普通玉米、糯玉米和蒸汽压片玉米对生长猪能量和营养物质消化率的影响

研究的目的是通过饲喂生长猪普通玉米、糯玉米和蒸汽压片玉米来测定其消化能、代谢能和营养物质的表观消化率。     

带穗玉米静贮与玉米秸秆青贮饲养育成牛的试验

为了证实带穗玉米青贮饲养育成奶牛的效果，采样分析了带穗玉米青贮和玉米秸秆青贮的营养成分，并且以２６头６～９月龄的荷坦育成牛进行了４０ｄ的配对饲养试验。结果表明：带穗玉米青贮的粗蛋白质和磷含量均高于玉米秸秆青贮。饲喂带穗玉米青贮的试验组牛的日粮营养平衡情况优于饲喂玉米秸秆青贮的对照组牛，试验组牛和对照组的日增重分别为１１９２．５和９９５．０ｇ，日增重水平提高１９．８５％，增重效益提高２１．０２％。．     

Nutritional value for swine of extruded corn and corn fractions obtained after dry milling

The experiment was designed to assess whether corn fractions or extrusion of corn can result in feed ingredients with a greater nutritional value than corn. Corn grain (8.0% CP, 0.21% P, 9.8% NDF) was processed by extrusion (82.8 degrees C, 345 kPa steam pressure for 12 s) or by dry milling to derive fractions rich in germ (13.1% CP, 1.19% P, 17.2% NDF), hulls (8.1% CP, 0.27% P, 32.6% NDF), and endosperm, namely tails (6.6% CP, 0.07% P, 3.6% NDF) and throughs (7.4% CP, 0.15% P, 4.5% NDF). Relative recovery in each fraction was 16, 20, 44, and 20%, respectively. Ileal digestibility of DM, P, and amino acids was determined using diets containing 7.0% CP from soybean meal and 5.3% CP from one of the test products. To allow for determination of standardized ingredient, ileal digestibility, basal endogenous AA losses were determined using a protein-free diet (74.6% cornstarch and 18.7% sucrose). Soybean meal ileal digestibility was determined using a diet (12.3% CP) based on soybean meal (23.3%). Eight barrows (27 +/- 2 kg) fitted with T-cannulas were fed 8 experimental diets (5-d adaptation and 2-d collection period) such that each diet was evaluated in at least 5 barrows. Relative to corn (77.9 +/- 1.2%), ileal digestibility of DM was greater for extruded corn (82.5%; P = 0.02), tails (85.9%; P < 0.01), and throughs (85.0%; P < 0.01), but it was lower for hulls (62.2%; P < 0.01) and germ (51.1%; P < 0.01). For P, corn (41.6 +/- 9.5%), throughs (47.2%), and hulls (57.3%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (7.9%) had lower ileal digestibility (P = 0.02) than corn; tails (27.6%) and extruded corn (23.5%) were not different from corn or germ but were lower than throughs and hulls. For total AA, corn (84.7 +/- 2.4%), throughs (84.3%), and hulls (85.8%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (76.6%) had lower ileal digestibility (P < 0.01) than corn; tails (82.0%) and extruded corn (81.7%) were intermediate. In conclusion, germ and hulls have a low ileal DM digestibility; germ also has low AA and P digestibility. Extrusion improved the ileal DM digestibility of corn. To maximize the ileal digestibility, removal of germ and hull from corn or extrusion of corn may thus be of interest.     

全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯饲喂肉牛效果对比

[目的]试验旨在研究全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯饲喂肉牛效果对比,[方法]选择体重450 kg左右的西门塔尔杂交牛30头,随机分为2组,保证精饲料不变,分别饲喂全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯,试验期70 d。[结果]结果表明,(1)全株玉米青贮组的日增重显著高于玉米芯组(P<0.01),比玉米芯组高出20.92%,全株玉米青贮组的料重比较玉米芯组低21.16%;(2)每头牛全株玉米青贮组的养殖效益为15.38元/d,比玉米芯组高出52.37%。[结论]综上所述,全株玉米青贮组的饲喂效果优于湿玉米芯组。     

玉米工业化冷思考

玉米，一个中国人曾经非常熟悉的一个粮食品种。伴随着中国经济的持续稳定发展，人民生活水平不断提高，大米、白面占据着主食主旋律，玉米似乎淡出了人们的视线，官方统计数据显示，玉米作为食品用仅占1．4亿吨总产量的2％，且大都是以“粗粮细做”的方式被接受。     

当前玉米市场形势分析

一、东北企业节前备货,玉米收购价持续坚挺 据监测显示，目前，东北地区加工企业节前备货需求增强，农户售粮意愿依旧较弱，当地玉米收购价格继续保持坚挺态势，部分企业为提高收购量，不得不调整定价或质量标准。     

Wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay combinations in steam-flaked corn finishing cattle diets

One finishing trial and one digestibility trial were used to evaluate wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and alfalfa hay (AH) combinations in steam-flaked corn (SFC) finishing diets. In Exp. 1, 631 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 284 +/- 7.9 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25, 35, or 45% of diet DM) and AH (2 or 6% of dietary DM) in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. No interactions existed between WCGF and AH for heifer performance. Increasing dietary WCGF linearly decreased gain efficiency (P < 0.01), dietary NEg concentration (P < 0.05), and 12th-rib fat thickness (P = 0.10). Cattle fed 35% WCGF had the lowest occurrence of abscessed livers, resulting in a quadratic response (P < 0.05) as dietary WCGF increased. In Exp. 2, 12 ruminally cannulated Jersey steers (585 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25 or 45% of diet DM) and AH (0, 2, or 6% of diet DM) in an incomplete Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Starch intake was lower (P < 0.05), but NDF intake was greater (P < 0.05) as AH and WCGF increased in the diet. Ruminal pH was increased by AH (linear, P < 0.05) and tended (P < 0.07) to increase with WCGF. Feeding 2% AH led to the greatest ruminal NH3 but the lowest total VFA and propionate (quadratic, P < 0.05). Addition of AH to diets containing 25% WCGF increased acetate to a greater extent than addition to diets containing 45% WCGF (AH x WCGF interaction, P < 0.05). Feeding 45% WCGF tended to increase passage rate (P = 0.17) and decrease (P < 0.05) total tract OM digestibility but increase (P < 0.05) in situ degradation of DM from AH and WCGF. Interactions between AH and WCGF existed (P < 0.05) for ruminal fluid volume (quadratic effect of AH x WCGF level), in situ SFC degradation (linear effect of AH x WCGF level), and in situ rate of WCGF DM disappearance (quadratic effect of AH x WCGF level). We conclude that AH levels may be decreased when WCGF is added to SFC diets as 25% or more of the dietary DM.     

玉米涨势进行中

大连玉米期货价格在五一长假前就已经摆脱了CBOT玉米的制约,期价在现货价格还没有跟涨的情况下,即出现了回稳迹象。虽然受到CBOT玉米在长假期间再次下探的影响,但大连玉米节后依然保持强劲上涨势头,目前主力701合约期价(图1)已经涨至1480元/t附近,距离1500元/t整数关口仅一步之     

玉米不同组分的营养价值评估

在美国,玉米、豆粕是大多数猪日粮的基本成分。这些日粮的总纤维含量大约为5%～10%,属中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF),而其中约70%的NDF来自玉米。     

Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing YieldGard Rootworm corn (MON 863), a nontransgenic genetically similar corn, or conventional corn hybrids

Two studies were conducted at two locations to evaluate growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either YieldGard Rootworm corn (MON 863), a non-transgenic genetically similar corn (RX670), or two conventional nontransgenic corn hybrids (DK647 and RX740). A randomized complete block design with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (two genders and four corn hybrids) was used. Study 1 used 72 barrows and 72 gilts (progeny of Danbred sires x [Danbred x NE White line] dams grown from 22.7 to 117.0 kg BW). Pigs were housed in a modified open-front building in single-gender groups of six (six pens per dietary treatment). Study 2 used 80 barrows and 80 gilts (progeny of PIC 337 sires x C22 dams) grown from 29.5 to 114.9 kg BW. Pigs were housed in an environmentally controlled finishing building in single-gender groups of five (eight pens per dietary treatment). The test corns were included at a fixed proportion of the diet in both studies. Animals had ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs were slaughtered at the end of the growth period using standard procedures, and carcass measurements were taken. There were no diet x gender interactions for growth performance or carcass measurements in either study. In both studies, overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected by corn hybrid. There was no effect of corn hybrid on carcass or LM quality measurements in Study 1. In Study 2, LM protein content was less (P< 0.05) for pigs fed RX740 compared with those fed either MON 863 or RX670; however, there was no effect of corn hybrid on other LM composition measures or on quality traits. In both studies, differences between barrows and gilts for growth and carcass traits were similar to previous research. These results suggest that the YieldGard Rootworm corn (MON 863) results in equivalent growth performance and carcass quality to nontransgenic corn hybrids in growing-finishing pigs.     

玉米市场价格进退两难

今年上半年国内玉米市场价格走势可谓一波三折,年初承接上一年的升势玉米价格一路上涨,在3月中旬创下年内高点(当时大连港平仓价格已达到1250元/t)之后开始回落,经过大约一个月的回调整理,从5月初开始重新步入升势,又经过两个月的上涨,7月份产区吉林车板价格最高已达1130元/t;销区广东、福建价格也达到了1330元/t的高位。7月中旬玉米价格出现小幅回落的行情,产、销区平均每吨回落20元左     

玉米秸秆的利用

玉米籽实成熟收穗后的黄干秸秆，是农区发展草食家畜生产潜力巨大的饲料资源。但收穗后的秸秆，随着水分的丧失，秸秆内营养物质发生一系列的变化，细胞壁变厚老化，粗纤维增加，木质素增多，并且结构稳定，营养成分难以被家畜消化吸收；随着叶绿素的消失，维生素(如胡萝卜素)的含量大幅度降低，结果使干秸秆饲料质地粗硬，适口性下降，消化率低，营养价值不高，利用受到限制。要充分开发利用秸秆资源，需经科学处理调制，从营养角度计算，3～4 kg秸秆经加工调制后喂牛相当于1 kg玉米饲料的营养价值。玉米的粮秸比是1∶1．8，也就是说收1 t…     

Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn (event nk603), a nontransgenic genetically similar corn, or conventional corn lines

Two studies were conducted at two locations to evaluate growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing either glyphosate-tolerant Roundup Ready (event nk603) corn, a nontransgenic genetically similar control corn (RX670), or two conventional sources of nontransgenic corn (RX740 and DK647). A randomized complete block design (three and four blocks in Studies 1 and 2, respectively) with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (two genders and four corn lines) was used. Study 1 used 72 barrows and 72 gilts (housed in single-gender groups of six; six pens per dietary treatment) with initial and final BW of approximately 22 and 116 kg, respectively. Study 2 used 80 barrows and 80 gilts (housed in single-gender groups of five; eight pens per dietary treatment) with initial and final BW of approximately 30 and 120 kg, respectively. Pigs were housed in a modified open-front building in Study 1 and in an environmentally controlled finishing building in Study 2. The test corns were included at a fixed proportion of the diet in both studies. Animals had ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs were slaughtered using standard procedures and carcass measurements were taken. In Study 1, overall ADG, ADFI (as-fed basis), and gain:feed (G:F) were not affected (P > 0.05) by corn line. In Study 2, there was no effect of corn line on overall ADFI (as-fed basis) or G:F ratio. In addition, overall ADG of barrows fed the four corn lines did not differ (P > 0.05); however, overall ADG of gilts fed corn DK647 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed the other corn lines. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of corn line on carcass yield or fatness measurements in either study. Differences between barrows and gilts for growth and carcass traits were generally similar for both studies and in line with previous research. Overall, these results indicate that Roundup Ready corn (nk603) gives equivalent animal performance to conventional corn for growing pigs.     

Net energy of ensiled wet corn gluten feed in corn silage diets for finishing steers.

Two trials were conducted to determine the NE value of ensiled wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) in corn silage finishing diets for beef cattle. In Trial 1, 96 Angus-crossbred yearling steers were fed corn silage-based diets containing 0, 20, 40, or 60% ensiled WCGF. Increased dietary WCGF resulted in improved DMI (linear, P less than .05), ADG (linear; P less than .05), and feed/gain (linear, P less than .05). Levels of WCGF had no (P greater than .05) effect on fat thickness, marbling, quality grade, carcass protein, and carcass fat. In Trial 2, four Angus-crossbred yearling steers were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of feeding 0, 20, 40, or 60% WCGF on DE and ME values. Level of WCGF had no (P greater than .05) effect on dietary DE and ME values. Regression equations were developed for predicting NEm (Y = 1.51 + .0009X; R2 = .22) and NEg (Y = 1.04 + .0028X; R2 = .35) in which Y = predicted diet NE values in megacalories/kilogram and X = percentage of dietary WCGF. The NEg value increased .06 Mcal/kg for each 20% increase in WCGF. Predicted NEm and NEg values for WCGF are 1.60 and 1.32 Mcal/kg, respectively.     

玉米蛋白粉掺假的鉴别

玉米蛋白粉作为一种蛋白质原料,被广泛地使用在饲料中,特别是在肉鸡料中,还可以补充黄色素,是一种较好的蛋白质饲料。然而也有不少商人受利益驱使,在玉米蛋白粉中掺假,所以在购进玉米蛋白粉的时候需要仔细辨别。笔者总结了以下几种方法可对玉米蛋白粉进行掺假鉴别。1　看外观闻气味正常的玉米蛋白粉呈黄色,颜色均匀自然;掺假的,颜色常常偏呆板;正常的玉米蛋白粉有特殊的发酵气味,而掺假的往往气味不正常。2　镜检正常的玉米蛋白粉在显微镜底下为均匀的黄白色细颗粒;而掺假的有的有发亮的晶体状物,有的有较多淡黄色粉状颗粒,有的还掺有细小的…     

青贮玉米品种筛选试验

玉米是过渡带低山丘陵地区应用最普遍的青贮料，但目前农户使用的品种均以收获子实为主，总营养体产量并不高。试验从资源收集与利用的角度，以总营养体产量为选择目标，筛选适合本地区的专用青贮玉米品种。     

美国乙醇市场和玉米消费

3月3日,美国乙醇工业协会(EIA)公布了12月美国乙醇产量报告,另外,近期报道称甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)将停止使用,在此对乙醇产业市场和玉米消费以及今年剩余时间里可能会影响该产业的因素进行略为详尽的研究。图1显示出美国乙醇产业持续强劲增长的状况。3月3日EIA公布的2005年12月报告显示:美国每天乙醇产量为28万桶,再次创下月度高点。2005年美国乙醇产量为9300万桶(39亿加仑),全年平均日产量为25.5万桶。2005年乙醇产量高于2004年的8100万桶(34亿加仑),2004年日产量为22.1万桶。12月份数据显示当月用于乙醇生产的玉米用量约为1.29亿蒲式耳,…