(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and 1-undecanol increase male attraction to sex pheromone trap in Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The effects of host-plant volatiles (HPVs) on male oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and response to sex pheromone trap were studied in a pear orchard. Two HPVs compounds, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and 1-undecanol, combined with sex pheromone of G. molesta in traps were tested. The results showed that most of the male moths were captured in the traps baited with the sex pheromone combined with these two HPVs compounds than by the pheromone alone. Also, more males were captured by the trap containing pheromone plus (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate than by the one containing 1-undecanol. It appeared that these HPVs act as sex pheromone synergists to enhance the attraction of male G. molestato pheromone traps, since males were not captured in the traps baited only with (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and/or 1-undecanol.     

大豆食心虫性信息素的化学结构触角电位及田间诱蛾效果

用气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,证明反-8,反-10-十二碳二烯醇醋酸(B)是大豆食心虫[Leguminivora glycinivorella (Mats.)]性信息素的组分。通过触角电位(EAG)测试,发现反-10-十二碳烯醇醋酸酯(A)、B和反-7,顺-9-十二碳二烯醇醋酸酯(C)对该虫雄蛾触角有强烈刺激作用。大量田间诱蛾试验表明,由A和B两化合物组成的性引诱剂,对该虫雄蛾有很高的引诱活性。其中A和B按5:2混合,剂量50μg/诱捕盆,单盆每日最多诱捕雄蛾达776头,诱捕雄蛾总数是1头活雌蛾的16.8倍。顺-10-十二碳烯醇醋酸酯(D)和反-10-十四碳烯醇醋酸酯(E)降低AB的引诱活性,甘油作为缓释剂,能延长诱芯的有效期,即诱蛾活性。上述结果表明,我国大豆食心虫性信息素不同于日本大豆食心虫性信息素。小面积防治应用试验效果明显。     

Development of single-dispenser pheromone suppression of Epiphyas postvittana, Planotortrix octo and Ctenopseustis obliquana in New Zealand stone fruit orchards

BACKGROUND: Pheromones of two native leafrollers of economic importance to the New Zealand horticulture industry, Planotortrix octo [(Z)‐8‐tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate] and Ctenopseustis obliquana [(Z)‐5‐tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)‐8‐tetradecenyl acetate], were reinvestigated and combined with pheromone of Epiphyas postvittana [light‐brown apple moth, (E)‐11‐tetradecenyl actetate and (E, E)‐9,11‐tetradecen‐1‐yl acetate] to develop a single dispenser for mating disruption of three pest species for integrated pest management. RESULTS: Additional compounds identified from pheromone gland extracts were characterised as repellents for P. octo. However, for C. obliquana from Central Otago, a change in ratio of (Z)‐5‐tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)‐8‐tetradecenyl acetate and the addition of three compounds found in the gland (dodecyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate and hexadecanal) led to a significant improvement in catch over previous lures. Males from Central Otago showed antennal electrophysiological responses to hexadecanal, unlike C. obliquana from Auckland, which did not. Three multiple‐species disruption blends were devised in a single dispenser to target E. postvittana, P. octo and C. obliquana. Disruption of traps was recorded in single‐tree replicates with all three blends, but the five‐component blend was overall most effective at disruption and was deployed area wide in commercial orchard plots. CONCLUSIONS: Deployment of single dispensers into commercial stone fruit orchards led to disruption of trapping for the three species and measurable reductions in insecticide use in cherries, peaches and nectarines without increased fruit damage (assessed in apricots). Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同果园中主要食心虫种群监测与防控技术

利用性信息素和黑光灯系统调查了枣园、桃园中食心虫的种类构成及其种群发生动态,并比较了3种土壤防控措施对桃小食心虫的效果。结果显示：枣园中食心虫的数量由多到少依次为：桃小食心虫、梨小食心虫和桃蛀螟,其中桃小食心虫1年发生2代,发生期为6月上旬至9月下旬,其成虫累积诱捕量随日期的变化符合Sigmoid方程;梨小食心虫1年发生4代,发生期为5月下旬至9月下旬;桃蛀螟1年发生2代,发生期为5月下旬至9月下旬。桃园中以梨小食心虫为主,1年发生4～5代,发生期为5月上旬至9月底,年均性信息素累积诱捕量为8829头/诱捕器,而桃小食心虫和桃蛀螟数量均极少。3种土壤防控措施中,灌水覆膜对桃小食心虫防控效果最好,幼虫出土抑制率为67%,其次为盖草覆膜和盖土拍实。     

大豆食心虫性信息素的化学结构触角电位及田间诱蛾效果

用气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,证明反-8,反-10-十二碳二烯醇醋酸(B)是大豆食心虫[Leguminivora glycinivorella(Mats.)]性信息素的组分。通过触角电位(EAG)测试,发现反-10-十二碳烯醇醋酸酯(A)、B 和反-7,顺-9-十二碳二烯醇醋酸酯(C)对该虫雄蛾触角有强烈刺激作用。大量田间诱蛾试验表明,由 A 和 B 两化合物组成的性引诱剂,对该虫雄蛾有很高的引诱活性。其中 A 和 B 按5∶2混合,剂量50μg/诱捕盆,单盆每日最多诱捕雄蛾达776头,诱捕雄蛾总数是1头活雌蛾的16.8倍。顺-10-十二碳烯醇醋酸酯(D)和反-10-十四碳烯醇醋酸酯(E)降低 AB 的引诱活性,甘油作为缓释剂,能延长诱芯的有效期,即诱蛾活性。上述结果表明,我国大豆食心虫性信息素不同于日本大豆食心虫性信息素。小面积防治应用试验效果明显。     

Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

The effects of field aging (0–28 days) and pheromone loading rate on the longevity of red rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone blend of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta (Busck), were evaluated in North Carolina apple orchards in 2002. Separate field tests examined the influence of trap height and pheromone loading rate of rubber septa on trap catches of adultG. molesta males in an abandoned orchard. The loss of the major pheromone component, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12:OAc), from red rubber septa over a 4-week period exhibited a relatively constant release rate with 30, 100 and 300 μg pheromone. Trap catch was significantly higher in pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy than in those in the lower canopy. Pheromone traps baited with 100μg lures caught more moths compared with those loaded with 300 μg. There was no apparent relationship between pheromone trap catch and septa age, with trap catch appearing to be primarily a function ofG. molesta population density. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

Toxicity of emamectin benzoate to Cydia pomonella (L.) and Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): laboratory and field tests

BACKGROUND: Emamectin benzoate is a novel macrocyclic lactone insecticide derived from naturally occurring avermectin molecules isolated by fermentation from the soil microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis Kim & Goodfellow. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity of emamectin benzoate to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, C. molesta (Busck), under laboratory and semi‐field conditions. RESULTS: Dose response bioassays showed that emamectin benzoate had a high level of intrinsic toxicity to early‐stage larvae of both species, and that contact activity might contribute significantly to mortality. In the semi‐field trials, residual toxicity lasted for more than 1 week. Ovicidal activity was recorded only for C. pomonella (approximately 30%), irrespective of the concentrations tested. Field trials confirmed the efficacy of emamectin benzoate on codling moth when applied at 7 day intervals. Fruit damage, both from the first and second generations, was comparable with that on treatment with chlorpyrifos‐ethyl, used as a chemical reference. CONCLUSION: Emamectin benzoate may be considered a valuable tool for the control of codling moth as a component of an IPM programme. Its collective advantages are: high efficacy, lack of cross‐resistance with currently used products, control of secondary pests such as oriental fruit moth and selective toxicity that spares beneficials. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

应用苹果蠹蛾线虫防治荔枝拟木蠹蛾的研究

荔枝拟木蠹蛾(Arbela dea Swinhoe)是荔枝、龙眼等热带、亚热带果树及林木的常见害虫,其幼虫蛀茎或枝条成坑道,夜出啃食树的韧皮部为害。1988—1989年,作者应用苹果蠹蛾线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae A24)1—8×10~3条/ml水悬浮液,注射进荔枝拟木蠹蛾的坑道或喷雾至隧道,防治面积1500亩(100ha),防效达89%—100%,有效地压低了荔枝拟木蠹蛾在这地区的为害,是一种经济的、有效的生物防治手段。     

乐果、三硫磷等杀虫药剂对苹果害虫的防治效果

乐果和三硫磷对为害苹果树的山楂紅蜘蛛和苹果紅蜘蛛均具较高的杀虫效力,后者尚有杀卵效能。这两种药剂对苹小食心虫显示良好的杀卵效力,乐果稍高于三硫磷。对初孵化幼虫同样具有一定的杀虫效力,也是乐果稍高于三硫磷。从田间防治試驗中初步看出,乐果和三硫磷对防治山楂红蜘蛛的效果良好,但逊于內吸磷。乐果防治苹小食心虫的效果接近于对硫磷,对卷叶虫較差;三硫磷防治卷叶虫的效果接近于对硫磷,对苹小食心虫较差。     

Control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella) in apple and pear orchards in Israel by mating disruption

Control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by pheromone-mediated mating disruption, was studied in Israel using two types of dispensers: Shin-Etsu twist-tie (normal and long-life) and TNO matrix formulation (square wafers). Factors affecting mating disruption: initial pest population density, timing of the pheromone application, early season insecticide treatments and monitoring of the pest, were evaluated. Efficacy of mating disruption was assessed by comparing catch of males in pheromone traps located in pheromone-treated and chemically sprayed control plots. Fruit infestation during the season and at picking time was the major criterion to assess mating disruption. The preferred time for pheromone application was before the first flight of the moth. When pheromones were applied at a later stage, one or two early insecticide sprays had to be used to reduce the initial level of the codling moth population. In all tests, trap catch in pheromone-treated plots was drastically reduced as compared with respective control plots. In pheromone-treated plots where total seasonal trap catch (after pheromone application) was less than 12 males/trap, fruit infestation was less than 1.5%; zero trap catch resulted in 0.1-0.3% infestation. At high population levels, mating disruption was ineffective, with the rate of infestation at picking-time being similar in pheromone-treated and control plots. All the field tests indicated that mating disruption with either Shin-Etsu ropes or TNO squares can control codling moth infestations in apple and pear orchards, at relatively low densities of the pest, as efficiently as commercial insecticide sprays.     

X射线辐照对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和生殖相关参数的影响

为建立基于X射线辐照的害虫不育技术,以梨小食心虫2、5、8日龄的雄蛹为研究对象,利用X射线对其进行0（CK）、67、133和200 Gy剂量的辐照处理,明确其最适辐照蛹龄;并对最适辐照蛹龄的梨小食心虫进行X射线辐照,明确辐照处理对其羽化成虫的繁殖能力、寿命、飞行能力和交配竞争力的影响。结果表明,梨小食心虫最适辐照蛹龄为8日龄;雄蛹经67 Gy与133 Gy辐照剂量处理后,与其羽化后成虫交配后的雌成虫单雌产卵量分别为25.14粒和24.56粒,卵孵化率分别为18.21%和14.61%,寿命分别为16.80 d和15.60 d,均显著低于对照;梨小食心虫雄蛹辐照处理对其羽化成虫与雌成虫的交配次数无显著影响,但辐照处理雄蛹羽化后的雄成虫与雌成虫交配后,雌成虫的日产卵量比对照明显减少,且辐照剂量越高,日产卵量变化幅度越小,产卵期也越短;辐照处理对雄蛹羽化后雄成虫的飞行能力无明显影响,但其与雌成虫的交配竞争指数下降为0.15。     

铜绿丽金龟对寄主植物挥发物的触角电生理及行为反应

为深入了解铜绿丽金龟的取食行为,探索开发安全高效的植物源引诱剂,应用昆虫触角电位反应仪和Y型嗅觉仪测试其对不同寄主植物挥发物的趋向行为差异,并根据室内行为结果配制诱剂进行大田试验。结果表明:铜绿丽金龟雄虫对水杨酸甲酯和(1,1’-联环戊基)-2-酮的触角电位反应(electroantennography,EAG)值显著高于其它试剂;石竹烯和水杨酸甲酯能引起雌虫触角较强的电位反应;乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯和石竹烯分别对雄虫和雌虫有较高的嗅觉选择反应率,分别达0.95和0.94。综合EAG和嗅觉试验结果,选择对雌、雄虫均有较好引诱效果的反式-2-己烯醛、乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯、石竹烯、(1,1’-联环戊基)-2-酮和水杨酸甲酯进行田间试验,最终筛选到铜绿丽金龟雄虫的最适引诱剂为每诱芯360 mg乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯,雌虫的最适引诱剂为每诱芯360 mg石竹烯,日诱虫量分别可达33.00±1.53头和29.33±1.45头。     

Plant volatile compounds shorten reaction time and enhance attraction of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) to codlemone

BACKGROUND: The codling moth is the most serious pest of deciduous tree fruit (apples, pears, crabapples, walnuts, quince) worldwide. The high frequency of insecticide treatments per season has resulted in breakdown of codling moth control owing to insecticide resistance. As an alternative, integrated pest management includes mating disruption to achieve population suppression in orchards. Under this scheme, the sex pheromone of the codling moth, (E, E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (codlemone), is released from dispensers in crops to hinder mating by luring males. Increasing the attractiveness of codlemone formulations to codling moth males can be regarded as a key to increasing the efficacy of mating disruption. With this aim, the effects of adding plant volatiles on the behavioural responses of codling moth males to codlemone were tested. RESULTS: Adding R(+)‐limonene, linalool, (E)‐β‐farnesene or ethyl (E, Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate to codlemone significantly increases the proportion of males flying to the pheromone source in a wind tunnel. The response level is equivalent to that of males responding to females releasing codlemone. Using real‐time recordings, it is shown how these four plant products also shorten the response time of males to codlemone under the behavioural criteria time to activation, time till upwind flight is induced and time to pheromone source contact. CONCLUSION: Shortening the response time and increasing source location by males of dispensers releasing codlemone with R(+)‐limonene, linalool, (E)‐β‐farnesene or ethyl (E, Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate added would enhance mating disruption through better engagement of males with dispensers, to the detriment of females. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

粘虫雌蛾性信息素特征成分鉴定及其不同配比的室内引诱效果

为确定粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)雌蛾的性信息素特征成分及其不同配比的室内引诱效果,采用气相色谱-质谱和气相色谱-触角电位联用技术检测了雌蛾性腺浸提液,并利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了粘虫雄蛾对不同配比性信息素特征成分的选择反应。结果显示,从粘虫的求偶雌蛾性腺浸提液中可分离到顺-11-十六碳烯醛、十六碳醛和顺-11-十六碳烯醇3种特征成分,在色谱柱中的保留时间依次为15.82、16.06和17.27 min,含量分别为3.37、1.83和0.10 ng,比例约为34∶18∶1。无论是天然存在于雌蛾性腺还是人工合成的顺-11-十六碳烯醛均能够激发雄蛾的电生理反应。顺-11-十六碳烯醛、十六碳醛和顺-11-十六碳烯醇不同配比对雄蛾表现出不同的引诱活性,最大引诱率达87%,极显著高于对照溶剂石蜡油对雄蛾的引诱率。表明顺-11-十六碳烯醛、十六碳醛和顺-11-十六碳烯醇为中国粘虫种群的雌蛾性信息素特征成分,且其不同配比对雄蛾有不同的引诱活性。     

Sex attractant for the banana moth,Opogona sacchari Bojer (Lepidoptera: Tineidae): provisional identification and field evaluation

BACKGROUND: The banana moth, Opogona sacchari Bojer, is a polyphagous agricultural pest in many tropical areas of the world. The identification of an attractant for male O. sacchari could offer new methods for detection, study and control. RESULTS: A compound extracted from female O. sacchari elicited responses from antennae of male moths. This compound was identified as a 2/3,(Z)13‐octadecadienal by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. An analog, 2/3,(Z)13‐octadecadienol, was also detected in some extracts at roughly a 1:20 ratio (alcohol:aldehyde) but did not elicit responses from antennae of male moths. Electroantennograms of synthetic candidate dienals found the strongest responses from (Z, Z)‐2,13‐octadecadienal and (E, Z)‐2,13‐octadecadienal. In field trials, (E, Z)‐2,13‐octadecadienal attracted more male O. sacchari than (Z, Z)‐2,13‐octadecadienal. Attraction was not improved for either of these compounds when the corresponding stereoisomeric alcohol was added at ratios of 1:1, 1:10 or 1:100 (alcohol:aldehyde). Jackson sticky traps containing 250 µg lures of (E, Z)‐2,13‐octadecadienal caught as many males as did traps holding virgin females. CONCLUSION: (E, Z)‐2,13‐octadecadienal has been identified as an attractant for O. sacchari males and can be used as a monitoring lure of populations of this moth. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

华北大黑鳃金龟植物源引诱剂配方筛选及引诱效果

为研制华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita的植物源引诱剂,选取7种植物挥发物单体,筛选各单体最佳引诱浓度并据此设计35个三元配方,通过华北大黑鳃金龟成虫触角电位反应试验及进一步的趋势行为反应试验筛选出对华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄成虫引诱作用较强的配方,并通过笼罩引诱试验测试所筛选配方对成虫的引诱效果。结果表明,趋势行为反应试验中配方5(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+芳樟醇+苯甲醇)、配方14(肉桂醛+苯甲醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)、配方27(1-己醇+肉桂醛+苯甲醇)和配方35(1-己醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯+顺-3-己烯基异丁酸酯)对雌成虫引诱效果较好,选择反应率分别为62.09%、62.79%、60.22%和85.13%;配方3(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+肉桂醛+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)、配方6(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+芳樟醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)和配方35对雄成虫引诱效果较好,选择反应率分别为69.12%、64.22%和89.05%。笼罩引诱试验结果表明,成虫对配方3、配方6和配方35的选择反应率分别为68.16%、60.24%和70.59%,均高于其它配方;配方3、配方6和配方35引诱的成虫数量分别为61、61和72头,均显著高于其对照引诱的成虫数量(29、40和30头)。表明配方3、配方6和配方35对华北大黑鳃金龟成虫具有显著引诱效果,可作为其引诱剂备选配方应用于生态防控。     

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cereal plants infested with crown rot: their identity and their capacity for inducing production of VOCs in uninfested plants

When infested with Fusarium sp., the cereals Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol. cv. ‘Bombona’, Avena sativa L. cv. ‘Deresz’, and Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Rastik’ can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOCs differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from those emitted by non-infested wheat, oat, and barley plants. We detected increased amounts of VOCs released by green leaves (green leaf volatiles – GLVs): (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, 1-hexyl acetate as well as the other VOCs like (Z)-ocimen, linalol, linaloloxide, benzyl acetate, indole, and β-caryophyllene. The lipoxygenase pathway resulted in the highest release of GLVs in comparison to the other biochemical pathways of volatile production. As a result of Fusarium infestation, the amounts of VOCs varied between tested cereals. We also subjected uninfested wheat, barley, and oat plants to infested wheat plants, and found that these cereals released larger amounts of VOCs compared to control plants. Emitted amounts of VOCs were significantly higher the shorter the distance between uninfested and infested plants.     

Methods for determining the vapour pressure of active ingredients used in crop protection. Part V: Thermogravimetry combined with solid phase microextraction (SPME)

The well-established evaporation rate method for determining the vapour pressure of active ingredients in crop protection down to the order of 10^-12 mbar can be supplemented by the new sample preparation technique of Solid Phase MicroExtraction (SPME). With this technique, it is possible to identify evaporating substances by analysis after partitioning into the polymer coating of a thin fibre in the outlet-gas flow of thermogravimetric equipment. The active ingredients fenpropimorph, kresoxim-methyl, metolachlor, clomazone and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate were used in this study, which showed that, despite the relatively small amount of collected material, an analytical identification of the evaporating compound by SPME/GC can be successfully achieved. In particular, the experiments have demonstrated a clear correlation between the linearity of the weight loss curve and the evaporation process of a pure compound. In the case of organic compounds that are unstable to heat, the SPME method can also be utilized to show whether, and at what temperatures, decomposition of the sample into fragments of higher volatility occurs. For example, the insecticide dimethoate showed a clear temperature dependence of both evaporation behaviour and in the SPME/GC analysis. © 1998 SCI     

嘌呤氧基苯氧丙酸酯的合成及除草活性

以4,6-二氯-5-硝基嘧啶为起始原料,经过还原胺化、取代、醚化等一系列反应,得到11个未见文献报道的嘌呤氧基苯氧丙酸酯类化合物1a~1k,其结构经1H NM R和M S确认。初步生物活性测定表明:在200 mg/L下,所有目标化合物均表现出一定的除草活性,其中化合物1f((R)-2-(4-((9-(4-氯苯)-8-(三氟甲基-9H-嘌呤-6-基)氧)苯氧)丙酸丁酯)和1h((R)-2-(4-((9-(4-氯苯)-8-(三氟甲基-9H-嘌呤-6-基)氧)苯氧)丙酸乙酯)对靶标的抑制率几乎都达到100%。     

Adding microencapsulated pear ester to insecticides for control of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple

BACKGROUND: The possibility of improving the efficacy of various insecticides for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), by the addition of a microencapsulated formulation of pear ester, ethyl (2E, 4Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate (PE‐MEC, 5% AI), was evaluated in field trials in apple from 2005 to 2009. RESULTS: The addition of PE‐MEC (<3.0 g AI ha^?1) significantly lowered fruit injury with low rates of organophosphate and neonicotinoid insecticides. The addition of PE‐MEC (1.48 g AI ha^?1) to maximum label rates of insecticides with moderate activity for codling moth, such as ebamectin benzoate, spinosad and methoxyfenozide, significantly improved their effectiveness. However, PE‐MEC did not consistently improve the activity of maximum label rates of either rynaxypyr or spinetoram. The addition of PE‐MEC with seasonal spray programs of acetamiprid and azinphos‐methyl in combination with the use of sex pheromones for mating disruption provided the most effective control. CONCLUSION: The addition of PE‐MEC can improve the effectiveness of some insecticides for codling moth in apple. Insecticides active via dermal toxicity are more strongly improved by the addition of PE‐MEC. Season‐long use of PE‐MEC can also augment the effectiveness of mating disruption. Adding PE‐MEC to variable integrated management programs for C. pomonella should be further investigated. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.