Application of fungicides to foliage through overhead sprinkler irrigation – a review

Articles on chemigation with fungicides targeting foliage have been reviewed. They included 23 fungicides tested on 10 crops. Many studies compared chemigation to a check treatment, while others also included conventional methods. Chlorothalonil, followed by mancozeb, fentin hydroxide and captafol were the most studied fungicides, while peanut (Arachis hypogaea), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ), and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were the most studied crops. Center pivot, followed by solid set, were the irrigation systems most frequently used. The minimum volume of water applied by some center pivots (25 000 litre ha⁻¹ ) is 25 times the maximum volume of water used by conventional ground sprayers. The reduction of fungicide residue on foliage caused by the very large volume of water used by chemigation might be offset by the following factors: (1) fungicide application at the time of maximum leaf wetness when fungi are most active, (2) complete coverage of plants, (3) reducing greatly the inoculum on plant and soil surface, (4) better control of some soil pathogens, and (5) more uniform distribution of fungicides by center pivot. Furthermore, chemigation avoids mechanical damage and soil compaction. Additionally, some systemic fungicides seem to be absorbed rapidly by the leaves, by root uptake from the soil, or by both. In general, all fungicides applied through irrigation water can lessen disease severity. However, when compared to conventional methods, chemigation with fungicides can be less, equally or more effective depending on crop, pathogen, disease severity, fungicide and volume of water. For Cercosporidium personatum control on peanuts, application of protectant fungicides through irrigation water is less effective than conventional methods, but the results with some systemic fungicides mixed with non-emulsified oil and applied through a relatively low volume of water (2.5 mm) are encouraging. Important diseases of potato and tomato can be controlled nearly as well by chemigation as by conventional methods without impairing yield. The main advantage of chemigation for these crops is avoiding a large number of tractor trips through the field and reduced costs of fungicide application. Chemigation has also been shown to be a good option for control of white mold [ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum] on dry beans. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同矿化度滴灌水对沙漠公路防护林土壤微生物的效应分析

在塔里木沙漠公路防护林区,选取四种滴灌用水矿化度值2.58/g.L-1、5.75/g.L-1、8.90/g.L-1和13.99/g.L-1的防护林地,采集0-5cm、5-15cm、15-30cm和30-50cm土层的土壤,分析了土壤微生物在不同矿化度滴灌水作用下的变异规律,结果表明:滴灌用水矿化度值不同的防护林地土壤微生物数量差异明显,微生物数量随矿化度值增大而减少;不同土层间土壤微生物数量亦出现差异,中层土壤最大;当滴灌用水矿化度值增大时,土壤盐分含量会升高;由于高矿化度滴灌水的作用,土壤物理结构变差,从而影响速效养分的积累。由此可见,高矿化度滴灌水会使土壤积盐、板结硬化,不利于土壤团粒结构形成和养分活化积累,土壤质量下降,从而抑制土壤微生物生长和发育。     

Foliar Persistence and Residual Activity of Tebufenozide Against Spruce Budworm Larvae

A field study was conducted to investigate the persistence of tebufenozide in white spruce foliage. An aqueous suspension concentrate formulation, RH-5992 2F, was sprayed over single trees at three dosage rates, 35, 70 and 140 g of the active ingredient (AI), in 2·0 litre ha⁻¹, using ground application equipment. Foliage was collected at different intervals of time up to 64 days after treatment and tebufenozide residues were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Foliage was also fed to laboratory-reared 4th- and 6th-instar spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens). The data indicated that tebufenozide residues in foliage declined with time according to first-order kinetics. The average rate-constant and half-life of disappearance (DT₅₀) were 0·0340 and 20·45 days, respectively. Larval mortality declined gradually, corresponding to the residues, but was still appreciable (49 to 70%) when the larvae were fed with foliage collected 64 days after treatment. The amount of foliage consumed by the larvae decreased when foliar residues of tebufenozide increased, thus indicating anti-feedant activity of the chemical. The LD₅₀ values for both instars were similar and averagedc.25 ng per insect, but the LD₉₀ values were significantly lower for 4th-instar than for 6th-instar, at 63·6 and 96·1 ng per insect respectively. This implies that, theoretically, at a foliar concentration of 1·0 μg tebufenozide g⁻¹ foliage (fresh wt), the spruce budworm larva needs to consume 65 to 100 mg of foliage in 10 days to cause mortality in about 90% of a population of the insect.     

膜孔灌夏玉米耗水特性和水分生产效率试验研究

通过测坑试验,研究了膜孔灌灌水频率和灌水量对夏玉米耗水量、产量和水分生产效率产生的影响。结果表明,拔节期和抽穗期是玉米需水的关键阶段;相同灌水频率时,耗水量随灌水量的增加而增大,相同灌水量时,耗水强度随灌水频率的增加而增大;玉米产量与玉米生育期总耗水量之间呈良好的抛物线关系;膜孔灌夏玉米产量和水分生产效率较佳的需水量是2546～3410 m3·hm-2;灌水条件相同时,玉米膜孔灌比常规畦灌的耗水量减少6．2％,水分生产效率提高23．3％,增产15．9％。     

甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌条件下春玉米田水盐特征分析

通过对甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米种植条件下土壤水分、盐分的观测,分析了膜下滴灌春玉米生育期土壤水分、盐分动态变化及其产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:不同生育期,同一土层深度,土壤水分含量高低分布与土壤盐分含量高低分布相反,均表现出土壤不同深度盐分含量高的区域相应水分含量低,滴灌带之间土壤盐分积累较滴头之间显著;灌水定额480 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水分在土层纵向运移显著,深层渗漏明显,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水在土壤不同深度横向层面运移显著,有利于作物吸收利用;膜下滴灌能够在滴水过程中明显降低土壤表层0~40 cm盐分含量,土壤下层40~100 cm为盐分聚集区域;灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,春玉米产量构成和水分利用效率较高。从作物生长水盐环境及高效节水的角度出发,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理的效益最优。     

Formulation selection,and investigation of azadirachtin-A persistence in some terrestrial and aquatic components of a forest environment

Five commercial formulations of azadirachtin-A (AZ-A) Margosan-O^®, Azatin-EC^®, Neem-EC^®, RH-9999 and Neemix^® 4.5, were investigated for their volatilization and washoff potential in laboratory studies. Prior to the investigation, RH-9999 (a wettable powder) was mixed with water to provide an end-use formulation containing 35·6 g AZ-A kg^-1, while the remaining four formulations were investigated without dilution. Volatilization and washoff of AZ-A occurred more from white spruce foliage than from wax-coated glass plates. Neem-EC provided the lowest amount of loss, whereas Margosan-O provided the highest. Physical properties and atomization behaviour of the five formulations indicated that Azatin-EC was highly viscous and caused phase separation in droplets collected on glass plates after atomization in a rotary atomizer. RH-9999, despite its low viscosity, caused phase separation in droplets because of the heterogeneity of the wettable powder formulation. Based on the minimum loss of AZ-A due to volatilization and washoff from spruce foliage, and on the minimum potential for phase separation in droplets after atomization in a rotary atomizer, Neem-EC was considered to be the most appropriate choice for use in field studies to investigate environmental persistence and fate of AZ-A in terrestrial and aquatic matrices of a forest ecosystem. The Neem-EC formulation was sprayed at 40 and 80 g AI ha^-1 over single spruce trees and on litter and soil plots selected in a mixed-wood boreal forest in Ontario, Canada. In addition, outdoor aquaria containing stream water and sediment were also fortified with the formulation at 400 and 800 g AI ha^-1. Persistence of AZ-A was evaluated using one-year-old spruce needles, current-year shoots, spruce bark, litter, soil, stream water and sediment. The duration of persistence varied from 3 to 6 days in terrestrial matrices, whereas it ranged from 8 to 13 days in water, and 2 to 3 days in sediment. The half-life (DT₅₀) values ranged from 10·7 h (for soil) to 71·6 h (for spruce bark) at the lower dosage rate, and from 18·8 h (for litter) to 76·2 h (for bark) at the higher dosage rate. The DT₅₀ value for stream water was about 35 h regardless of the dosage rate applied. The data indicated that AZ-A was appreciably labile and short-lived in different forestry matrices, with low DT₅₀ values. © 1997 SCI     

灌水量对全膜垄作沟灌玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

针对河西灌区水资源紧缺的问题,探索玉米合理的灌溉量,以期指导区域玉米合理灌溉。通过在石羊河流域设置不同的灌水量梯度,研究不同灌水量对全膜垄作沟灌玉米产量及水分利用效率,以及土壤含水率、产量要素的影响。结果表明:全膜垄作沟灌玉米灌水量从4 500 m~3·hm~(-2)增加到4 725 m~3·hm~(-2)、4 950 m~3·hm~(-2)时,产量并没有随着灌水量的增加而增加,灌水量增加到5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)时,在水分利用效率没有降低的情况下,产量相对于4 500、4 725 m~3·hm~(-2)和4 950 m~3·hm~(-2)处理明显增加11.46%、8.39%和8.54%,其中果穗长度、穗粒数和百粒重平均增加4.88%、3.27%和4.31%是其产量增加的主要原因。对于土壤含水率,玉米需水盛期的7月16日至8月3日,5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)处理显著高于其他三个处理,而灌浆期各处理间则差异不显著。与播前期相比,收获期土壤含水率降低层主要集中在20~80 cm土层,土层贮水量平均降低6.72 mm,且各处理0~110 cm土层贮水量差异并不明显。因此,本研究表明5 175 m~3·hm~(-2)为石羊河流域全膜垄作沟灌条件下的适宜灌溉量,但灌浆中后期的最后一次灌水应考虑适当降低灌水量。     

鲁北平原咸水滴灌对土壤水盐分布和棉花产量的影响

鲁北平原是山东省重要的粮棉油生产基地,合理利用微咸水和咸水资源是亟待解决的问题。通过田间小区试验,以淡水滴灌处理为对照,设置不同矿化度咸水滴灌处理,研究全地膜覆盖条件下,咸水滴灌对棉花农田土壤水盐分布和产量的影响。结果表明,灌出苗水可以明显降低棉田主要根层土壤EC值,降低率在26．8％～29．0％之间。咸水滴灌减少了棉花对土壤水分的吸收,主要影响土层在40～100 cm,灌溉水矿化度越高,影响越大。与淡水滴灌相比,滴灌补灌矿化度6g·L-1以下的咸水对棉花产量没有明显的影响,而滴灌8g·L-1的咸水在降水偏少的年份能明显降低棉花产量。从土壤盐分的积累来看,利用滴灌补灌一次6g·L-1以下的咸水,通过黄河水和夏季降水淋洗土壤盐分,不会造成棉花根系分布层土壤盐分的积累。该研究结果可为鲁北平原区咸水利用提供科学依据。     

微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄产量的影响

为探明微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄生长和产量的影响,通过大田小区试验,设置灌水矿化度和灌水定额两个因素,其中3个灌溉水矿化度水平分别为S1:1 g·L~(-1)、S2:3 g·L~(-1)和S3:5 g·L~(-1),3个灌水定额分别为W1:305 m~3·hm~(-2)、W2:458 m~3·hm~(-2)和W3:611 m~3·hm~(-2),来进一步寻求适宜本地区加工番茄生长的微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明:覆膜微咸水滴灌条件下土壤含水量垂直方向的变化趋势表现为0～20 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐降低、20～100 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐增大、60～100 cm范围内土层剖面含水量最大的分布规律;土壤含盐量随着灌水矿化度的增大而增加,且随着灌水量的增加土壤盐分逐渐向水平距滴灌带35 cm处聚集。灌水矿化度超过3 g·L~(-1)时加工番茄株高、茎粗均受到一定程度的抑制作用,但对产量影响不大。本文通过试验得出:灌水定额为611 m~3·hm~(-2)、矿化度为1 g·L~(-1)处理为本地区最佳微咸水膜下滴灌处理,加工番茄生长健壮且产量最高,达到127 613.2 kg·hm~(-2);同时认为,在我国淡水资源比较缺乏的新疆地区可以考虑采用灌水定额458 m~3·hm~(-2)和灌水矿化度3～5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水对盐分中等敏感的加工番茄进行灌溉。     

山地不同树龄枣园土壤水分状况研究

为研究黄土高原梨枣林地土壤水分状况,利用TRIME管和洛阳铲对灌溉及雨养两种条件下不同种植年限(1 a、4 a、9 a、12 a)的梨枣林0~160 cm、0~700 cm范围深度内土壤水分状况进行监测研究。研究结果显示:随着树龄增长梨枣林地土壤水分储量下降;灌溉梨枣林与雨养梨枣林相比,其主根系层0~160 cm土壤水分储量较高;现有灌溉定额条件下,灌溉梨枣林地根区平均土壤水分满足度仍然相对较低;旱作梨枣林随树龄增大,土壤干层的分布深度和土壤干燥化强度趋于增加。     

直插式根灌的土壤水分时空分布与节水效率

在塔里木河下游枣树生态经济林进行根灌试验,研究了直插式根灌条件下的土壤水分时空分布和节水效率。结果表明:(1)灌水过程中直插式根灌的土壤水分分布在0~100 cm土壤层,随灌溉时间增加,土壤含水量,0~20 cm土层呈波动变化,80~100 cm土层基本稳定,其余各土层呈S型增加;(2)不同时期1 m深土层平均土壤体积含水量最大值及达到最大值的时间,枣树生长初期为44.62%、7.5 h,花期为43.26%、12.5 h,幼果期为46.3%、15 h;(3)根灌过程中,各土层土壤含水量变异系数大小次序为80 cm20 cm40 cm60 cm100 cm;灌后土壤平均含水量,80、100 cm土层与其余各层之间差异显著,20、40、60 cm土层之间差异不显著,80 cm土层土壤含水量空间异质性最高;(4)三次试验后20 d内,0~100 cm土层的平均土壤体积含水量消退速率分别为0.21%·d~(-1)、0.19%·d~(-1)和0.17%·d~(-1),土壤体积含水量60 cm和100 cm土层消退速率稳定,40 cm土层呈先消退后增加的趋势,20 cm土层0~10 d迅速消退,80 cm土层11~20 d迅速消退;(5)直插式根灌的节水效率比地表滴灌高27.78%,水分利用效率分别比地表滴灌和漫灌高8.12%、52.46%。     

Interception and persistence of parathion and fenvalerate on cotton plants as a function of application method

Parathion (O,O-diethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) and fenvalerate [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] were applied by controlled droplet applicators (CDAs) and conventional hydraulic nozzles in refined soybean oil, soybean oil + water, or water, to mature cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as ULV (ultra-low volume, < 5 litre ha^?1), VLV(very low volume, 5-50 litre ha^?1), or LV(low volume, 50–200 litre ha^?1) carrier rates. The use of CDA or soybean oil applied as ULV and VLV sprays did not produce greater deposition or persistence for either insecticide during the 49-h test period following application. In general, insecticide persistence was greatest when applied with water or soybean oil + water as LV sprays using the conventional TX8 hydraulic nozzle.     

The influence of formulation on Trichoderma biological activity and frosty pod rot management in Theobroma cacao

Frosty pod rot (FPR), caused by Moniliophthora roreri, is responsible for significant losses in Theobroma cacao. Due to limited options for FPR management, biological control methods using Trichoderma are being studied. Combinations of three formulations and two Trichoderma isolates were studied between May 2009 and April 2011. The formulations were 0·3 mL L^?1 of the surfactant BreakThru 100SL (BT), a mixture of 1% w/v Sure‐Jell (source of pectin) and 1% w/v potato dextrose broth (PDB) (PP), and an invert oil emulsion of 50% v/v corn oil/2·5% w/v lecithin/0·5% w/v PDB (COP). Water and fungicide, copper oxychloride, were included as controls. Humidity chamber studies indicated that Trichoderma conidia germinated in all formulations if free water was maintained, while only the COP formulation supported germination under drying conditions. In the field, Trichoderma ovalisporum DIS‐70a and Trichoderma harzianum DIS‐219f were applied monthly in each of the three formulations at a rate of 180 mL per tree, 2·46 × 10⁷ conidia per mL. The COP/DIS‐70a formulation provided the largest yield increase compared to all other treatments, including the fungicide control. Averaged over the 2 years, the COP formulation increased yield to 30·7% healthy pods compared to 9·7% healthy pods in the water control. Although the formulation/isolate combinations did not consistently increase endophytic colonization, the PP/DIS‐219f, COP/DIS‐219f and COP/DIS‐70a combinations increased total endophytic/epiphytic colonization by Trichoderma. The invert corn oil formulation of DIS‐70a significantly enhanced yield of healthy cacao pods over 2 years providing a promising model for optimizing Trichoderma‐based biocontrol strategies.     

黑土区不同水分处理对大豆产量和水分利用效率的影响

以中国科学院海伦农田生态系统野外科学观测研究站内的2011年水分控制试验为基础,分析了四个水分处理对大豆产量和水分利用效率的影响.研究结果表明,不同水分处理对大豆生物量与株高的影响表现为过量水处理(I1)＞适宜水处理(I2)＞自然降水(R)＞干旱水处理(I3);I2能够明显改善大豆的农艺性状,增加大豆的百粒重和每株粒数,降低瘪荚数的发生;与I1,R和I3相比,产量分别增加了13.7％,12.4％和24.1％,R与I2之间的差异表明除了土壤进水量以外,灌溉时间也是影响大豆产量的主要因素之一.受到土壤进水量的限制,I3的水分利用效率最高,为18.36 kg/(hm2· mm),其次为I2为14.38 kg/(hm2· mm).因此,从大豆产量和水分利用效率的角度考虑,在大豆的生长期间内I2的347mm的土壤进水量是能够满足其生长发育需要的,合理的灌溉时间是节约灌溉用水,提高产量和水分利用效率的关键.     

Fumigant distribution in forest nursery soils under water seal and plastic film after application of dazomet, metam-sodium and chloropicrin

Adequate concentration, exposure time and distribution uniformity of activated fumigant gases are prerequisites for successful soil fumigation. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate gas phase distributions of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and chloropicrin (CP) in two forest-tree nurseries. Concentrations of MITC and CP in soil air were measured from replicated microplots that received dazomet, metam-sodium and CP. Half of the plots were covered with high-density polyethylene tarp immediately after fumigation; the other half were not covered but received daily sprinkler irrigation for 1 week to create and maintain a water seal. The magnitude of MITC concentrations was similar between nurseries for metam-sodium in both tarp and water seal treatments and for dazomet in the tarp treatment. Consistently greater MITC and CP concentrations were found in the upper 30 cm of soil in the tarped plots compared with the water-sealed plots. Despite potential environmental and economic benefits with the water seal method, tarp covers were more reliable for achieving and maintaining higher MITC and CP concentrations and less prone to variations due to irrigation/rain, soil bulk density and other environmental conditions.     

Comparison of lettuce diseases and yield under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation

ABSTRACT Subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were compared on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cvs. Salinas and Misty Day for yield and incidence and severity of three important diseases of lettuce in the Salinas Valley, CA. Experiments were conducted between 1993 and 1995 during the spring and fall seasons. The diseases examined included lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor), downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), and corky root (Rhizomonas suberifaciens). Replicated plots of subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were arranged in a randomized complete-block design. All plants were inoculated with S. minor at the initiation of the experiment during the 1993 spring season. Plots were not inoculated for downy mildew and corky root during any season nor were the plots reinoculated with S. minor. During each season, all plots were sprinkler irrigated until thinning, and subsequently, the irrigation treatments were begun. The furrow plots were irrigated once per week, and the drip plots received water twice per week. The distribution of soil moisture at two soil depths (0 to 5 and 6 to 15 cm) at 5, 10, and 15 cm distance on either side of the bed center in two diagonal directions was significantly lower in drip-irrigated compared with furrow-irrigated plots. Plots were evaluated for lettuce drop incidence and downy mildew incidence and severity at weekly intervals until harvest. Corky root severity and yield components were determined at maturity. Lettuce drop incidence and corky root severity were significantly lower and yields were higher in plots under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation, regardless of the cultivar, except during the 1994 fall season. Incidence and severity of downy mildew were not significantly different between the two irrigation methods throughout the study. The differential microclimates created by the two irrigation treatments did not affect downy mildew infection, presumably because the mesoclimate is usually favorable in the Salinas Valley. Subsurface drip irrigation is a viable, long-term strategy for soilborne disease management in lettuce in the Salinas Valley.     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄产量和品质的影响

为探明咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄植株生长、产量和品质的影响,本试验以南疆地区设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为2 g·L^-1（T1）、4 g·L^-1（T2）、6 g·L^-1（T3）和8 g·L^-1（T4）,并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展同一灌水定额条件下设施番茄适宜灌水矿化度的研究。结果表明：不同生育期阶段土壤含水率基本表现为20～60 cm土层较高,表层及深层土壤含水率相对较低,土壤含水率随着灌水矿化度的增大逐渐增加;0～80 cm土层平均土壤含水率在生育期内逐渐降低,且深层土壤降幅显著;生育期初始阶段土壤含盐量主要积聚在0～40 cm土层,随着生育期的推进土壤盐分呈累积趋势且向深层土壤运移,生育期末主要积聚在0～60 cm土层;灌水矿化度小于4 g·L^-1时0～20 cm土层整体呈脱盐状态,其中CK处理平均脱盐率达27.79%,T1处理平均脱盐率达17.07%;灌水矿化度2～4 g·L^-1促进了番茄植株生长,株高和茎粗相较CK分别...     

喷灌条件下不同灌溉施肥对玉米耗水和产量的影响

通过野外实测资料,定量研究大型喷灌条件下不同灌水量(3个水平)和肥力(3个水平)处理对玉米耗水规律、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明,拔节期和灌浆期是玉米需水的关键阶段;玉米不同处理在各生育期耗水量在25.63~182.74 mm之间变化,变幅较大。相同肥力处理下,玉米各生育期耗水量总体变化均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;相同水分处理下,玉米耗水量、产量随肥力的增加而增加;对比分析发现,产量对水量变化的敏感程度远高于施肥量变化的敏感程度;玉米全生育期总耗水量与玉米产量之间呈现良好的抛物线关系(R2=0.829),耗水量为4 673 m3·hm~(-2)时产量Y值最大,为11 151 kg·hm~(-2)。在同等灌水和施肥条件下,处理SF-9比SF-10(CK)增产8.40%,水分生产效率提高15.0%,其它处理增产7.89%~54.51%,喷灌条件下玉米增产效果明显。     

基于HYDRUS-1D的不同质地土壤入渗过程数值模拟

基于HYDRUS-1D软件,对不同土质(淤泥、粉砂壤土、砂质粘壤土)的灌溉方案进行了系统的数值实验,模拟灌溉结束时及灌溉结束24 h之后的土壤剖面含水量和土壤湿润锋的变化情况。结果表明:在不产生径流的情况下,灌溉结束24 h后土壤的含水量分布和湿润深度只与土壤种类和灌溉量有关,与灌溉速度无关;对透水性较好的土质,灌溉水分重分布明显,以粉砂壤土灌溉速率0.7 cm·h~(-1)和灌溉时间3 h为例,灌溉结束时和灌溉24 h后土壤湿润深度分别为9.2 cm和20.6 cm,有55.3%的灌溉水参加了水分重分布;土壤湿润深度与灌溉量之间存在线性关系,拟合直线的斜率介于5.15(淤泥)和5.95(砂质黏壤土)之间。     

不同滴灌量下冬小麦耗水特性及干物质积累分配研究

在2013—2014年、2014—2015年田间试验研究了W1(2 550、2 325 m3·hm~(-2)),W2(3 450、3 000 m3·hm~(-2)),W3(4 350、3 675 m3·hm~(-2)),W4(5 250、4 350 m3·hm~(-2))4种滴水量处理对0~140 cm土层含水量及小麦叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累分配、水分利用效率及产量等的影响。结果表明,拔节至灌浆期间,在每次滴水225~900 m3·hm~(-2)的范围内,增加滴水量主要直接增加0~60 cm土层含水量,间接减少60~140 cm土层储水消耗量,W4土壤储水消耗较W1减少50%左右;增加拔节至成熟期间冬小麦群体叶面积指数、光合势;增加干物质积累量和花后光合产物对子粒的贡献率,降低花前营养器官贮藏物向子粒的转移量、转移率和其对子粒的贡献率,增加产量、降低灌溉水利用效率。总滴水量大于3 675 m3·hm~(-2)(其中,拔节至灌浆期间的滴水量大于2 700 m3·hm~(-2))增产不显著,并且大幅度降低灌溉水利用效率。降水量对冬小麦产量形成影响很小,灌水量对小麦产量和水分利用效率起决定性作用;北疆冬小麦全生育期适宜总滴水量为3 450~3 675 m3·hm~(-2)(其中,拔节期、孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期各450~675 m3·hm~(-2)),可以获得的产量是6 737.4~8 604.1 kg·hm~(-2)。