典型喀斯特地区土壤重金属累积特征及环境风险评价

基于225个样点分析了贵州省不同地区(自然背景区、农业种植区和矿区)表层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的含量、分布及累积特征,采用地积累指数(I_(geo))对土壤重金属污染水平进行评价,并根据潜在生态风险指数(RI)及人体健康风险评估模型评估了不同分区土壤重金属暴露的生态风险和人体健康风险水平。结果表明:贵州省不同分区表层土壤中重金属含量差异较大,与贵州省土壤背景值相比,农业种植区土壤Hg、Zn、Cd和As累积特征明显;矿区土壤Hg、Zn、Cd、Pb和As累积特征较显著,平均含量分别是贵州省土壤背景值的52.55、23.22、16.32、14.48倍和4.85倍。I_(geo)值显示自然背景区土壤重金属处于无污染水平,而农业种植区各重金属主要处于无污染或无-中污染水平,矿区污染程度较突出,重金属Hg、Zn、Cd、Pb达到中污染水平,特别是在黔西北和铜仁等矿产资源分布区。综合生态风险评价结果表明,矿区土壤中重金属生态风险水平远高于农业种植区和自然背景区,矿产资源集中分布区土壤重金属生态风险较高,部分样点达到高生态风险水平。单一重金属潜在生态风险评价结果显示,农业种植区和矿区土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb和As为主要风险因子,Cr和Cu处于低风险状态。人体健康风险评估结果显示,矿区的人体健康风险高于农业种植区,农业种植区和矿区土壤对成人的非致癌风险在可接受范围内,但致癌风险不可忽视,对儿童的非致癌风险与致癌风险均高于成人。     

利用分子生物标志物法揭示种植芭蕉的农业土壤中有机质的来源与降解

采集并比较两类不同耕作活动下的土壤(BJ和YS),利用分子生物标志物法对其中土壤有机质(SOM)的组成、分布特征和降解状态进行分析比较,以研究不同耕作活动对SOM的影响。土壤总碳含量从1.75%(YS)降低至1.58%(BJ),表明BJ中SOM的含量显著下降;脂肪酸的含量从127.22 mg g~(-1) C(YS)增大至345.09 mg g~(-1) C(BJ),长链烷烃C29、C31,以及芭蕉叶和茎中未检测到的烷醇在BJ中大量出现,表明芭蕉来源有机质的大量输入。C/N值从14.94(YS)降低至11.47(BJ),烷烃的ACLFA值从23.87(YS)增大至24.97(BJ),3,5-DHBA/V值从0.52(YS)增大至0.64(BJ),表明BJ的降解程度高于YS。短链烷烃和木质素V类可能来自原始土壤中的有机无机复合体。以上结果证明:人为耕作活动加速了SOM在土壤中的周转。广泛了解人为耕作活动对SOM的影响,将会为土壤经营管理以及估算受人为干扰的生态系统中的碳循环提供重要的信息。     

准东红沙泉矿区重金属生态风险缓冲区分析

矿产资源开发导致土壤重金属污染是社会普遍关注的热点问题。通过调查准东煤田的红沙泉煤矿及其周边公路两侧表层土壤(0～20 cm)中七种重金属镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)含量的空间分布特征,使用潜在生态危害指数法评价了矿产开发造成的潜在生态风险,并使用缓冲区分析法进一步划分了风险等级。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤中重金属Cd和As处于重度污染,含量分别超标100%和93%。重金属Hg和Zn处于轻微污染水平,其余重金属未超标;(2)生态风险评价结果表明从红沙泉矿区沿公路至雀仁乡方向0～30 km内均处于重金属污染影响的敏感区域。单一因子风险指数均超出最高等级,因此存在很高的潜在生态危险;(3)缓冲区分析说明以红沙泉矿区为中心,根据距离可划分成四个缓冲区,其生态风险按大小排序为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ。上述方法对类似的研究具有借鉴价值,也为当地政府制定污染防治预案提供了参考。     

粤西某硫酸厂周边作物及其种植土壤中铊污染及其潜在生态风险

对粤西某硫酸厂周边农田的农作物及其种植土壤中重金属Tl的含量分布、潜在生态风险进行了探讨。结果表明,硫酸厂周边农作物及其种植土壤均受到了Tl污染,其中作物种植土壤中Tl的含量变化范围为3.76～7.24mg·kg^-1,表现出中度以上的Tl污染和较高程度的潜在生态风险;Tl在6种不同农作物中的含量变化范围为20.69～176.7mg·kg^-1,表现出明显的生物富集效应。其中番薯中Tl的富集系数最大,为26.9;油麦菜中Tl的富集系数最小,为4.11。农作物中Tl的健康风险评价表明,在硫酸厂周边农田种植的作物中除毛豆外,其余的农作物可食用部分中Tl的危险商（HQ）值均大于1.0,食用这些农作物将可能对人体产生健康风险,应当引起足够的重视。     

云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为进一步探讨云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂历史遗留的环境问题,掌握新址所在区域土壤环境质量状况,以会泽铅锌冶炼厂新、旧场址周边土壤作为研究对象,随机布设14个采样点,采集42个土壤样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪测定土壤样品中的Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg。采用综合污染指数法、地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价方法对土壤中重金属污染特征及其健康风险进行评价。结果表明,云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量水平分别为92.25、226.81、1 567.45、65.16、394.66、1 451.63、11.16、43.81、0.47 mg·kg-1,除Cr、Hg外,其他重金属含量均超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》二级标准值,其中Cd的最高超标倍数为274倍。地积累指数评价结果表明,该区域土壤中Cd污染最为严重,处于偏重-极重污染范畴;潜在生态危害综合指数评价结果显示:该区域重金属污染处于强-很强的生态风险程度;健康风险评价结果表明:旧场址周边土壤中Pb、Cd对儿童均具有显著的潜在健康风险。     

基于APCS-MLR模型和地统计学相结合的矿区农田土壤砷源解析

为了研究矿区周边农田土壤As等重金属的污染特征和来源情况,在云南会泽铅锌矿区采集了42个农田土壤样品,测定了9种元素含量,利用绝对主成分得分–多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)受体模型定量解析了土壤中As的来源和贡献率,并结合地统计学方法揭示了As的不同来源及其贡献的空间分布状况.结果表明:①研究区土壤As的平均含量为7...     

四平市城郊蔬菜地土壤重金属来源及环境风险评价

以四平市城郊蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,研究了土壤中Pb、Cu、Cd、As和Hg 5种重金属的含量特征及潜在生态风险和健康风险,并对其来源进行了分析。结果表明:研究区Pb、Cu、Cd、As和Hg含量的平均值分别是背景值的1.32倍、2.38倍、2.52倍、1.59倍和2.72倍,在表层土壤中存在明显的富集。环境风险评价表明:研究区土壤重金属处于中等生态风险水平,其中Hg处于较高生态风险水平。健康风险评价模型对暴露人群经摄食途径引起的重金属健康风险评价表明研究区内居民不存在健康风险。主成分分析表明:Cu、Cd主要来自于农业生产;As与污水灌溉及含As农药的使用有关;Hg主要来源于煤炭燃烧;Pb主要来自于汽车尾气以及工业烟尘的大气沉降。Cu、Cd具有一定的同源性,pH值对Pb、Cd迁移转化的影响较强。     

石门雄黄矿周边农田土壤重金属污染及健康风险评估

湖南石门雄黄矿区环境污染及风险是当前国家环保部门和地方政府极为关注的重要环境问题之一。本研究以该矿区周边农田表层土壤为研究对象,调查分析了矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况及其空间分布特征,并采用美国EPA土壤健康风险模型评估了其对人体的健康风险。土壤重金属污染评价结果显示:该区土壤受到中度的As污染和Cd污染,As平均含量为80.26 mg/kg,Cd平均含量为0.55 mg/kg;Cu、Zn、Pb含量均未超过国家《土壤环境质量》的二级标准;综合污染指数显示研究区域为中度污染。美国EPA模型评估结果显示:成人和儿童的日暴露量及非致癌健康风险主要途径均为经手–口摄入,Cd对成人和儿童均不存在非致癌风险和总风险,As对儿童非致癌总风险指数为3.36,造成严重的非致癌健康威胁;经呼吸暴露的致癌风险,Cd对儿童和成人均不造成致癌健康影响,As对成人和儿童的平均致癌风险指数为3.13×10~(-4)和5.58×10~(-4),均存在显著的致癌健康风险,且As、Cd对儿童的健康威胁均高于成人。可见,该矿区周边农田土壤中As、Cd污染及其风险应加强控制与治理。     

工业区周边农田重金属污染评价及来源分析

以新疆北疆某工业区周边农田土壤为研究对象,采集0~20 cm土壤样品254个,测定了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb、Cd共8种重金属含量。运用相关性分析和主成分分析探讨工业区周边农田土壤重金属的来源,运用GS+进行数据拟合,选取最佳模型,再进行克里格插值分析重金属的空间分布格局。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb和Cd的含量分别为45.00、28.53、55.66、73.57、13.39、2.17、15.38和0.50 mg kg~(-1)。测量的金属除Cr之外均超过土壤的背景值,只有Hg处于中度污染,其余元素都处于非污染,而研究区综合潜在生态风险程度为严重型。重金属空间分布表明,Ni、Zn、As、Hg和Pb在东部和南部含量较高。来源分析表明,Hg来源受研究区内工业活动的影响;Cr、Ni、Zn和Cd主要来自于化肥、农药和地膜等农业活动和土壤母质的共同作用;As、Hg和Pb主要来源是受研究区内工业活动的影响。     

喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

[目的]对喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险进行评价,为景区资源科学管理和保护提供参考依据。[方法]以喀纳斯景区为研究区,测定土壤样品As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr,和Cu含量,通过污染负荷指数对喀纳斯景区重金属污染情况进行全面评价,采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属进行潜在生态风险评价,并运用相关分析与主成分分析法对土壤重金属来源与污染程度进行深入分析。[结果](1)研究区表层土壤As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr和Cu平均含量分别为6.48,16.60,0.10,0.08,84.71,2.47,32.23mg/kg,其中As,Pb,Hg和Cd高于新疆土壤背景值,Zn,Cr和Cu低于新疆土壤背景值。(2)人类活动扰动强由强至弱4个样地,7种重金属含量不同,且同一重金属在4个样地间具有一定差异性。(3)人类活动扰动强样地、人类活动扰动较强样地和人类活动扰动轻微样地3个样地中Hg为重度污染(PLI值分别为5.70,4.36,4.64),Zn,Cr,Cu为轻度污染。全部金属RI均小于150,研究区仅存在轻微生态危害,但研究区Hg污染需关注。(4)7种重金属间大多存在关系,Pb与Hg,Cd和Zn呈显著相关(p≤0.01)。Cd和Hg来源相同可能性较大,As,Zn和Cu来源可能一致。[结论]喀纳斯景区受旅游活动干扰土壤中重金属有不同程度的积累,土壤重金属污染愈加严重。     

The Soil Skeleton as a Source for the Short-Term Supply of "Base Cations" in Forest Soils of the Black Forest (Germany)

Ferrimagnetic minerals of anthropogenic origin derived from fossil-fuel combustion, appear not only in industrial areas but also in topsoils of areas remote from the main sources of pollution. Mineral magnetic studies of fly ashes emitted by power plants burning hard and brown coal and of soil profiles from some Polish national parks in different regions were carried out. Magnetic parameters of topsoils from national parks are quite similar to those in flyashes. Structure, shape, and magnetic granulometry of the magnetic particles in the fly ashes and in the magnetically enhanced uppermost organic soil horizons point to a common origin. This fact as well as the ability of ferrimagnetic minerals to be transported within dusts or aerosols suggest that ferrimagnetic particles of anthropogenic origin can be responsible also for magnetic enhancement in soils of areas remote from the main sources of their emission. Industrialdust deposition can be easily traced in these areas using magnetic methods, which are very sensitive, fast, and cheap. They can, and should, be used in the future as one of the routine methods of soil monitoring.     

深圳市主要公园及道路绿地土壤重金属含量状况比较研究

对深圳城市主要公园和道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量状况进行取样调查分析。研究结果表明,绿地土壤重金属含量与土地利用类型有关,表现为道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量高于公园绿地土壤,而Cd平均含量则相反。采用不同土壤重金属污染评价方法对深圳城市绿地土壤进行的环境质量评价均表明深圳城市绿地土壤Cd污染现象显著。在考察的四种重金属元素中,Zn含量与土壤有机质、pH有关,其中pH对Zn含量的影响相对较大;土壤Cu与Pb、Zn呈直线相关,表现出相互依存的关系。     

Contamination of soils in the urbanized areas of Belarus with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soils of urbanized areas, including the impact zones of Belarus, were studied. The concentrations of 16 PAHs in the soils were determined for individual and high-rise building zones, forests, and forest parks of Belarus. The levels of the PAH accumulation in the soils of different industrial enterprises and boiler stations were analyzed. Possible sources of soil contamination with PAHs were considered, and the structure of the PAHs in the soils was shown. The levels of the soil contamination were determined from the regulated parameters for individual compounds and the sum of 16 PAHs.     

大同市城区公园表层土壤重金属污染特征和健康风险及来源解析

【目的】为了解大同市城区公园表层土壤中重金属污染特征、健康风险和污染来源。【方法】于2021年4月在大同市7个公园共采集54个0～10 cm表层土壤样品,测定铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）含量,利用地累积污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型评价土壤重金属污染程度,并采用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型解析重金属污染来源及其贡献率。【结果】大同市公园表层土壤中9种重金属含量均高于山西省A层土壤背景值。其中,所调查的公园土壤中As、Cd和Pb含量分别是土壤背景值的2.27、18.93和2.77倍。文瀛湖公园表层土壤重金属污染最严重,其次是御河公园,Cd是主要污染因子。Mn对成人和儿童造成的非致癌健康风险最大,其次是As和Cr;经呼吸吸入途径造成的非致癌健康风险高于经口摄入途径和皮肤接触途径。【结论】大同市各公园表层土壤中重金属对成人造成的非致癌健康风险指数均在可接受范围内,而对儿童造成的非致癌健康风险指数均远大于1.0,存在非致癌风险。Co对成人和儿童造成的致癌健康风险指数均大于1×10-4,存在致癌风险。...     

Impact of Long-Term Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Exposure on Activated Sludge Process

Poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are groups of persistent toxic substances that have been commonly detected in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In some cases, the activated sludge (AS) in WWTPs will encounter special wastewaters containing PFASs up to tens of milligram per liter (mg L^?1). However, under this condition, the potential impacts of PFASs on AS process remain unclear. In the present research, a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor was continuously exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), used as a representation for PFASs, at 20 mg L^?1 to mimic the extreme condition. The objective is to explore the impact of PFOA on AS process in terms of its wastewater treatment performance and evolution of microbial communities. The results indicate that PFOA restrained the microbial growth and affected the dissolved organic carbon removal. These negative impacts could be recovered after long-term adaptation. Besides, 20 mg L^?1 PFOA shows limited inhibition on nitrification and denitrification, suggesting a safe exposure level of PFOA for nitrogen removal. For microbial evolution, PFOA induced changes of communities during long-term exposure. The high abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria maintained over time reveals their tolerance towards PFOA. The occurrences of PFOA-resistant species are also observed. The present research provides new insight into the possible impacts of typical PFAS at high concentrations on AS process.     

Influence of ciprofloxacin on microbial community structure and function in soils

Microcosm experiments were designed to investigate the effects of the widely used antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) on soil microbial communities by using four different concentrations (0, 1, 5, and 50 mg kg^?1 of soil) and five sampling times (1, 3, 9, 22, and 40 days). Untreated controls only received water. The addition of CIP significantly decreased microbial biomass (p?<?0.05) but did not affect soil respiration at high doses. Potential nitrification rates were stimulated at low CIP concentrations (1 mg kg^?1) and inhibited at high CIP concentrations (50 mg kg^?1) after 9 days of incubation. The nitrate and ammonium contents of soil were not altered after CIP addition at any time. The structure of soil microbial communities was assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. The addition of CIP decreased the ratio of bacteria to fungi and increased the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria. Principal component analysis of the PLFA data clearly distinguished among the different CIP concentrations. Redundancy analysis indicated that the CIP concentration and incubation time explained 33.5 % of the total variance in the PLFA data. These results confirmed that a single addition of CIP can influence structure and function of microbial communities in soil.     

工业和农业污染稻田土壤重金属的赋存形态及水稻吸收运移比较

[目的]稻田土壤重金属污染是当前农产品安全生产关注的重要问题.本文比较分析工业和农业污染源稻田土壤重金属的赋存形态及水稻吸收运移,以期为稻田土壤重金属污染控制提供参考.[方法]在长江中下游地区调查选取工业源和农业源重金属污染稻田各27块,在水稻成熟期使用抖根法采集根际土壤及水稻根系和籽粒样品,采用Tessier七步提取...     

Public perceptions of natural disturbance in Canada’s national parks: The case of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)

Since the 1990s, the mountain pine beetle (MPB) population has exploded in western Canada. In national parks, MPB has the potential to impact visual quality and safety of visitors, and to spread beyond park boundaries to the industrial forest landbase. Control measures have been initiated in some parks to lessen these impacts. A study was undertaken to examine public attitudes, knowledge, issue salience, and management preferences for MPB in Banff and Kootenay national parks. Data were collected by mail survey in 2003 from 1385 residents living in or near the parks. MPB was an important issue for the majority of respondents and they had low knowledge of MPB, expressed negative attitudes towards it, and supported measures to control it. Preferred control measures included those directed at the current infestation. Proactive approaches in uninfested forests were generally not supported. Issue salience and knowledge were the best predictors of attitudes toward the MPB. Attitudes were the best predictors of support for no intervention in beetle infestations in national parks. Management implications include the lack of knowledge and support for natural disturbance and ecological integrity policies in national parks.     

广州城市公园绿地土壤肥力及酶活性特征

采集广州市中心城区部分公园绿地表层土壤（0-20 cm）,研究了土壤pH、有机质、粘粒、氮、磷、钾含量等肥力特性和脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性。结果表明,广州公园绿地土壤以酸性（pH 4.5-5.5）和中性（pH 6.5-7.5）占的比例高,部分土壤呈碱性,土壤pH值较自然土壤有增高的趋势;土壤有机质含量以中等水平为主,土壤全氮、碱解氮以中等到低水平为主。土壤全磷和有效磷以中等以上水平为主,土壤全钾、速效钾以中等以上水平为主,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性平均分别为0.36 m g NH3-N/g,12.29 m g葡萄糖/g和2.14 m g酚/g。不同公园绿地土壤肥力特性和土壤酶活性呈现出一定的差异性。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性之间相关性均达到极显著水平（p〈0.01）;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质等肥力性状之间呈显著或极显著的相关性,可以作为评价广州公园绿地土壤肥力的指标。     

Behavior of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in soils and water of reservoir Radeburg II catchment (Saxony/Germany)

The behavior of the herbicide glyphosate and its main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was investigated in soils and water in a well-defined catchment of the reservoir Radeburg II near Dresden (Saxony/Germany). The half-life of glyphosate in soil ranged from 11 to 17 days. Glyphosate and AMPA completely disappeared from soil after about 5 months following application of the products ”︁Roundup Ultra” and ”︁Touchdown”. The aquatic system in the test areas (surface water, soil solution, and groundwater) was not significantly affected by direct application of the compound. In general, there was a clear indication of strong sorption of the two substances by soil particles. Settlement areas were recognized as possible sources of glyphosate and AMPA intake in aquatic systems.