Effect of Planting Date on Time and Rate of Nitrogen Accumulation by Maize (Zea mays L.)1

Effects of environment on time and rate of nutrient accumulation by crops affects fertilizer nutrient use efficiency. The effect of planting date on rate, time and amount of nitrogen (N) accumulated by maize from a Hamerly cl soil (Aeric Calciaquoll) was examined with and without supplemental irrigation. Maize was planted on three dates spaced at 2-to 3-week, intervals; the earliest planting date was 1 May in 1984 and 1985. N accumulation was examined as uni- and diphasic tanh[k(time)] functions and solved for total N accumulation at harvest, time of maximum N accumulation rate and the time coefficient of N accumulation. A diphasic function, which indicates two periods of intense N accumulation, provided the closest agreement with observed N accumulation. As planting was delayed, time required to reach maximum N accumulation rates, τ (uniphasic) or τ₁ and τ₂ (diphasic), decreased from an average of nearly 75 to 42 days (uniphasic) and from nearly 65 to 35 days and 100 to 75 days after planting for τ₁ and τ₂, respectively. Maximum N accumulation rates increase from about 59 to 75 mg N plant^?1 day^?1 (uniphasic) or 35 to 65 mg N plant^?1 day^?1 and 20 to 70 mg N plant^?1 day^?1 for the first and second maxima in the diphasic model, respectively. Average maximum total N accumulation ranged from 2.85 g N plant^?1 for early plantings to 1.5 g N plant^?1 for plantings made on 25 June. The time coefficient, k (uniphasic) or k₁ (diphasic), tended to increase from average values of about 0.04 to > 0.09 day^?1 for k and from about 0.04 to > 0.105 day^?1 for k₁. The second time coefficient, k₂, of the diphasic function varied widely between about 0.075 to > 0.12 day^?1 and showed complex relationships with planting date. Periods of N accumulation shortened and intensity of N accumulation increased as the time coefficient increased.     

Effect of Thermal Energy Intensity on Time and Rate of Nitrogen Accumulation by Maize (Zea mays L.)1

The effect of thermal energy intensity (TEI) on the rate of nitrogen (N) accumulation by maize from a Hamerly clay loam soil (Aerie Calciaquoll) was examined with and without supplemental irrigation. Soil- and air-TEI expressed as cumulative growing degree days (GDD) was determined from hourly temperature measurements taken within each plot at soil depths of 0.05-, 0.15-, and 0.3-m and at a height of 1.2-m above ground surface. A daily mean TEI (GDD per day) was calculated for each growth period. Estimates of time coefficient(s), k, in uni- and diphasic tanh[k(time)] functions, plotted against mean TEI for the periods; 1) planting to emergence, 2) emergence to eighth leaf, 3) eighth leaf to time(s) of maximum N accumulation rate, (t₀), 4) planting to t₀, 5) emergence to t₀, 6) first diphasic maximum accumulation rate (t₀₁) to 50 % silking, and 7) silking to second diphasic maximum accumulation rate t₀₂ showed several linear relationships. Uniphasic time coefficients were modelled as functions of air-TEI. The first diphasic time coefficient, k₁ was modelled as a function of pre- and post-emergent soil-TEI. Attempts to model k₂, the second time coefficient of the diphasic model were unsuccessful; however, this time coefficient was linearly related to TEI for the growth period ‘t₀₁, to 50 % silking’ and curvilinearly related to k₁.     

施氮量对杂交棉干物质积累、分配和氮磷钾吸收、分配与利用的影响

在高产条件下,研究了施氮0、75、150、225、300和375kg·hm-2对杂交棉干物质积累、分配和氮、磷、钾的吸收、分配与利用的影响,结果表明:施氮量与杂交棉的干物质和氮、磷、钾的积累间均表现显著正相关,増施氮肥促进了杂交棉的干物质和氮、磷、钾的积累,但是当施氮量增加到300kg·hm-2后,促进效果不显著。施氮量与各器官干物质、氮、磷、钾的分配比例关系:与叶片呈显著或极显著正相关,在棉花生育中期与茎呈负相关,生育后期呈正相关,在棉花生育中期与蕾、花、铃呈显著正相关,生育后期呈显著负相关。施氮量增到300kg·hm-2后,棉花生育后期干物质和氮磷钾在生殖器官的分配比例明显下降,在茎叶的分配比例明显提高,表现营养生长过旺。氮积累和分配与磷、钾积累和分配间表现很好的正相关,从产量水平看,以每公顷施氮300kg的子棉产量最高,比施氮225kg的增产1.66%,增产不显著。施氮量达375kg·hm-2时,子棉产量比300kg·hm-2的减产3.92%、比225kg·hm-2减产2.23%。随施氮量增加,氮肥利用率明显下降,而磷和钾的利用率提高。     

一年生川牛膝干物质积累与氮、 磷、 钾营养吸收特性研究

旨在为川牛膝高产栽培和合理施肥提供依据.定期在不同生育时期对3份不同的川牛膝材料A3、B1、B2进行取样,分别测定其各自地上和地下部分干物质质量,及其氮、磷、钾含量,探讨氮、磷、钾分配积累规律.结果表明,川牛膝地上和地下部分干物质质量随着生育进程不断增加.川牛膝不同生育时期各部分中氮、磷、钾含量和吸收积累量皆不同,3种营养元素吸收积累量的大小顺序为氮＞钾＞磷;氮、磷、钾含量皆以营养生长期间含量最高,从生殖生长时期开始降低;对氮的吸收积累集中在营养生长阶段,磷、钾吸收积累多集中于生殖生长阶段.生产上,每生产100 kg干物质需要N、P2O5、K2O分别为4.90～6.69 kg,0.71～0.79 kg,2.98～5.16 kg.川牛膝大田栽培时应施足底肥,保证7、8月快速生长时的需求;川牛膝生殖生长期干物质积累速度最快,生产上应在8月底(生殖生长之前)追施磷、钾肥.     

Factors Associated with Reduced Yields of Delayed Plantings of Soybean1

Field experiments were conducted for four years (1981 to 1984) at Lexington, KY, USA (38° N latitude) to determine the causes of reduced yields associated with delayed plantings of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). Five cultivars were planted in mid-May and early July in row spacings ranging from 18 to 89 cm and the plots were irrigated to minimize moisture stress. Yields were significantly reduced by delayed planting because of reductions in the number of seed m^?2 and mass seed^?1. The yield reduction under irrigation indicates that moisture stress is not a major cause of reduced yields from delayed plantings. The reductions in seed number were associated with lower insolation interception during flowering and pod set and with smaller vegetative mass (g m^?2) at growth stage R5 (beginning seed fill). The data suggest that a vegetative mass at R5 greater than that required to intercept 90 % or more of incident insolation is required to maximize seed number. The length of the seed filling period was not affected by planting date. Mass seed^?1 was positively related to mean air temperature during seed filling, which suggests that the smaller seed from delayed plantings are a result of the lower temperatures associated with the later maturity.     

Maize Grain Yield Response to Tillage and Fertilizer Nitrogen Rates on a Tara Silt Loam

Effects of tillage on the appropriate fertilizer N applications needed to achieve maximal grain yield are poorly denned. The study objective was determination of relative corn grain yield response to N application rate for four tillage practices: no-tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT), fall chisel plowing (CP) and fall moldboard plowing (MP). Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield and N accumulation were monitored over a 6 year period with the same tillage treatment and the same fertilizer N rate applied each year to each plot. Two hybrids, differing in relative maturity rating, were planted each year. Fertilizer N rates ranged from 10 to 190 kg ha^?1 and consisted of 10 kg ha^?1 of liquid starter N applied at planting with varying amounts of fall applied anhydrous ammonia. With only starter fertilizer, grain yields increased with tillage intensity in the order NT ≤ RT ≤ CP ≤ MP. With ≥ 55 kg total applied Nha^?1, 6 year average grain yields were unaffected by tillage. Total N removed in grain annually with only starter fertilizer ranged from 25–85 kg ha^?1 Maximal amounts of N removed, about 145 kg N ha^?1, occurred with 100–145 kg applied N ha^?1 for all tillage treatments under the more favorable climatic conditions. Several interactions affecting grain yield appear climatically sensitive with exception of tillage by fertilizer N interactions. Because of variability in climate, planting dates varied by almost 4 weeks. Relative yield loss due to planting delay were Fertilizer N (mean change ??124 –?275 kg ha^?1 day^?1) > Starter N only and MP (mean ?? 259 kg ha^?1 day^?1) > other tillages in general. Yield loss due to delayed planting ranged from 0.0–275 kg ha^?1 day^?1. Grain yield gains due to early spring soil temperatures were 16.0–21.8 kg ha^?1 index-degree^?1 with MP tillage and averaged 2.7– 16.7 kg ha^?1 index-degree^?1 more than those of other tillage-hybrid combinations.     

水氮互作对水稻氮磷钾吸收、转运及分配的影响

以杂交稻冈优527为材料,设"淹水灌溉"(W1)、"前期湿润灌溉+孕穗期浅水灌溉+抽穗至成熟期干湿交替灌溉"(W2)和"旱种"(W3)3种灌水及不同的施氮量处理,研究对水稻氮、磷、钾吸收、转运及分配的影响,并探讨各养分间及其与产量间的关系。结果表明,水与氮对水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的累积、转运、分配及产量均存在显著的互作作用,水氮互作下各生育期氮、磷、钾吸收、转运及其与产量间均有显著或极显著的正相关,且抽穗前期氮、磷的累积以及分蘖盛期对钾的吸收状况与产量呈极显著正相关。结合产量与稻株氮、磷、钾吸收及转运关系间的表现,W2灌溉方式与施氮量为180kghm-2组合是本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹方式,淹灌条件下,施氮量以180kghm-2为宜,旱种条件下,施氮量可适当降至90～180kghm-2。     

公顷产10000kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性

以泰山23和济麦22为试验品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,对单产高达10 000 kg hm^-2的小麦进行了施氮量和氮素吸收转运和分配特性的研究。在2006-2007年生长季,随着施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低,施纯氮240 kg hm^-2 (N240)和270 kg hm^-2(N270)处理的产量分别达9 954.73 kg hm^-2和10 647.02 kg hm^-2,比不施氮肥处理(N0)分别增加11.20%和18.93%。与N0处理相比,施氮处理显著增加了小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量;随着施氮量的增加,成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量呈先增后降趋势,以N270处理最高;开花后营养器官氮素向小麦籽粒转运量和转运率先升后降,转运量以N270处理最大,为213.78 kg hm^-2;而转运率以N240处理最高,为67.98%。随施氮量的增加,小麦成熟期各器官干物质积累量、花后营养器官干物质再分配量和再分配率先增后降,均以N270处理最高;开花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率亦呈先增后降的趋势,以N240处理最高。2005-2006年的试验结果呈相同变化趋势。在本试验条件下,小麦产量水平达10 000 kg hm^-2时的适宜施氮量为240~270 kg hm^-2,可供生产中参考。     

公顷产10000kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性

以泰山23和济麦22为试验品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,对单产高达10 000 kg hm^-2的小麦进行了施氮量和氮素吸收转运和分配特性的研究。在2006—2007年生长季,随着施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低,施纯氮240 kg hm^-2 (N240)和270 kg hm^-2(N270)处理的产量分别达9 954.73 kg hm^-2和10 647.02 kg hm^-2,比不施氮肥处理(N0)分别增加11.20%和18.93%。与N0处理相比,施氮处理显著增加了小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量;随着施氮量的增加,成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量呈先增后降趋势,以N270处理最高;开花后营养器官氮素向小麦籽粒转运量和转运率先升后降,转运量以N270处理最大,为213.78 kg hm^-2;而转运率以N240处理最高,为67.98%。随施氮量的增加,小麦成熟期各器官干物质积累量、花后营养器官干物质再分配量和再分配率先增后降,均以N270处理最高;开花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率亦呈先增后降的趋势,以N240处理最高。2005—2006年的试验结果呈相同变化趋势。在本试验条件下,小麦产量水平达10 000 kg hm^-2时的适宜施氮量为240~270 kg hm^-2,可供生产中参考。     

CO2浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦花前贮存碳氮转运的影响

为探讨大气CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦花前贮存碳氮转运的影响及氮素营养的调节作用,以小偃22和小偃6号为材料,于2007—2009连续2个生长季,利用开顶式气室进行盆栽试验,对背景CO₂浓度(375 μL L^-1)和高CO₂浓度(2007—2008年度680 μL L^-1, 2008—2009年度750 μL L^-1)条件下不同施氮处理的干物质和氮素在籽粒、花前地上部中的累积以及花后营养器官的转运进行了评价。2007—2008年度设4个施氮水平,分别是0、0.1、0.2和0.3 g kg^-1土; 2008—2009年度设3个施氮水平,分别是0、0.15和0.30 g kg^-1土。结果表明,施氮和CO₂浓度升高促进了干物质和氮素在籽粒和花前营养器官的积累,增加了花前营养器官和地上部贮存干物质和氮素向籽粒的转运量,适量施氮提高了CO₂浓度升高对花前营养器官干物质和氮素累积以及花后向籽粒转运的正向效应。与背景CO₂浓度相比,高CO₂浓度提高了花前营养器官和地上部干物质对籽粒产量的贡献率和转运率,但CO₂浓度升高对花前氮素的贡献率和转运率的影响因年份和品种而异。CO₂浓度升高后,2007—2008年度各营养器官和地上部,以及2008—2009年度茎鞘和穗的氮素贡献率和转运率均增加,但2008—2009年度2个品种叶片和地上部氮素贡献率在施氮时均显著降低,小偃22叶片和地上部氮素转运率在各施氮水平下以及小偃6号地上部氮素转运率在0.13 g kg^-1土施氮水平下均明显增加。适量施氮也在大多数情况下增强了CO₂浓度升高对营养器官干物质和氮素的贡献率和转运率的正向效应。说明CO₂浓度升高后小麦产量和氮素积累增加与其促进花前干物质和氮素积累及花后向籽粒的转运密切相关。     

Effect of Timing and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). II. Nitrogen Uptake Dynamics and Fertilizer Efficiency

Field experiments were carried out on grey‐brown podzolic soil in the four consecutive growing seasons (1998–2001) at Krzeslice Farm, central‐western Poland. The effect of seven N fertilization treatments (in kg N ha^?1): 80_NF + 80_CAN; 80_NF + 50_CAN + 30_CN; 80_CAN + 80_CAN; 80_CAN + 80_CAN + 30_CN; 80_AN + 80_AN; 80_AN + 50_AN + 30_CN, where, NF – nitrofos NPK, CAN – calcium‐ammonium nitrate, AN – ammonium nitrate, CN – calcium nitrate and control (without N) on N uptake dynamics and N efficiency was studied. Mineral fertilizers were applied at the start of spring regrowth, beginning of stem elongation and at the flower‐bud‐visibility stage. The study revealed two distinct strategies of oilseed rape plants’ adaptation to timing and N fertilizer application sequences. Both strategies based on nitrogen uptake rate (NUR), were analysed at different plant growth stages. Ammonium nitrate (AN) applied in the two‐split system gave the highest NUR (387 mg m^?2 day^?1) during stem elongation (for comparison, a value of 166 mg m^?2 day^?1 was obtained in the control). In the case of calcium‐ammonium nitrate (CAN), a moderate level of NUR was obtained (304 mg m^?2 day^?1) but N uptake lasted 12 days longer compared with the AN treatment. Hence, N accumulation in leaves at the end of flowering explained about 81 % of yield variability. The second adaptation strategy was attributed to the three‐split N treatment. Plants fertilized with AN and CAN fertilizers showed an inconsistent pattern of NUR with time. Nitrogen accumulation in stems at the beginning of maturity, explained 69 % of yield variability. Nitrogen‐use efficiency did not show any response to N treatments.     

Dry matter,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation,partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and P fertilization and source–sink relations

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum L.) is being increasingly grown in many areas of the world, but there is a lack of information about the physiological processes limiting grain yield. In this study, different rates of N and P fertilization were applied and the source:sink ratio was manipulated to examine the factor(s) limiting grain filling under rainfed conditions. Plants exposed to four fertilization treatments (control, 80 kg N ha^?1 (N), 50 kg P ha^?1 (P) and 80 kg N ha^?1 and 50 kg P ha^?1 (N–P)) and were artificially modified to obtain a range of different source:sink ratios. The treatments were (I) control; (II) half of the spike was removed; (III) all the spike was removed. The cultivar Cosmodur was used, which is widely grown in Greece and other Mediterranean countries and is quite productive especially under rainfed conditions. The distribution of dry matter, N and P among grains, stems and leaves was analyzed at anthesis and harvesting. Dry matter accumulation and partitioning into different plant parts was different between the fertilization treatments and the control. At anthesis, leaf + culm dry matter was higher than the chaff dry matter. Total aboveground biomass increased after anthesis in both years and at all fertilization treatments. N fertilization affected N concentration at the whole plant level at anthesis and at maturity. There was an average increase of 20% in N concentration with N application at anthesis in both years relative to the control. N content was affected by the fertilization treatments and it was increased by 33% over the 2 years of the study compared with the control. In addition, P fertilization affected P concentration both at anthesis and maturity in every plant organ, and there was also a significant effect of the change of P concentration at the two different growth stages. P accumulation was also affected by the fertilization regime and by the spike halving treatment. Dry matter translocation was an average of 22% higher at the fertilized treatments compared with the control, which indicates that fertilization led plants to translocate higher amount of dry matter. N and P translocation were affected by the fertilization treatment and in some treatments by the sink reduction. The spike reduction treatment increased the pre-anthesis contribution to seed indicating that the N and P remobilization from vegetative tissues were very important for grain development. The present study indicates that N and P fertilization and sink size can affect dry matter, N, and P accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation of durum wheat which can affect seed yield.     

稻麦连作中超高产栽培小麦和水稻的养分吸收与积累特征

以2个小麦品种和2个水稻品种为材料,大田种植,稻麦连作,重复2年, 设置超高产栽培和当地高产栽培两种栽培模式,旨在探明超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累特征。超高产栽培中,采用实地氮肥管理及水稻轻干湿交替灌溉和小麦控制土壤水分灌溉等关键技术。与当地高产栽培(小麦产量< 8 t hm^-2,水稻产量< 10 t hm^-2)相比,超高产栽培(小麦产量> 9 t hm^-2,水稻产量> 12 t hm^-2)小麦和水稻的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总吸收量显著增加,并表现为拔节前的吸收和积累量显著降低,拔节至开花、开花至成熟的吸收积累量显著提高。超高产栽培的N、P、K的总吸收量,小麦分别为265、58和256 kg hm^-2,水稻分别为256、79和321 kg hm^-2。上述3种元素于生育中后期(拔节至成熟)的吸收量占总吸收量的比例,小麦为50%~60%,水稻为60%~-70%。超高产栽培显著提高了N、P、K偏生产力(产量/N、P、K施用量)、养分吸收的养分籽粒生产率(籽粒产量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)和养分收获指数(籽粒N、P、K吸收量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量),降低了生产单位籽粒产量的养分吸收量(成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量/籽粒产量)。本研究结果显示,超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累具有生育前期较低、生育中期和后期较高的特点,且养分吸收利用效率提高。     

黑龙江省不同年代玉米杂交种氮肥利用效率对种植密度和施氮水平的响应

以黑龙江省近50年来第I积温带大面积种植的8个典型春玉米品种为材料,于2009-2010年进行密度和施肥的田间试验,比较不同年代主栽品种氮肥偏生产力(PFP)、氮肥农学效率(NAE)、氮肥吸收利用率(NRE)及主要器官氮含量对密度和氮素的响应差异。结果显示,1970s-2000s品种更替过程中,PFP和NRE呈递增趋势,增幅分别为3.41 kg kg^-1 10年^-1和2.26个百分点10年^-1。NAE在1970s-1990s呈显著递增趋势,之后呈下降趋势。氮收获指数随年代递增呈显著下降趋势,平均每10年下降1.51个百分点;茎、叶和籽粒氮积累量随年代推进呈显著递增趋势,平均每10年分别递增0.09、0.07和0.12 g株^-1;上述各主要指标在年代、密度和氮肥水平之间存在显著的互作效应。各年代品种的氮肥利用效率均随氮肥水平的提高而显著下降,随密度的增加呈抛物线形变化趋势,最高效率值出现在50 000-70 000株 hm^-2范围内,现代品种的最高氮效率的种植密度高于老品种。各年代品种籽粒、叶片、茎氮素积累量和氮收获指数随密度增加呈显著递减趋势。各年代品种籽粒、茎和叶片氮素积累量随施氮量增加呈增加趋势,施氮量对氮收获指数影响各年代品种表现不同。上述结果表明,品种改良的氮肥增效潜力较大。在现有的品种状况下,增密不仅可以增产,而且可以显著提高肥料效率。     

Wachstumsanalytische Untersuchungen an Knaulgras (Dactylis glomerata L.) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des phänologischen Entwicklungsstadiums bei der Nutzung im ersten Aufwuchs

Regrowth characteristics of a cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) sward after initial defoliation at different stages of development Over 2 two-year period (1984-1985) the productivity of Dactylis glomerata (cv. Baraula) swards as influenced by variations in time of the initial defoliation was studied. The stages at which the initial cuts were taken were: (a) before stem apices were raised to defoliation level (5 cm), (b) about two weeks later, when the reproductive tillers reached ear emergence, (c) about 4 weeks after (a), when the reproductive tillers reached flowering stages. Subsequent production was measured by weekly harvesting of representative sward samples over a 6-7 weeks lastening growth period. Furtheron patterns of growth in a second regrowth in August and a third regrowth in September/October were studied. The growth behaviour in the investigation was described by calculations of curves concerning mainly the development of dry matter yield (DM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (C), relative growth rate (R) and net assimilation rate (E) during the growth period. The leaf area ratio (F) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) were derived from fitted curves. The highest dry matter yield and the highest growth rate (more than 20 g m^?2day^?1) was estimated in the spring growth and in the earliest regrowth (a). About 30 % of the tillers in these swards became reproductive. The main difference between regrowths of primary defoliations at successively later dates was between the earliest, after cutting on 8.-13. May, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the two later regrowths after primary cuts from 31. May to 12. June. The two latter and the second regrowth in August were in most respects very similar: no reproductive development; herbage yield of about 400-500 g m^?2; highest C of about 15-20 g m^?2day^?1; maximum LAI- values from 8-9. In respect to the E there were some differences between the stands. The E was at the time when C was highest somewhat higher in the reproduction stands (spring growth and first regrowth) compared with the vegetative regrowths. The relationship between C and LAI could in all stands be described by an relatively optimum curve, which means that C did not differ much within a wide range of LAI.     

麦季氮肥运筹对冬小麦–夏玉米种植体系物质生产及氮肥利用的影响

2009-2011年在山东临沂冬小麦-夏玉米生产田,探讨了麦季施氮水平和施氮时期对两季作物干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力的影响。施氮量设4个处理,分别是0 (N0)、168.75 (N1)、225 (N2)和281.25 kg hm^-2 (N3);氮肥追施时期设2个处理,分别为拔节期(S1)和拔节期+开花期(S2)。在S1条件下,冬小麦和夏玉米的籽粒干物质积累量及夏玉米和周年生物产量均表现为N3>N2>N1,冬小麦和夏玉米的籽粒产量N2和N3处理间无显著差异;氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在麦季随施氮量增加显著降低,而在玉米季则逐渐升高,但玉米季氮肥偏生产力N3与N2处理间无显著差异。S2条件下麦季施氮量由N2处理增加25% (N3),冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒干物质积累量、生物产量和籽粒产量无显著变化,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在麦季显著降低、在玉米季无显著变化。与S1相比,S2有利于提高N1和N2条件下冬小麦籽粒与营养器官的干物质积累量、生物产量、籽粒产量和氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力,但对N3条件下的这些指标无显著影响;而在玉米季,3个施氮量水平下夏玉米的各项指标均显著升高。综合周年生物产量、籽粒产量和氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力结果,麦季总施氮量225 kg hm^-2及拔节期+开花期追氮是本试验条件和种植模式下的最佳麦季氮肥运筹模式。     

不同施氮水平对超高产夏玉米氮磷钾积累与分配的影响

为探明不同施氮水平下玉米超高产(≥13 500 kg hm^-2)群体氮磷钾积累及分配规律,通过苏玉20、浚单20两品种3年不同氮肥运筹方案的试验,实现了籽粒最高产量14 753 kg hm^-2的目标。结果表明：(1)随着生育进程,两品种氮磷钾在植株、籽粒中积累逐渐增大,在叶片、茎秆、叶鞘中呈先单峰变化趋势,叶片氮钾峰值在大口期,磷峰值在开花期。增大灌浆期植株氮积累量及叶片氮转移率,促使成熟期籽粒氮磷较大积累量,利于超高产玉米群体的形成。(2)籽粒产量、1 kg氮生产籽粒量、氮肥的农学效率、氮素利用率、植株(及叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、籽粒等器官)氮磷钾含量在450 kg hm^-2施氮水平时达到最大值,其值(苏玉20)分别为14753 kg hm^-2、44.0 kg、19.24%、38.63%、335.4 kg hm^-2、178.2 kg hm^-2、230.7 kg hm^-2,过高过低施氮均使氮磷钾积累量及产量下降。(3)由两品种产量与施氮水平的回归方程,确定了超高产时的最佳施氮量、超高产施氮水平和最佳施氮范围,苏玉20分别为457.0 kg hm^-2、418.3~495.7 kg hm^-2、418.5~495.4 kg hm^-2;浚单20分别为452.7 kg hm^-2(最佳施氮量)、410.8~494.6 kg hm^-2 (最佳施氮范围)。     

Potassium Management for Brown Midrib Sorghum × Sudangrass as Replacement for Corn Silage in the North-eastern USA

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in brown midrib (BMR) sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) × sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) hybrids (SxS) as a replacement for silage corn (Zea mays L.) in the north‐eastern USA. Recent studies suggest it is suitable for both rotational grazing and as a hay crop and could compete with corn harvested for silage in years when wet spring conditions prevent the timely planting of corn. However, little is known about its suitability as forage for non‐lactating cows that require low potassium (K) forages to prevent health problems. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of K fertilizer management (0, 112 or 224 kg K₂O ha^?1 cut^?1) under optimum N management (112–168 kg N ha^?1 cut^?1) on yield, quality and K concentrations of BMR SxS over a 2‐year period. Field trials were established on a fine loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Fragiaquepts with medium K‐supplying capacity and characteristic of a large region in New York. Potassium application did not affect dry matter yields in either of the 2 years. Averaged over 2 years, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) significantly increased with K addition with similar but non‐significant trends observed in each of the years individually. The digestibility of NDF was unaffected by K application. Crude protein (CP) concentrations showed a significant decrease with K application in 2002 and similar trends were observed in 2003, although differences were not significant at P ≤ 0.05. The changes in NDF and CP did not significantly impact forage quality expressed as milk production per megagram of silage. Potassium application increased forage K concentration up to 13 mg K kg^?1 dry matter (in the first cut in 2003). Forage Ca and Mg concentrations decreased with K addition except for the first cut in 2002 where differences between 112 and 224 kg K₂O ha^?1 treatments were not significant. Without K addition in the 2‐year period, K concentrations in the forage decreased from 23 g kg^?1 for the first cutting in 2002 to 15 g kg^?1 for the second cut in 2003. Low K forage was obtained for all second‐cut forage unless 224 kg K₂O ha^?1 cut^?1 had been added. First‐cut forage was suitable only when no additional K had been applied. These results suggest low K BMR SxS forage can be harvested from initially high K soils without loss in dry matter yield as long as no additional K is added.     

Effect of Timing and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). I. Growth Dynamics and Seed Yield

The field experiments conducted on the grey‐brown podzolic soil in the four growing seasons (1998–2001) at Krzeslice Farm, central‐western Poland comprised seven fertilization variants: 80_NF + 80_CAN; 80_CAN + 80_CAN; 80_AN + 80_AN; 80_NF + 50_CAN + 30_CN; 80_CAN + 50_CAN +30_CN; 80_AN + 50_AN + 30_CN (where NF – nitrofos NPK; CAN – calcium‐ammonium nitrate; AN – ammonium nitrate; CN – calcium nitrate) and control (without N) applied in split rates at the beginning of spring regrowth (80 kg N ha^?1), stem elongation (80 or 50) and flower buds visible stages (30). The yielding effect of tested fertilization variants was significant in comparison with the control (2.24 t ha^?1). The highest mean seed yield (3.64 t ha^?1) was collected from 80_AN + 80_AN and 80_CAN + 80_CAN variants. Mean values of 4 years indicate that the second N rate division (80 + 50 + 30) decreased yield, although not significantly in comparison with these two N treatments. Plants grown on these treatments have developed different patterns of growth to yield the seeds. These patterns were characterized by very high crop growth rate during flowering (above 21 g m^?2 day^?1) and negative at maturation (down to ?2.5 g m^?2 day^?1). Plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate (80_AN + 80_AN) reached maximum growth rate earlier (65 days), which lasted longer (20 days) than plants fertilized with calcium‐ammonium nitrate (71 days lasting 17.5 days). Plants grown on the control treatment reached the highest crop growth rate within 79 days (14.8 g m^?2 day^?1), which lasted 15 days.     

滨海盐渍土抗虫棉养分吸收和干物质积累特点

以转Bt基因抗虫棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)中早熟品种鲁棉研18和早熟品种鲁棉研19为材料,对黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土高、中、低产田抗虫棉的主要养分吸收、光合速率和干物质积累特点进行了研究。结果表明,中、低产田抗虫棉的主要养分吸收量显著低于高产田,而养分生理利用效率显著高于高产田。高、中、低产田抗虫棉的氮素生理利用效率分别为4.81、6.33和8.05 kg皮棉 kg^-1 N,磷素生理利用效率分别为28.57、40.06和50.48 kg皮棉 kg^-1 P,钾素生理利用效率分别为9.16、11.58和12.76 kg皮棉 kg^-1 K。养分吸收比例总体上N高于K,更明显高于P。中、低产田抗虫棉的净光合速率和生物产量明显低于高产田,皮棉产量也显著低于高产田,分别低12.44%和36.93%,但棉柴比显著高于高产田。表明滨海盐渍土中、低产田的盐分高而养分有效性和供应能力差,影响抗虫棉的养分吸收和光合作用,进而阻碍棉花生长发育和干物质积累。滨海盐渍土棉田经济施肥的原则是保证中、低产田的肥料供应,高产田重施P、K肥,低产田重施N、P肥。