牛布鲁菌病补体结合试验测量不确定度评估

本试验应用补体结合试验方法对牛布鲁菌病进行检测,分别从溶血素效价测定、补体效价测定、抗原效价测定及血清效价测定4个方面分析了补体结合试验测量不确定度来源,并计算了合成不确定度、扩展不确定度,最终样品测量结果报告值为:X=(1.06±0.043) mg/mL(95％置信区间),即本试验中判定的可以抑制50％溶血的血清最高效价所对应的溶血素浓度为1.06mg/mL,不确定度U为0.043.     

固相反向补反试验及其对鼠脑已感染乙脑病毒抗原的快速检出试验

我们设计了一个新的补体结合表现系统——固相反向补体结合试验,应用于乙脑感染鼠脑中病毒抗原的检出,具有很高的特异性和检出率。先使病料(鼠脑乳剂)与特异免疫抗体(豚鼠免疫血清或小白鼠免疫腹水)和补体混合,置37℃感作6小时,随后滴入混有溶血素和绵羊红血球的琼脂糖凝胶板的孔内,另以未免疫血清或腹水同样地使之与混合病料、补体混合,作为对照。根据特异抗体孔和对照孔之间的溶血圈直径之差进行判定。     

马媾疫微量补体结合的改良试验

利用美国国家兽医服务实验室(Natioanl Veterinary Services Laboratiories）提供的抗原、标准阳性／阴性血清和中国兽药监察所提供的溶血素、补体，建立马媾疫微量补体结合试验方法。该试验方法简便易行，结果易判定，重复性强，在不降低敏感性的条件下又缩短了试验时间。该方法的建立添补了我国血清学微量补体结合方法检测马媾疫的空白。     

微量凝集试验诊断牛肺疫的研究——Ⅱ、抗原保存和现地应用

牛肺疫微量凝集试验抗原分别经4～8℃和8～31℃保存至第444～497天效价稳定;受检血清灭活组优于不灭活组;抗原对6种其他疫病病牛的阳性血清未出现交叉反应;微量凝集试验在实际应用和与剖检符合率方面都比补体结合反应有较明显的优越性。     

Dot－ELISA检测猪衣原体抗体的研究

本文建立的Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ对猪衣原体ＩｇＧ的最小检测量为１．３３×１０－９ｇ．与间接补体结合试验（ＩＣＦ）比较；检测１１０头份猪血清样品，Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检出５２份（４７．２７２％，效价≥６４），ＩＣＦ法检出３２份（２９．０９％，效价≥８）．用异种动物衣原体标准阳性血清作阻断试验，证明Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ特异性好（阻断可使原效价下降至少８个单位以上），诊断膜与猪瘟阳性血清、猪水疱病阳性血清、猪口蹄疫阳性血清、猪弓形体阳性血清不出现有意义的交叉反应（效价≤１６）．诊断膜片置室温（２５℃左右）、４℃和－２０℃保存１个月后反应效果不变，对照反应均成立，重复性好（重复符合率为９０．９％），反应效果不受不同批次微量反应板的影响，反应板可重复使用多次，试剂用量较常规ＥＬＩＳＡ大大节省，各步骤均可做到严格定量，操作简便（３小时内可完成），不需要特殊检测仪器，结果客观，肉眼易于判断，是微生物和传染病及寄生虫病诊断技术标准化很有前途的新技术之一．     

Richardson法贮存补体在牛肺疫补反中的效果观察

补体是一种效价很不稳定的具有酶活性的球蛋白。补反试验中补体的质量直接影响试验结果。为解决在牛肺疫监测、输出、输入检验中所用补体效价可靠,提高补体利用率,以获得准确的检测结果,笔者应用澳大利亚布病补反试验中Richardson(理查森)法贮存补体,并在牛肺疫补反中测定效价,同时用保存补体和新鲜补体对同批牛血清进行牛肺疫补反比较试验取得了满意效果。材料和方法1、牛肺疫补反抗原:成都生药厂产,批号8701—2。2、阳性血清和阴性血清:均系成都生药厂产,批号均为8601。被检血清:系采自珠日河牧场牛血清。     

微量补体结合试验诊断牛肺疫的研究

建立了牛肺疫微量补体结合试验诊断方法。对26份牛肺疫阳性血清、161份阴性血清和3816份待检样品的检测结果表明,对已知阳性血清的检出率微量法为100%(26/28),而《规程》法为80.76%(21/28)。两种方法对阴性血清和待检样品检测结果相一致。微量法具有简便、快速、节省试剂和便于自动操作等优点,适用于疫病普查中大批量血清样品及进出口牛只的检疫。     

副溶血弧菌重组酶聚合酶扩增快速检测方法的建立及初步应用

为建立副溶血弧菌快速检测方法,本研究以副溶血弧菌不耐热溶血素(tlh)基因作为靶序列设计特异性引物,经反应条件优化建立了检测副溶血弧菌的重组酶聚合酶扩增(RPA)方法.优化试验结果显示该方法在37℃和35 min条件下检测效果最佳;特异性试验结果显示,该方法除对副溶血弧菌的检测结果为阳性外,对其余8种常见的弧菌检测结果...     

以直肠黏膜粪便检菌法诊断奶牛副结核病

为寻求检出率高、快速、准确、适于现地应用的奶牛副结核病的诊断方法 ,我们查阅了国内近期对奶牛副结核病现用诊断方法的评述资料。一般认为 :临诊症状不能确诊 ,变态反应类属反应率高 ,补体结合反应对发病牛检出率低 ,酶联免疫吸附试验一时难以普及到现地。故公认 :粪便检菌法是最准确的方法。陕西畜牧兽医研究所曾报道 ,以粪便检菌法对 336头患牛进行检查 ,一次检出率达 32 .70 % ,并认为是检出排菌牛快速、有效的方法。我们用掏净患畜直肠蓄粪 ,剖取少许深部直肠黏膜粪便 ,涂片 ,以萋─纳氏抗酸染色法染色、镜检的直肠黏膜粪便检菌法 (…     

某农场受体牛血清中牛传染性鼻气管炎抗体检测

用ＭＤＢＫ细胞，采用血清微量中和试验方法，对黑龙江省某进口牛精液的奶牛场的受体牛进行血清抗牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒抗体检测。用一定量的已知牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒通过观察ＭＤＢＫ细胞病变情况，检查被检血清中ＩＢＲ中和抗体，结果发现，所检２７份血清中，其抗ＩＢＲ病毒抗体均为阳性，且抗体效价相当高。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -