比较了不同处理对水稻抗病性及产量的影响。结果表明,处理3和处理4不仅能有效增强水稻对纹枯病和稻曲病的抗性,还能提升产量,与常规杀菌处理(处理2)相比,对水稻纹枯病和稻曲病的防效分别提升5.66%~21.7%和9.13%~20.55%,增产22.33%~24.59%。因此,在使用常规药剂的基础上可以增用0.01%芸苔素内酯SL或9%吡唑醚菌酯AS,能获得更好的防效和更高的产量。     

转基因水稻株系的纹枯病抗性分析

对通过基因枪转化获得的41个转水稻碱性几丁质酶和苜蓿β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因（RC24和β-1,3-Glu）的高世代纯合株系进行纹枯病抗性接菌鉴定,结果表明不同转基因系间抗性存在极显著差异,聚类分析可分为抗、中抗、中感、感病四种类型,但其中92.1%的株系属中抗或中感类型;选择不同抗感类型的代表性株系,测定其几丁质酶活力,结果显示中抗、中感、感病类型转基因株系表达的几丁质酶活力与其纹枯病抗性表现呈现一致性,而抗病类型表达目标基因编码的酶活力低于中抗类型;接菌诱导后,在不同时间或同一植株的不同部位检测,转基因系的几丁质酶活力因其组成性表达而无明显差异,而未转基因的对照品种在诱导后不同时间其几丁质酶活力表达呈“峰”式曲线分布,同一植株不同空间位置的酶活力却无明显差异。     

不同药剂不同施药次数防治水稻纹枯病田间药效试验

通过田间试验,比较分析了不同药剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 350 g/hm~2、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂345 g/hm~2、25%丙环唑乳油600 g/hm~2对水稻纹枯病的防效均在87%以上,43%戊唑醇悬浮剂的防效为74.38%;4种药剂的田间药效比生产上常用药剂井冈霉素的防效分别提高0.79倍、0.75倍、0.69倍、0.43倍,头季和再生季每hm~2综合增收6 499元、4 042元、2 051元、1 913元。从防治效果和经济效益来看,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂、25%丙环唑乳油均可以作为本地防治水稻纹枯病的主体药剂进行推广应用。     

应用系统聚类方法筛选持久抗瘟性水稻品种

 以Tetep、Moroberekan、B40为抗、感对照，用8个抗性组分，对47个云南地方稻种资源的抗瘟性进行了系统聚类分析。结果表明，可以较好地将1996~1999年的50、27、16、11个品种分别分成6、6、4、3类。持久抗病对照品种Tetep(感~抗)分布于1、2、4类内，但较集中于第2类内；持久抗性品种Moroberekan(感~中抗)集中于第2类内；云南地方品种大白谷、毫弄早、毫玉浪每年同聚于第1类品种中，经连续几年试验，均表现出比Tetep和Moroberekan较稳定和较强的抗瘟性。第3、5、6类为感病品种，其中第3类感病对照品种B40历年与其他品种间的距离较其他品种相互间聚类距离大，属高度感病。连续4年的试验结果表明，系统聚类分析可作为水稻持久抗瘟性品种筛选的方法。     

转cry1Ac和CpTI双基因抗虫水稻对二化螟和大螟的致死效应及田间螟虫构成的影响

 就转cry1Ac＋CpTI双基因抗虫水稻不同生育期对二化螟Chilo suppressalis和大螟Sesamia inferens的室内致死特性及田间螟虫的构成进行了研究。室内测定结果表明，不同生育期转基因水稻对二化螟、大螟都表现明显的致死效应，但水稻生长后期的致死效果降低。转基因水稻对大螟的致死效应显著弱于对二化螟的，其中，二化螟除在齐穗期和成熟期有少量幼虫（0.5%~6.4%）存活到第4天外，其余均在第4天死亡；大螟在两种转基因水稻上的存活率高于二化螟，且少量个体（<1.6%）还能化蛹、羽化，但化蛹率和羽化率均明显低于在非转基因对照上的。早、晚两季水稻的田间调查结果表明，转基因水稻上两种螟虫虫口数量均显著低于相应的非转基因对照品种，转基因水稻上二化螟虫口减退率>99％；大螟虫口减退率相对较低，早、晚稻上有所不同，其中早稻 >93％，晚稻仅44％～64％。转基因水稻上残存螟虫中，大螟所占比例明显上升，推测转基因水稻对两种螟虫致死效应差异可能是其主要原因。     

转cry1Ac和CpTI双基因抗虫水稻对二化螟和大螟的致死效应及田间螟虫构成的影响

就转cry1Ac＋CpTI双基因抗虫水稻不同生育期对二化螟Chilo suppressalis和大螟Sesamia inferens的室内致死特性及田间螟虫的构成进行了研究。室内测定结果表明,不同生育期转基因水稻对二化螟、大螟都表现明显的致死效应,但水稻生长后期的致死效果降低。转基因水稻对大螟的致死效应显著弱于对二化螟的,其中,二化螟除在齐穗期和成熟期有少量幼虫（0.5%~6.4%）存活到第4天外,其余均在第4天死亡;大螟在两种转基因水稻上的存活率高于二化螟,且少量个体（<1.6%）还能化蛹、羽化,但化蛹率和羽化率均明显低于在非转基因对照上的。早、晚两季水稻的田间调查结果表明,转基因水稻上两种螟虫虫口数量均显著低于相应的非转基因对照品种,转基因水稻上二化螟虫口减退率>99％;大螟虫口减退率相对较低,早、晚稻上有所不同,其中早稻 >93％,晚稻仅44％～64％。转基因水稻上残存螟虫中,大螟所占比例明显上升,推测转基因水稻对两种螟虫致死效应差异可能是其主要原因。