奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖主要血清型的鉴定

为了解内蒙古地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖的主要血清型,试验从内蒙古地区9个牧场共采集236份奶牛乳房炎患牛的奶样,采用常规微生物方法、生物化学反应方法、动物试验和PCR方法对金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖的血清型进行鉴定。结果表明:经常规微生物学检验分离得到162株葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)124株、表皮葡萄球菌(S.epidermidis)29株、腐生葡萄球菌(S.saparophytics)9株。动物试验得到116株致病性S.aureus。PCR方法鉴定出荚膜多糖5型S.aureus23株,占致病性S.aureus的19.83%;荚膜多糖8型S.aureus61株,占致病性S.aureus的52.59%;荚膜多糖5型和8型S.aureus占致病性S.aureus的72.41%。说明5型和8型S.aureus是内蒙古地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖的主要血清型。     

Prediction of penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows with mastitis,based on prior test results

AIM: To gauge how well prior laboratory test results predict in vitro penicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows with mastitis.

METHODS: Population-based data on the farm of origin (n=79), genotype based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results, and the penicillin-resistance status of Staph. aureus isolates (n=115) from milk samples collected from dairy cows with mastitis submitted to two diagnostic laboratories over a 6-month period were used. Data were mined stochastically using the all-possible-pairs method, binomial modelling and bootstrap simulation, to test whether prior test results enhance the accuracy of prediction of penicillin resistance on farms.

RESULTS: Of all Staph. aureus isolates tested, 38% were penicillin resistant. A significant aggregation of penicillin-resistance status was evident within farms. The probability of random pairs of isolates from the same farm having the same penicillin-resistance status was 76%, compared with 53% for random pairings of samples across all farms. Thus, the resistance status of randomly selected isolates was 1.43 times more likely to correctly predict the status of other isolates from the same farm than the random population pairwise concordance probability (p=0.011). This effect was likely due to the clonal relationship of isolates within farms, as the predictive fraction attributable to prior test results was close to nil when the effect of within-farm clonal infections was withdrawn from the model.

CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the penicillin-resistance status of a prior Staph. aureus isolate significantly enhanced the predictive capability of other isolates from the same farm. In the time and space frame of this study, clinicians using previous information from a farm would have more accurately predicted the penicillin-resistance status of an isolate than they would by chance alone on farms infected with clonal Staph. aureus isolates, but not on farms infected with highly genetically heterogeneous bacterial strains.     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定

为检测江苏省某奶牛场中乳房炎是否为金黄色葡萄球菌所致,采取4份患病乳汁样本进行试验分离和鉴定,并针对金黄色葡萄球菌采用分离后鉴定,结果显示,分离到的2株致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,其他菌株还包括大肠杆菌、肠球菌等,为多种致病病原菌同时引起,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌感染。     

金黄色葡萄球菌感染小鼠乳房炎模型的建立

取25只分娩8～10d的昆明系小鼠随机分成5组(n=5),分别为阴性对照、生理盐水(pss)组和不同剂量金黄色葡萄球菌(1.0×102cfu/50μL、1.0×103cfu/50μL、5.0×103cfu/50μL)试验组,经乳头导管对第4对乳腺50μL/只注射,24h后观察结果,一侧乳腺甲醛固定制作切片观察组织病理变化,另一侧冰上研磨后取匀浆用高盐甘露醇鉴别培养基进行细菌计数,检测组织匀浆上清中的TNF-α含量。结果显示,试验组随着注射细菌数量的增加,病理变化加重,分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌数量显著增加,乳腺匀浆中TNF-α含量明显升高。结果表明,注射1.0×103cfu组可以引起较典型的小鼠乳房炎,且病理变化适中,适合用来建立金黄色葡萄球菌小鼠乳房炎模型。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌基因多态性分型试验

利用随机引物AP-7,建立引物随机多态性扩增(RAPD)体系对71株引起内蒙古和贵州地区奶牛乳房炎的金黄色葡萄球菌分离株进行基因分型研究。结果表明,71株金黄色葡萄球菌均得到清晰的RAPD指纹图谱,扩增产物为2～9条带,产物大小为240～4 500bp。菌株共分为6个基因型,其中Ⅰ型17株(占23.9%)、Ⅱ型3株(占4.2%)、Ⅲ型33株(占46.5%)、Ⅳ型15株(占21.1%)、Ⅴ型2株(占2.8%)、Ⅵ型2株(占2.8%)。Ⅰ型为内蒙古地区的流行优势菌群,Ⅲ型为贵州地区的流行优势菌群。两地区各基因型菌株比例有明显差异,这可能与奶牛养殖业水平和环境差异有关。     

Interpretation of California mastitis test scores using Staphylococcus aureus culture results for screening of subclinical mastitis in low yielding smallholder dairy cows in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania

Screening of subclinical mastitis under field conditions is done using the California mastitis test (CMT). CMT score of ≥1 corresponding to ≥500,000 somatic cells ml⁻¹ is commonly used as threshold of subclinical mastitis in temperate countries. However, given the innately high physiological level of somatic cells in low yielding dairy cows, this threshold may not apply to low yielding dairy cows. The current study was undertaken to investigate the clinical utility of CMT for screening of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in low yielding smallholder dairy cows in Tanzania. A total of 1151 of quarter-milk samples were CMT tested, of these 914-originated from cows with a lactation period of 14–305 days. All samples were screened for subclinical mastitis by the CMT as well as microbiological culture of single, duplicate (two consecutive) and triplicate (three consecutive) samples as a gold standard. For the duplicate and triplicate quarter-samples, cows were considered positive for S. aureus subclinical mastitis if results of microbiologic culture for S. aureus were positive for two of two, and for at least two of the first three consecutive quarter-milk samples collected from that cow, respectively. Using a CMT score of ≥1 would classify 78.6% of the 940 quarter-samples as positive. Eighty-two percent of the samples in which S. aureus was isolated had CMT scores ≥2; this would classify 51.6% of the 940 quarter-samples as positive. For the single sample, this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio for S. aureus of 0.87, 0.83 and 4.24, respectively. For the duplicate quarter-milk samples this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of 0.94, 0.86, and 5.19. While, for the triplicate quarter-milk samples this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of 0.97, 0.92 and 7.47, respectively. Based on these results and practical considerations, it is concluded that CMT score of ≥2 corresponding to ≥800,000 somatic cells Ml⁻¹ is the best cut-off to correctly identify S. aureus intramammary infections in low yielding dairy cows in Tanzania.     

我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎病例中金黄色葡萄球菌血清型及毒力调查

为了解我国奶牛乳房炎病例中金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)流行血清型和不同血清型菌株的毒力情况,本研究采用玻板凝集和双重PCR方法分别对北京、山西、内蒙古、山东、浙江和新疆奶牛乳房炎乳样中分离的191株S.aureus进行血清分型并从各血清型中随机选取100株菌以小白鼠进行毒力测定.结果表明:这些地区牛源S.aureus中,336PS型为流行血清型,占60.2％(115/191),CP8型占19.4％(37/191),CP5型占11.5％(22/191),未分型菌株占8.9％(17/191).毒力测定显示:336PS、CP8和CP5型菌株中强毒力菌株分别占65.1％、62.9％及61.9％,未分型菌株中强毒力菌株为22.2％.该调查为我国奶牛乳房炎S.aureus疫苗菌株的筛选提供了依据.     

牛源金黄色葡萄球菌16SrRNA分子鉴定与随机多态性扩增分型

利用16S rRNA保守序列对引起内蒙古地区奶牛乳房炎的金黄色葡萄球菌进行分离鉴定,并且建立引物随机多态性扩增(RAPD)体系对金黄色葡萄球菌分离株进行基因分型研究.结果表明,共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌35株,RAPD结果显示这35株菌均可得到清晰的RAPD指纹图谱,扩增产物在1～8条带之间,产物大小在350～4 500bp之间.菌株分为6个基因型,Ⅳ型为该地区的流行优势菌群.不同牛场各基因型菌株分布有明显差异,这与牛场的环境和病原菌在牛场间流行传播情况有关.研究结果为地区性奶牛乳房炎的防治及新疫苗的研制提供了可靠的理论依据.     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为研究江苏某奶牛场金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药特点,本试验通过MALDIBiotyper系统对8株金黄色葡萄球菌疑似株进行鉴定和耐药性试验。结果显示,8株金黄色葡萄球菌疑似株均为金黄色葡萄球菌,其对青霉素、链霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率均为100%;其次,对阿莫西林的耐药率为75%;极少数对头孢氨苄、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那、卡那霉素耐药;而对四环素、多西环素、克林霉素均敏感。结果表明,该奶牛场金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率为14.55%(8/55),且均呈现多重耐药。     

Difference in virulence between Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing gangrenous mastitis versus subclinical mastitis in a dairy sheep flock

Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy sheep ranges from subclinical mastitis to lethal gangrenous mastitis. Neither the S. aureus virulence factors nor the host-factors or the epidemiological events contributing to the different outcomes are known. In a field study in a dairy sheep farm over 21 months, 16 natural isolates of S. aureus were collected from six subclinical mastitis cases, one lethal gangrenous mastitis case, nasal carriage from eight ewes and one isolate from ambient air in the milking room. A genomic comparison of two strains, one responsible for subclinical mastitis and one for lethal gangrenous mastitis, was performed using multi-strain DNA microarrays. Multiple typing techniques (pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis, multiple-locus variable-number, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, spa typing and sas typing) were used to characterise the remaining isolates and to follow the persistence of the gangrenous isolate in ewes’ nares. Our results showed that the two strains were genetically closely related and they shared 3 615 identical predicted open reading frames. However, the gangrenous mastitis isolate carried variant versions of several genes (sdrD, clfA-B, sasA, sasB, sasD, sasI and splE) and was missing fibrinogen binding protein B (fnbB) and a prophage. The typing results showed that this gangrenous strain emerged after the initial subclinical mastitis screening, but then persisted in the flock in the nares of four ewes. Although we cannot dismiss the role of host susceptibility in the clinical events in this flock, our data support the hypothesis that S. aureus populations had evolved in the sheep flock and that S. aureus genetic variations could have contributed to enhanced virulence.     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌裂解性噬菌体裂解酶LysIMEP5基因的克隆及序列分析

为了克隆奶牛乳房炎金黄色(葡萄球菌裂解性噬菌体裂解酶Lys IMEP5基因,分析其生物信息学特性,以本实验室分离的奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌裂解性噬菌体v B_Sau S_IMEP5为材料,根据其全基因组学信息,获取裂解酶基因序列,应用Primer 5.0设计特异性引物。采用PCR方法扩增并克隆Lys IMEP5基因,通过BLAST进行序列比对分析,利用在线软件对蛋白结构进行预测。成功克隆到裂解酶Lys IMEP5基因,测序结果通过DNAMAN比对与原序列完全匹配,无任何基因突变,同源性分析显示,与已报道的金黄色葡萄球菌噬菌体裂解酶相似性最高为83.1%;裂解酶Lys IMEP5基因序列全长1371 bp,共编码456个氨基酸,为亲水性蛋白,分子质量为51.717 k Da,理论等电点为9.70;Lys IMEP5同时存在CHAP片段和Amidase-3片段;该蛋白无跨膜区,无信号肽,以无规则卷曲为主。从奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌裂解性噬菌体中成功克隆出Lys IMEP5基因,通过对该蛋白的结构预测分析为后续克隆表达及开发新型绿色抑菌剂奠定了基础。     

上海地区奶牛的乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性

为调查上海地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,采集上海地区乳房炎患病乳样60 份,进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏实验。结果表明：经分离鉴定,共检出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为13.33%;药敏实验结果表明,分离得到的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G和氨苄西林的耐药率最高,均为100.00%,对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率次之,为50.00%,对头孢克洛、头孢唑肟、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和氯霉素的耐药率均为37.50%,对环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均为25.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶     

新疆部分地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖分型的研究

为调查新疆奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌主要流行血清型,本研究采用玻板凝集和双重PCR方法对不同地区奶牛乳房炎乳样中分离的117株金黄色葡萄球菌进行血清分型.结果表明荚膜多糖5型占10.26％(12/117),8型占13.68％(16/117),336型占64.96％(76/117),未分型菌株占11.11 ％(13/117).该研究为新疆奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗菌株的筛选提供了依据.     

奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是对世界奶牛业造成经济损失最大的疾病之一,它不仅直接导致乳品工业的经济损失,而且由于患乳房炎的奶牛其乳汁中经常含有大量的毒素、病原微生物以及治疗后残留的抗生素,使得该病日益引起公众的关注。金黄色葡萄球菌是奶牛乳房炎的主要病原,由于其极易产生耐药性,使得治疗变得相当困难,因此使用预防或治疗性疫苗防治乳房炎就成为首选。金黄色葡萄球菌对上皮细胞的黏附和侵袭力被认为是奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的主要致病机制,金黄色葡萄球菌的致病力涉及到许多不同的毒力因子,如黏附素、荚膜、各种毒素和酶类等。研究表明,以这些毒力因子为靶位进行疫苗研究,可能是预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的有效途径。     

牛源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定

从奶牛分离得到耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methieillin—resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）。按常规方法复苏菌株,用血浆凝固酶试验鉴定SA。用KB法、琼脂筛选法、生化鉴定法（VITEK32）、聚合酶链反应等鉴定MRSA。常规分离鏊定的葡萄球菌468株,其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（coagulase negative Staphylococcus,CNS）361株,检出率为77．149,6,金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus,SA）105株,检出率为22．44％,MRSA36株检出率为34．29％,2株未定型,占0．42％。而MRSA在乳房炎奶样中检出率高达34．29％,表明新疆兵团部分垦区牛场MRSA已经呈蔓延趋势。     

牛源金黄色葡萄球菌凝固酶基因的分型

为了了解我国不同地区奶牛场金黄色葡萄球菌基因型的分布情况,采用凝固酶基因（Coa）扩增的分型方法,对在奶牛乳房炎奶样中所分离到的26株金黄色葡萄球菌进行了分型。结果显示,26株金黄色葡萄球菌共分为5个基因型,黑龙江省分离株以PCR 3型为主（10/16）。发现在同一牛群中的分离株可以存在相同的基因型,也可以存在不同的基因型;而不同牛群中的分离株也可属于同一基因型。这种结果提示,在某个或某些牛群中存在某一金黄色葡萄球菌的流行型,但也可能存在多个金黄色葡萄球菌的克隆。     

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and pathology associated with chronic suppurative mastitis in rabbits

Staphylococcal mastitis is one of the main reasons for culling adult does from commercial rabbitries. The aim of this study was describe the spectrum of gross and microscopic lesions in 178 cases of chronic staphylococcal mastitis in adult does and to determine whether there is a correlation between Staphylococcus aureus genotypes and pathology. On the basis of histopathology, chronic mastitis was differentiated into abscesses (66.3%), suppurative mastitis with a lobular pattern (7.9%), cellulitis (19.6%) and mixed lesions (6.2%). Pathological presentations were not related to S. aureus genotype.     

金黄色葡萄球菌诱发建立乳房炎小鼠病理模型

为了建立小鼠乳房炎模型,将30只昆明小鼠随机分成3组,分别经第4对乳腺注入50μL的生理盐水、1.0×105CFU/mL和2.0×105CFU/mL的金黄色葡萄球菌,观察乳腺组织的外形和组织切片的变化;结果表明,注菌后24 h,小鼠出现明显的临床症状,乳腺出现不同程度的炎性症状,组织病理学显示腺泡腔内有大量嗜中性粒细胞浸润,泡腔间隔增宽。说明金黄色葡萄球菌能够诱发试验性乳房炎。     

如何进行奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的合理评估

奶牛乳房炎是造成全球奶业经济损失的主要原因,而金黄色葡萄球菌是最主要的病原菌。本文系统、直观地对研究奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的科研结论进行量化总结和评估,目的是为奶牛乳房炎疫苗的研发提供新思路,为设计合理的奶牛乳房炎疫苗给动物评估试验方案提供科学依据。本文在Pubmed、Science数据库和CNKI数据库对＂奶牛乳房炎疫苗＂类的文章进行了合理的电子检索,然后对细菌疫苗、细菌类毒素疫苗、DNA-重组蛋白疫苗、单一的重组蛋白疫苗等方面的科研论文从试验设计、方法、疫苗类型和研究结果 4个方面进行了全面的分析。结果表明,采用DNA、重组蛋白新技术的疫苗和传统的细菌疫苗已取得良好效果,疫苗可以成为预防和控制金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎的最好或最有前景的一种途径。但是研究方法差异和双盲试验的缺乏阻碍对疫苗效果的合理评估。     

分光光度法测定金黄色葡萄球菌菌液浓度方法的建立

为了建立一种通过吸光度测定,能够快速准确检测奶牛乳房炎多联苗中金黄色葡萄球菌抗原浓度的方法。用血平板培养至生长高峰期的金黄色葡萄球菌用生理盐水将菌苔洗下,稀释成不同浓度的细菌悬浮液,然后用平板计数法测定不同浓度菌液的活菌数,同时在波长450 nm 条件下测定其相应的吸光度,进而研究两者之间的相关性。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌数与其吸光度呈直线线性相关。建立了金黄色葡萄球菌菌液浓度与吸光度之间的回归方程式 y＝8．4106x－0．2726（R2＝0．9758）。通过测定细菌悬浮液的吸光度,可以快速计算出该菌的菌液浓度。为了验证该方法的准确性,通过平板培养了4批金黄色葡萄球菌菌液,进行了传统平板计数方法和吸光度法的比较和验证,证明吸光度测定法更为简单、快速和准确,且优于平板计数法,可以作为奶牛乳房炎多联苗中金黄色葡萄球菌抗原浓度的测定方法。