Evaluation of Wilderness in a Spatial Context

ABSTRACT Spatial scarcities are integral to basic models that account for the organization of land use, including wilderness. The purpose of this paper is to consider the evaluation of wilderness from the perspective of spatial scarcity. Spatial scarcity usually can be taken as relative depending upon scale of analysis. At the more local scale, the relative scarcities of competing land uses are relevant to wilderness evaluation while at larger national and global scales scarcities in certain wilderness qualities may be more important. The paper begins with a brief review of existing approaches to evaluating wilderness and lays out an explicitly spatial approach to the problem. Then, local scale evaluation is considered in the context of von Thunen types of land use transition models which concern relative scarcity payments, or rents. The paper also takes up larger geographic scales and uses the concept of spatial scarcity in linking the hedonic and travel cost models of wilderness evaluation with central place theory in the consideration of wilderness potential.     

Game Analysis Between Center Bank and Commercial Banks Under Asymmetric Information

Modern economy depends on money,but money is created by the bank system.So,as the main body of finance institution in one state,banks have the importance influence upon the economy of one country.Center bank constitutes the money policy and executes the money policy in one country,then it is the core of the whole financial system.But the validity for the money policy must rely on the activity of commercial banks to the money policy.Being based on the money policy transmitting mechanism,this Article analyzes how to establish a kind of bargain relation between Center bank and commercial bank so that commercial bank may work hard toward the aim of the money policy for the center bank under the asymmetric information,which was the bases of the Commercial Banks' innovation.     

天然沙冬青土壤种子库特征研究

通过野外样方调查、种子鉴定及种子发芽等相结合的方式,对天然沙冬青种群种子库进行研究,以期揭示天然沙冬青土壤种子库特征及与种群更新之间的关系。研究结果显示,天然沙冬青种群土壤种子库比较丰富,平均密度为11粒/m2;种子主要存在于土壤表层,在有结皮存在的情况下,种子才有可能存在于0~2 cm土层中,以下土层没有种子;沙冬青种子发芽率与土壤种子库呈负相关,种子库丰富的地方,种子的发芽率较低,这一对矛盾造成幼苗数量的稀少,进而影响天然沙冬青种群的自然更新。     

Experimental Analysis of Deformation Characteristic for Soil Bank Slope Under Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation

Under reservoir water level fluctuation, soil bank slope water sucking, stress concentration and slip deformation in Three Gorges Reservoir area form slope cracks system at different periods and different spatial parts. In this study, laws of cracks spatial evolution in different deformation periods for soil bank slope were analyzed during a water cycle of impoundment and decline by model test. The test results indicated that, in the initial impoundment period, cracks appeared near the water line at the bank slope leading edge with high appearance frequency, and scale increased gradually and partial bank slope collapsed and damaged. In the middle impoundment period, cracks appeared in the front and trailing edges of bank slope, the frequency of occurrence and the scale of which decreased. And in the late impoundment period, the leading edge of the cracks development disappeared, the trailing edge of the cracks continued to develop and the bank slope crept along the sliding surface as a whole. Cracks expanded slowly in the pause impoundment as the water level raised. In the water level decline stage, tensile cracks mainly occurred in the back edges of bank slope. In the early water level decline, cracks appeared in low frequency and it grew slowly. In the late water level decline, cracks appeared in high frequency and large scale, and where the bank slope produced lower seat deformation and dislocated berm. Moreover, in water level decline stage, bank slope crept along the sliding surface as a whole.     

Study on Influence of the Requirement on the Capital Adequacy to Bank''s Yields

In this paper, the model of the maximum utility of profit margin of commercial banks under the credit risk and the interest risk is reformulated with full consideration of the profile of the losses of bad debts for the commercial banks. The influence of the requirement in the capital adequacy by the central bank to the commercial banks on bank's yields is studied.Analysis shows that considering the risk loss and risk cost of the commercial bank,enhancing the capital adequacy to commercial bank will increase margin profit of commercial bank with decreasing absolute risk avoidance under the Ross concep.     

典型沙生植物乌丹蒿的沙生适应机制——植冠种子库和粘液繁殖体

为了阐明植冠种子库结合粘液繁殖体对典型沙生植物乌丹蒿在种群繁衍过程中适应沙丘流动性的生态功能,笔者总结了以往对乌丹蒿植冠种子库和粘液繁殖体特性的研究,分析了乌丹蒿的植冠种子库延迟脱落种子特性、对种子库、种子萌发和幼苗出土的调节作用、粘液繁殖体的粘液促进种子抗远距离传播能力及对种子萌发和幼苗发育的作用。结果表明,乌丹蒿同时通过植冠种子库和粘液繁殖体来保证母株周围种子的持续供应和幼苗的集群形成。植冠种子库和粘液繁殖体通过调节繁殖体传播、种子库格局、种子萌发和幼苗出土来减缓风蚀沙埋、季节性干旱对种子供应和幼苗生成造成的不良影响,提高沙生植物补员和定居的成功率。2种机制在乌丹蒿种群繁衍过程中的作用对揭示沙生植物的适应机制、恢复沙丘植被和保护沙丘植物多样性具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

安徽农村粮食银行运营现状、存在的问题及发展对策

农村粮食银行近年来在粮食主产区发展明显加快,并且在减少农户储粮损耗、解决农户储粮难题、美化农村居民居住环境、提高农村居民生活质量等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。调查发现,安徽农村粮食银行普遍存在规模较小、信用较低、农户储粮风险较大等问题。当前,解决上述问题的关键在于构建统一的粮食银行组织领导与监管体系,规范粮食银行运营;建立农村粮食银行准入制度;实行存粮准备粮管理制度;加强风险管理,设立风险准备基金,加强农户参与粮食银行的愿意。     

Types of Bank Slope and Its Stability form Yibin to Baihetan on Jinsha Rive

By researching the locale and studying geologic background and rock-mechanics surroundings on hyroeijectric zone of Jinsha river(Yibing-Baihetan),the authors divide bank slopes into 9 types according to structure of rock and soil and terrain,and expatiate the distributing character and stability of each bank slope types,which serves as scientific geo-accordings in forecasting and controlling of bank slope's unsteady on hyroeijectric zone of Jinsha river.     

Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) faces twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity – challenges that are already pressing and are projected to grow. Sub‐Saharan Africa comprises 43 % arid and semi‐arid area, which is projected to increase due to climate change. Small‐scale, rainfed agriculture is the main livelihood source in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA. Because rainfed agriculture constitutes more than 95 % of agricultural land use, water scarcity is a major limitation to production. Crop production, specifically staple cereal crop production, will have to adapt to water scarcity and improved water productivity (output per water input) to meet food requirements. We propose inclusion and promotion of drought‐tolerant cereal crops in arid and semi‐arid agro‐ecological zones of SSA where water scarcity is a major limitation to cereal production. Sorghum uniquely fits production in such regions, due to high and stable water‐use efficiency, drought and heat tolerance, high germplasm variability, comparative nutritional value and existing food value chain in SSA. However, sorghum is socio‐economically and geographically underutilized in parts of SSA. Sorghum inclusion and/or promotion in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA, especially among subsistence farmers, will improve water productivity and food security.     

Signalling with Firm Debt Maturity Choice

The firm's debt maturity structure is the important part of capital structure. Based on the analysis of credit behavior between bank and enterprise, we study the determination of firm's debt maturity structure. It is shown that when there is the cost resulting from credit rationing, the maturity of the debt can be viewed as a signal about the firm's quality sent to the bank. The high quality firm with stable cash profit tends to the high ratio of short-term debt, and signaling quality of firm to bank.     

地方农作物种质资源库建设的建议与思考

通过对国内外农作物种质资源库建设概况的梳理总结,从种质库的规划设计、施工建设、运行管理3个方面,提出明确规划定位、加强顶层设计,施工建设严把质量关、安全关,运行管理标准化、实现可持续发展,以及给予长期稳定资金投入、构建全国种质资源库协作网的建议和思考。     

温度变化对伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤种子萌发的初步研究

为探明土壤种子库种子萌发对未来温度变化的响应机制,采用模拟控温方法,研究了不同温度处理（10℃/20℃,20℃/30℃）对伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤种子库种子萌发密度、物种组成、幼苗株高及生物量的影响。结果表明：温度增加后围栏内外土壤种子库及总体可萌发种子数量呈现降低,低温下物种丰富度高于高温,且增温对围栏内土壤种子库种子萌发的抑制作用高于围栏外。增温抑制伊犁绢蒿、涩芥、新疆落芒草、鹤虱、角果毛茛、针茅的萌发数量,促进小画眉草、灰藜的萌发。温度升高抑制了伊犁绢蒿、涩芥株高的生长,降低了萌发幼苗的总体生物量及其群落高度,促进小画眉草株高的增加。总之,温度升高不利于伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤中种子的萌发及其萌发幼苗的生长。     

桉树人工林土壤种子库研究

为了了解桉树人工林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征,以2年生桉树人工林为研究对象,相邻的大叶栎人工林作对照,取其土壤,通过室内种子萌发的方法,研究桉树人工林土壤种子库分布特征。结果表明：（1）各土壤层种子萌发的规律基本一致,大约从第7天开始进入种子萌发高峰期,第19天萌发高峰期基本结束,随后进入缓慢萌发期,至最后停止萌发;（2）桉树人工林土壤种子库储量较大,种子密度为9804粒/m2（对照为3614粒/m2）,共计物种15种,分属于9科,其中禾本科的弓果黍为优势种,种子密度为8849粒/m2,占土壤种子库总量90.26%;（3）种子库垂直分布格局显示,80%以上的种子储存在枯枝落叶层和0~5 cm的土壤中。2年生桉树人工林土壤种子库的种子密度大于大叶栎人工林,其组成以草本为主,灌木次之,种子多集中在枯枝落叶层和浅层土壤中。     

Research on Market Targeting Model of Selecting Manager and Cooperation Mechanism in Commercial Bank Based on Stock Option

Selecting manager by market and improving team cooperation efficiency are two basal tasks to construct an effective human resource management system of commercial bank in China,but there are the limitations the traditional methods in explaining the players' cooperation.The paper constructs a market targeting model of selecting manager of commercial bank and a game model of team cooperation based on stock option,and then the talent identification mode and team cooperation mechanism in commercial bank are established.It is concluded that talented managers is selected but talent-less is refused owing to stock option incentive mechanism,and employee and managers holding stock plan is an incentive force to whole team if residual remains of shareholder is less than half team residual remains.     

A Game Analysis of Credit System and Mortgage Backed Securitization

This essay illustrates the importance of credit to the supply of asset pool and the operation of MBS from the accept and the basic operation process of MBS. According to our country's conditions, this essay states from two sides. Through the game of housing consumer and commercial, for one thing, housing consumer desides applying for loan or not,and commercial bank desides granting loan or not; for another ,housing consumer selects prepaying loan,paying loan on time or branking contract,and commercial bank selects lawsuiting or not. Through the game analysis of two sides , it discusses relations between the loan of bank and the development of credit system,and give us some suggestions in order to the development of MBS.     

Game Analysis of Housing Consumer and Commercial

According to our country's conditions, consumer selects prepaying loan,paying loan on time or branking contract,and commercial bank selects lawsuiting or not. Through the game analysis of two sides,it discusses relations between the loan of bank and the development of credit system,and give us some suggestions in order to the development of MBS in our country.     

影响中期低温库贮存种子生活力因素的研究

对甘肃省中期低温库贮存7~10年具有代表性的8大类13种作物的203份资源材料抽样进行生活力监测,结果表明:除贮存8年的10份大豆(地方)品种比入库发芽率平均上升7.4%外,其它193份资源材料的发芽率均为下降,其中茄子、西瓜、苦荞麦、高粱4种作物需要立即更新。对于外部环境较为稳定的种子低温贮藏来说,作物耐贮存性和入库种子的质量(高生活力和低含水量)是影响种子生活力的主要因素。     

Reducing potential gene escape in time by appropriate post-harvest tillage—Evidence from field experiments with oilseed rape at 10 sites in Europe

Persistence of oilseed rapeseed in soil can result in weed problems but also reduce oil quality of following rape crops or result in unwanted gene escape which is particularly relevant in the context of genetically modified oilseed rape. In this paper data from 13 field experiments at sites in England, Austria and Germany are presented where tillage operations were tested that potentially reduce the build-up of a seed bank. In the majority of experiments seed losses were artificially simulated by broadcasting ca. 10,000 freshly ripened rapeseed m⁻² onto cereal stubbles. Oilseed rapeseedlings in autumn, the seed bank in winter–spring and yields of the following crop winter wheat were assessed as a function of tillage regime. During summer and autumn 19–70% of the seeds germinated and emerged. This part of the population was killed by following tillage operations or herbicide applications. However, 0–29%, in moist years 0–5%, of the initially broadcasted seeds developed dormancy and remained ungerminated in the soil until the following winter–spring.

Delaying incorporation of the seeds by leaving the stubble untouched for up to 4 weeks resulted in a reduced seed bank in almost every case. Also, repeated stubble tillage compared to an early single stubble tillage operation resulted in a smaller seed bank. The type of primary tillage (ploughing versus non-inversion cultivation) had no clear effect. No relation was found between the number of seedlings in autumn and the size of the seed bank the following winter–spring. Grain yield of the following crop winter wheat was not adversely affected by delayed stubble tillage.

The results indicate that stubble tillage aiming at a reduced seed bank of oilseed rape should focus on conditions avoiding induction of secondary dormancy rather than improving germination conditions. This means that, under the climatic conditions of central and western Europe, the stubble should be left untouched for several weeks after harvest before starting the usual tillage sequence with stubble tillage and ploughing or a non-inversion tillage sequence.     

The twenty-first century,the century of plant breeding

To achieve global food security by 2050 primary production must almost be doubled, at least to 80 % by increasing production per unit land. The challenge to plant breeding is tremendous. It is necessary to convince the public of this challenge, who are already dealing with concerns about climate change, a scarcity of good arable land, the demands placed on land with regard to biomass production, scarcity of water and phosphorous as well as increasing consumption of meat. In terms of breeding, concerns are the very small number of major crops and low rates of breeding progress in self-pollinating cereals. Society and politicians can be easily distracted from the dire need to invest in basic breeding research and breeding applications when so many environmental concerns are being emphasized. A holistic approach to these problems is essential. The focus here is on both the obstacles to be overcome and the opportunities to ensure global food security by producing excellent germplasm by 2050. This can be achieved by new technologies and genomics as well as the continuing development of more traditional breeding methodologies.     

Analysis of Adverse Selection in the Credit Market and the Impact of Mortgage Means

From the impact of mortgage loan on the degreeof investment risk and the expected profit of bank,the authors draw the conclusion that the risk of mortgage loan is larger than the risk of credit loan when the gage is not enough by comparing mortgage loan with credit loan. And they also analyse the relation of the gage, loan rate, and adverse selection. The gage and loan rate are presented which can be use as themeans of examining information for the bank.