PROPOFOL INFUSION ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS

Studies were carried out on 40 dogs premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg kg^-1), and atropine (0.02 mg kg^-1) to determine the minimum infusion rate of propofol needed to maintain anaesthesia and to compare the quality of the anaesthesia with that produced by halothane/nitrous oxide/oxygen. An infusion rate of 0.4 mg kg^-1 min^-1 of propofol produced surgical anaesthesia in dogs breathing oxygen or oxygen-enriched air. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects were similar to those in dogs anaesthetized with halothane/nitrous oxide and with both anaesthetic regimes myocardial oxygen consumption appeared to increase with increasing duration of anaesthesia. Propofol infusion was associated with a 16 per cent incidence of vomiting in the recovery period. Maintenance of anaesthesia in healthy dogs by the continuous infusion of propofol appeared to be safe but less satisfactory than the use of halothane/nitrous oxide.     

哈尔滨地区猪旋毛虫对猪,犬的感染性试验

用消化法所得的猪旋毛虫蚴分别接种猪,犬。结果表明,猪旋毛虫对猪,犬的感染性存在着明显差异,在猪的繁殖力指数为１１７．０４,而在犬为３０．６０,说明哈尔滨地区猪旋毛虫档地旋毛形线虫;     

哈尔滨地区犬旋毛虫对猪,犬的感染性研究

用消化法所得的犬旋毛虫蚴分别接种猪，犬。结果表明：犬旋毛虫对猪、犬的感染性存在着明显差异，在犬的繁殖力指数为１８．６８。而在猪为零，说明哈尔滨地区犬旋毛虫相当于本地毛形线虫。犬旋毛虫对犬易感而对猪不感染，通信能通过猪的感染而对人体健康构成威胁。     

MEDETOMIDINE-BUTORPHANOL-MIDAZOLAM ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS AND ITS REVERSAL WITH ATIPAMEZOLE: CARDIORESPIRATORY,GENERAL AND ACID-BASE BALANCE EFFECTS

The cardio-respiratory, general and acid-base balance effects induced by medetomidine- butorphanol-midazolam anaesthesia in dogs and its reversal with atipamezole were evaluated. Medetomidine (1000/μg/m², IM) premedication induced a decrease in body temperature, heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), arterial and venous oxygen pressure (PaO₂ & PvO₂), blood pH, Cortisol and insulin as well as potassium levels with all recorded changes remaining within normal ranges. Induction with a mixture of butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg) and midazolam (1.0 mg/kg) intravenously did not affect any of these parameters. Reversal with atipamezole (5000 μg/m², IM) administered one hour after the medetomidine injection, reversed the trend in heart rate, the decline in body temperature, insulin and Cortisol serum levels. A mild decrease in arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures were noted whereas other relevant parameters remained unchanged.     

A COMPARISON OF ARTERIAL AND TRACHEAL END TIDAL CARBON DIOXIDE TENSIONS DURING CLINICAL ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS

Fifty-two comparisons were made between tracheal end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (P.E.T.CO₂) and simultaneously measured arterial carbon dioxide tension (paCO₂) in 22 anaesthetised dogs. A mean arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension gradient (a-E.T.pCO₂) of 3.2 mm.Hg. was obtained but gradients ranged between -6 and +13 mm.Hg. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension was close to the arterial value in large dogs with respiratory rates greater than 10/min. A number of different anaesthetic techniques were used but no single technique appeared to be associated with the larger gradients.     

DOHUBLE-PHASE PARATHYROID SCINTIGRAPHY IN DOGS USING TECHNETIUM-99M-SESTAMIBI

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of double-phase parathyroid scintigraphy using 99mTc-sestamibi for detecting and localizing hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands in hypercalcemic dogs. Fifteen hypercalcemic dogs that underwent parathyroid scintigraphy were included in this study: 3 dogs with hypercalcemia of malignancy, and 12 dogs with hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue (parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia). The presence of parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia was documented by histopathologic examination. In 3 dogs with hypercalcemia of malignancy, parathyroid scintigraphy was negative for hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue and the scans were classified as true negative. Parathyroid scintigraphy correctly identified the presence and location of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in only 1 of 6 dogs with a parathyroid adenoma. False positive and false negative results occurred in dogs with parathyroid adenomas. Parathyroid scintigraphy failed to detect hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in 5 of 6 dogs with parathyroid hyperplasia and were classified as false negative. False positive results were obtained in the remaining dog with parathyroid hyperplasia. Sensitivity of parathyroid scintigraphy for detecting and localizing hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue was 11%, specificity was 50%, and overall accuracy was 27%. Positive and negative predictive value were 25% and 27%, respectively. Sensitivity for detection of parathyroid adenomas was 25%, and sensitivity for detection of hyperplastic glands was 0 %. Results of this study indicate that double-phase parathyroid scintigraphy does not appear to have acceptable accuracy in detecting hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands in dogs. Due to the poor sensitivity and specificity of the technique in dogs, parathyroid scintigraphy is not recommended for definitive identification of abnormal parathyroid glands as the cause of hypercalcemia in dogs.     

MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE AND MEDETOMIDINE-BUTORPHANOL-KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA IN PIGS

Medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine anaesthesia is relatively safe and widely available for a total parenteral anaesthesia in atropinized pigs. Medetomidine-ketamine has minimal cardiovascular effects and is available for chemical restraint.     

SIMULTANEOUS DOUBLE-CONTRAST CYSTOGRAPHY AND CYSTOMETRY IN DOGS

Double-contrast cystograms and cystometrograms were performed simultaneously in each of six male and six female dogs with normal urinalyses. The dogs were sedated with oxymorphone and acepromazine. Detrusor reflex occurred in 11 of 12 dogs. After bladder infusion of 0.88 ml/kg of positive-contrast medium, there was mucosal irregularity in eight of 12 dogs and bladder shape distortion in 12 of 12 dogs. Bladder distortion decreased with progressive infusion of CO₂, and mucosal irregularity was eliminated after infusion of 50–100 ml CO₂. The bladder neck in all dogs was initially located within the pelvic canal. In ten of 12 dogs, the bladder neck was cranially displaced when the bladder was fully distended. Bladder wall thickness was approximately 1 mm circumferentially at all degrees of distention. There was no discernible difference between bladder shape prior to and at initiation of contraction. It was concluded that radiographic determination of a normal urinary bladder can be made without complete bladder distention and that cystograms and cystometrograms can be routinely performed simultaneously in dogs in which both procedures are required.     

ESTIMATION OF SOFT TISSUE INTERPOSITION AFTER FEMORAL HEAD AND NECK EXCISION IN DOGS USING VENTRODORSAL PELVIC RADIOGRAPHY

Extended-hip ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs performed on 16 dogs after femoral head and neck excision, with (n = S) and without (n = 8) biceps femoris interpositional muscle flaps, were used to estimate the relative amount of soft tissue interposition between the femoral ostectomy site and acetabulum. A linear measurement was made of the shortest distance between the femoral ostectomy and the acetabulum. The linear measurement was capable of determining the presence of biceps femoris muscle flaps in most dogs prior to flap atrophy or necrosis, but failed to be predictive of limb function as determined by functional limb usage grading, force plate analysis, and thigh circumference measurements.     

DOPPLER ULTRASOUND OF THE PROSTATE IN NORMAL DOGS AND IN DOGS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC-LYMPHOPLASMOCYTIC PROSTATITIS

The prostate gland of 11 normal dogs and five dogs with histological confirmed chronic lymphocytic or lymphoplasmocytic prostatitis were imaged with grey-scale and Doppler ultrasound. Three vessel types (prostatic artery, capsular artery and parenchymal artery) were identified with color Doppler and the resistive index and maximum and minimum velocities were measured with pulsed wave Doppler. No differences between normal dogs and dogs with prostatitis was identified in either grey-scale ultrasound or in any Doppler parameters measured. Regardless of histologic diagnosis, acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg IV) caused a significant decrease in capsular artery maximum and minimum velocities and prostatic artery resistive index. This study establishes normal Doppler ultrasound parameters for the intact male canine prostate gland. Additional studies are necessary to further evaluate the clinical utility of Doppler ultrasound in canine prostatic diseases.     

HEPATIC VOLUME ESTIMATION USING QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS

The purpose of this study was to use quantitative computed tomography (CT) to estimate liver volume in dogs with a portosystemic shunt and to compare the liver volume in normal dogs to dogs with a shunt. Twenty-one dogs with a portosystemic shunt underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT for shunt characterization and preoperative planning. Six dogs without clinical signs relating to liver disease were used as a control group. In addition, liver volume was compared before and 2-4 months after surgical shunt attenuation in three dogs. All studies followed established clinical imaging protocols. Liver margins were defined on each image using an operator-defined region of interest and hepatic volume renderings were produced from which the liver volume was quantitatively estimated. There was a statistically significant association between liver volume and body weight in control and shunt dogs (r = 0.909 and 0.899, respectively, P < 0.01). Liver volume normalized to body weight was 15.5 +/- 5.2 cm3/kg in affected dogs and 24.5 +/- 5.6 cm3/kg in control dogs. Based on postligation CT studies in three affected dogs, liver volume increased by 43%, 51%, and 62%. Hepatic volume estimation may be a clinically useful parameter in the initial and postsurgical evaluation of dogs with portosystemic shunts.     

MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE AND REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES IN MALE DOGS

The treatment of normal male dogs with a depot preparation of medroxyprogesterone acetate (4 mg/kg) for 7 weeks reduced peripheral testosterone levels by 58%. No effects on testicular size and consistency, semen quality or libido were found.     

CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN NORMAL DOGS AND TWO DOGS WITH HEART BASE TUMOR

We describe the technique for in vivo cardiac‐gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in normal dogs and its application in two dogs with a large right atrial tumor. The dogs with a cardiac tumor were also imaged using contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE‐MRA). Cardiac‐gated MRI and CE‐MRA are both feasible in animals with short acquisition times compatible with breath‐hold imaging under anesthesia, and provide detailed two‐ and three‐dimensional (3D) depiction of the cardiac anatomy and great vessels with or without contrast medium. Although cardiac MRI will not replace echocardiography, it is a powerful alternative technique to use when knowledge of the 3D anatomy of the vasculature is required, when precise volume measurements are needed or when myocardial characterization is indicated. As opposed to contrast‐enhanced computed tomography angiography, cardiac MRI does not use ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast medium.