外来有害生物风险分析的研究进展及其对我国的启示

外来有害生物能够严重影响一个国家或地区经济与环境的可持续发展,有害生物风险分析的目的是制定积极主动的外来有害生物防治策略,本文从入侵途径、传播扩散以及经济影响等风险分析的主要评估对象阐述国内外关于有害生物风险分析的研究进展,以及对我国相关研究的启示。     

外来植物有害生物入侵及其对策

分析了外来植物有害生物传入我国蔓延危害的主要特点、发展态势及潜在风险.我国防范外来植物有害生物入侵,主要存在管理体制、法规制度、检疫手段和技术、人员素质和资金投入等诸方面问题.加强植物检疫职能、整合检疫管理力量、构建快速反应机制、确保安全服务贸易等是有效防范外来生物入侵的重要组织步骤;完善植物检疫立法和管理体制、重视技术标准研制和采用国际标准惯例、加快有害生物风险分析和重新确定检疫性有害生物名录、改进植物检疫检验手段和技术、加强非疫区和非疫生产基地建设、设立植物检疫专项基金、加强国际合作与交流等尤为迫切.     

棉田黄萎病菌致病型结构初步研究

棉花黄萎病是棉花生产中的主要病害之一,广泛分布于世界各产棉国.控制该病的猖獗危害,已成为棉花生产可持续发展的主要问题[1].利用不同抗性的棉花品种对棉黄萎病菌的选择作用,从棉田中分离获得不同的黄萎病菌菌系,在温室中采用2个抗病性差异明显的品种对其致病力进行测定,以明确同一块棉田是否存在不同致病力菌系.     

植物检疫性有害生物相关术语梳理及规范

植物检疫术语是进行植物检疫工作交流的前提与基础,对植物检疫工作具有重要意义。本文通过梳理及规范有害生物相关术语及其定义,明确了有害生物与外来物种的相互关系;通过对有害生物风险分析相关术语及其定义进行整理和规范,提出判定植物检疫性有害生物的评估方法,评估过程可结合适生性分析、传播途径、寄主情况及潜在的经济/环境影响等因素,从进入、定殖、扩散可能性及后果评估等方面进行分析。检疫性有害生物与外来入侵物种有一定交集,因此检疫性有害生物的防控对生物入侵防控具有积极作用。而对有害生物和有害生物风险分析相关术语进行规范也为植物检疫性有害生物名单的制修订提供了科学思路。本文提出的定义修改建议及植物检疫性有害生物评估方法较为概括,仅为定义和名单的制修订工作提供参考。     

入侵害虫蔗扁蛾在中国的风险性分析

为确定入侵害虫蔗扁蛾是否应列入检疫性害虫进行控制,根据WTO的<卫生与植物卫生措施协定>(SPS)要求,对其进行风险性分析.依据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险性分析(PRA)程序,利用相关模型,对各项分析指标进行分析并赋值运算.各分析指标及运算值为:(1)国内分布情况,风险值为2;(2)潜在的危害性,风险值为1.6;(3)寄主植物的经济重要性,风险值为3;(4)传播扩散的可能性,风险值为1.89;(5)风险性管理难度,风险值为1.67.蔗扁蛾的综合风险性值为1.98,风险指数已达到检疫性害虫条件,应列入检疫性害虫名单,最后提出了相关风险性管理对策.     

外来入侵物种三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida L.)及其风险分析

外来入侵物种严重威胁着农业生产、生态安全及人类健康,已成为世界各国广泛关注和研究的热点。本文对外来杂草三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida L.)的起源和分布、生物生态学特性、经济和生态影响及其控制管理措施等进行了系统综述。根据生物生态学特性、潜在风险及管理控制的难度等指标,初步建立了外来杂草的风险评估体系。应用该体系对三裂叶豚草进行了风险评估,得出其风险值为83,属高度危险的检疫性有害生物。     

进口植物及植物产品有害生物风险分析

本文从经济、生态和人及人类社会3个方面阐述了外来有害生物的风险;根据国际标准中制订的有害生物风险分析流程,定性地描述了有害生物风险分析的方法;并从入侵种特性研究、适生区预测研究和风险分析模型3个方面阐述了有关有害生物风险分析的理论研究进展,这些理论研究有助于为有害生物风险定量分析提供科学依据。     

2014—2018年湛江口岸进境大豆疫情分析与建议

本文概述了2014—2018年湛江口岸进境大豆的基本情况,通过对大豆中截获的有害生物名单进行汇总,分析得出截获有害生物319种,5664种次,其中检疫性有害生物34种,707种次,截获频率最高的检疫性有害生物为假高粱和刺蒺藜草。结合新海关新要求,提出应开发智能鉴定系统,研究商品原产地溯源技术,提高进口品质要求的检疫建议,以严防外来疫情传入。     

四种重要实蝇类害虫对福建省造成的经济损失评估

实蝇类害虫是世界性检疫害虫,对福建省农作物造成为害的主要包含橘小实蝇、南亚寡鬃实蝇、瓜实蝇、具条实蝇4种。这4种实蝇类害虫给福建省水果、蔬菜带来较为严重的经济损失,并且由于防治过程中农药的使用,造成生态环境问题。本研究选取实蝇类害虫为害较为严重的福建省主要水果和蔬菜作为研究对象,从直接经济损失、防治费用和间接经济损失3个层面建立评估模型,并对2016年4种实蝇类害虫造成的经济损失进行评估,旨在通过评估经济损失情况,为今后防治政策的制定提供思路。研究结果显示,这4种实蝇类害虫对福建省造成的经济损失约为313.48亿元,其中直接经济损失约为221.74亿元,防治费用约为84.24亿元,间接经济损失约为7.5亿元。最后,本研究提出了重视有害生物灾情评估、完善经济损失评价方法,开展农户专业培训、提升防控技术水平,加强环境规制力度、发展绿色生态农业等政策建议。     

日本进境植物检疫名录的制定以及对我国的启示

日本作为世界上农产品最大进口国之一,非常重视本国动植物检疫工作,曾长期制定只允许进入本国的有害生物名录.为与国际惯例接轨,日本改变做法,制定了一系列禁限名录,包括检疫性有害生物名录、非检疫性有害生物名录、需在出口国种植地进行检验的植物名录、禁止进口植物名录、须在出口国采取植物卫生措施的植物名录等.这几个名录联合使用,确...     

Biological control and plant health in the UK1

The protected crop environment has long been recognized as offering particularly good opportunities for the application of biological control and this is reflected in the predominance of integrated pest management programmes and the wide range of biological control agents available. The introduction of new pest species of quarantine concern can often occur in glasshouse crops, as a result of international trade in plant material, and can have a highly disruptive impact upon well established, integrated pest management programmes. The use of biological control agents against quarantine pests is discussed, including both the use of exotic species and those established in the UK. The relevant legislation in the UK is outlined in relation to the introduction of non-native species, including both plant protection and conservation interests. Environmental safety aspects such as the impact of such introductions on non-target species and issues of quality control to prevent the introduction of contaminants are noted as of particular plant health interest.     

Detection of invasions by exotic plant pests

Quantitative aspects of the detection of invasion by exotic pests are reviewed. Equations are linked for estimating the expected number of occurrences of pests, and the probability of detecting at least one pest occurrence. The frequency distributions of the annual number of detections for some exotic plant pests were calculated and in 6 of 7 analyses were not significantly different from Poisson frequency distributions. The aim of early detection of invading exotic pests would be assisted by better surveillance schemes, better data bases of invasions and more sophisticated modelling of entry by pests.     

温州龙湾国际机场入境旅客携带植物及其产品疫情 分析及应对措施

本文通过对2013—2018年温州空港口岸截获的入境旅客植物及其产品情况进行分析,发现温州空港口岸有害生物检出种类呈增长态势。6年共查获管制的植物和植物产品7495批次,截获有害生物110种,其中检疫性有害生物13种,占比11.82%。有害生物种类以昆虫居多,共55种,占比50%;热带水果检出有害生物最多,8种热带水果中检出12种检疫性有害生物。旅客携带物的有害生物检出具有时间季节效应,疫情来源地以东南亚中国台湾、中国香港、越南和泰国等国家和地区为主等特点。根据截获温州空港口岸入境旅客携带植物及其产品检出有害生物特点,因地制宜对入境旅客携带物检验检疫提出相关应对策略。     

Plant Protection and Production in Modern Society1

Many currently existing agricultural production techniques have been developed in total reliance on effective chemical pest control. Today, however, it is becoming clear that chemical pest control has a number of limitations, and its ever increasing costs may well make it a limiting factor in agricultural production. This has already occurred in a number of cotton growing areas. The need for increased world food production will require improved pest control methods. If no special precautions are taken, we will undoubtedly end up in many other crops with a situation similar to that of cotton. In view of the reduced availability of new pesticides, those currently available should be used in the optimal way. At the present time, the integrated pest control approach is the best means of accomplishing this. The introduction of such programs will require official support through legislation or technical assistance. In the future, various new developments in pest control are to be expected. Greater reliance will be placed on the use of computer science. Further effort will be needed in areas such as crop loss assessment, stored product pests, technical assistance to farmers and pesticide selectivity. Closer international collaboration on plant quarantine matters and pesticide registration are essential for the future of pest control.     

A methodology for preparing a list of recommended regulated non‐quarantine pests (RNQPs)

The concept of ‘regulated non‐quarantine pest’ (RNQP) was introduced in the revised text of the FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) approved in 1997. Measures against quarantine pests (exclusion, eradication, containment) aim to prevent unacceptable economic, environmental and social impacts resulting from the introduction and/or spread of these pests. On the contrary, the concept of RNQPs is intended to prevent an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting by pests that are already present in the area. RNQPs have been introduced in the new EU plant health regulation, in line with available international standards. This regulation entered into force in December 2016 and will be implemented in the following 3 years. In this context, EPPO agreed to undertake a 2‐year project on RNQPs: the EU Quality Pest Project. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology and then to apply this methodology to a list of about 1400 pest–host combinations to identify which should be recommended as RNQPs. This methodology is presented in this paper, as well as the main issues discussed during its development.     

Surveillance and monitoring for plant parasitic nematodes – a challenge

Surveillance of pests is an important activity for (a) early detection and prevention of spread of indigenous and exotic pests, (b) delimiting pest distribution, (c) searching for pest free areas for meeting the requirements of national and international trade and (d) to achieve effective management of pests that affect crop production. Recent developments on these topics are reviewed with special reference to plant parasitic nematodes in India.     

一种危害杧果幼果的瘿蚊科害虫

杧幼果普瘿蚊(Procontarinia frugivora Gagné)是目前已知唯一危害杧果果实的地区性害虫,国内尚未发生分布。本文综述了其分类地位、地理分布、成虫形态特征、生物学特性、传播途径等,讨论了其经济重要性及防治对策,提出了进境检疫鉴定方法,以期为进境检疫工作提供参考。     

PestLens: an early‐warning system supporting U.S. safeguarding against exotic plant pests

The effectiveness of safeguarding and quarantine actions aimed at preventing the introduction and minimizing the impact of exotic plant pests relies on current information about those pests. National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) face the following challenges: staying up to date on continuously emerging new pest information, filtering and evaluating this information, disseminating it effectively and efficiently, applying it toward decision making, and coordinating and tracking the resulting decisions and safeguarding actions. PestLens, the web‐based early‐warning system of the NPPO of the United States, is designed to address all of these challenges. This paper describes the PestLens system and discusses lessons learned during system development and operation.     

农田有害生物暴发性灾害分析

近年我国农田有害生物暴发性灾害发生频率呈不断上升趋势,已成为制约农业高产、优质、高效益持续发展的主导因素之一。迁飞性害虫大量迁入降落、生态环境的破坏、生物多样性的降低、自然因素的不正常变化、预测和防治技术的滞后以及有害生物的入侵是导致农田有害生物暴发性害灾频发的因素。改进农田有害生物灾害预测技术、保护和改良农田生态系统、提高控制农田有害生物灾害的技术水平、加强植物检疫是控制农田有害生物暴发性灾害的途径。     

北京朝阳口岸进境水果检验检疫新模式的构建

对朝阳口岸进境18个国家和地区17种水果可能携带的有害生物、有毒有害物质进行了全面风险分析,根据针对不同产地不同水果应关注的有害生物种类、形态特征、可能携带的部位,结合水果有毒有害物质的监控计划,提出旨在提高通检速度和风险控制水平的进境水果现场检验检疫新模式。