Surveys for Phytophthora ramorum in the Czech Republic1

The State Phytosanitary Administration (SPA) of the Czech Republic has been conducting an official survey for Phytophthora ramorum since 2003. A single outbreak of P. ramorum was detected by the SPA on guelder rose (Viburnum bodnantense) in autumn 2003 during a phytosanitary inspection in an ornamental nursery made on the request of owner of the nursery as he had noticed plants of Viburnum bodnantense withering. The infested lot consisted of 15 plants, which were imported from Italy into the Czech Republic at the end of April in 2003. A post‐entry inspection was carried out at the place of destination just after arrival and no visual symptoms were seen at that time. The lot was destroyed by the owner of the nursery immediately after the sampling. A survey was carried out by the SPA in all nurseries in which host plants coming from the same origin as the infested plants had been planted. No other outbreak was found. Phytosanitary inspections were carried out in ornamental nurseries and garden centres, public parks and forestry sites. No outbreak was detected in 2004 (451 visual inspections) and 2005 (522 visual inspections). The status of Phytophthora ramorum in the Czech Republic is: absent, one isolated outbreak linked to an imported consignment was eradicated.     

Recent surveys for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in the Czech Republic1

The State Phytosanitary Administration of the Czech Republic (SPA) conducted a survey of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in 2004 and 2005. In 2004 97 locations were surveyed and 60 samples were taken. B. xylophilus was not found in any of the samples. In 2005, the SPA performed 120 phytosanitary inspections on solitary conifers, and in forest stands and clumps of trees. Checks were performed on Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra trees and in coniferous woodland mainly in areas at risk of invasion from B. xylophilus. Of 70 phytosanitary inspections performed in at risk areas, 13 samples were taken for laboratory processing and analysis. Fifty phytosanitary inspections were carried out outside risk areas, mainly in forests and parks, and 28 samples were taken. The Czech University of Agriculture in Prague together with the diagnostic laboratory of the SPA carried out a second survey in 2005. Fifty‐eight samples were taken from 58 surveyed locations in forests where coniferous trees with symptoms had been found. Laboratories performed a survey of B. xylophilus vectors to find only one vector species, Monochamus galloprovincialis subsp. pistor. In total in 2005, 178 phytosanitary inspections were carried out in the Czech Republic. B. xylophilus was not detected in either samples or vectors. Thus the results of the surveying were negative in both 2004 and 2005. The status of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in the Czech Republic is: absent, confirmed by survey.     

Experience with fireblight in the Czech Republic1

Erwinia amylovora has been spreading in the Czech Republic since 1986 regardless of emergency phytosanitary measures which have been taken. Its spread follows the predominant wind direction (west to east). The infested area now covers two thirds of the area of the country. Wild Crataegus spp. are the most important and widespread host plants. E. amylovora is still regulated as a quarantine pest, and areas free from fireblight are subject to special phytosanitary measures.     

Breeding for resistance to plum pox potyvirus in the Czech Republic1

Breeding for plum cultivars resistant to plum pox potyvirus (PPV) is in progress in the Czech Republic, while projects for apricot and peach have started in 1991. The aim is to create an assortment of apricot and peach cultivars for northern regions of Europe in which PPV is widely distributed.     

植物他感化合物在植物保护上的应用研究及展望

植物他感化合物对昆虫具有引诱、驱避、拒食以及毒杀、增效等作用 ,利用植物他感化合防治害虫和抗虫育种在植物保护中具有重要意义。本文对其在植物保护上的研究、应用现状进行概述。     

Monitoring and forecasting in plant protection in the German Democratic Republic

In the GDR, a regional pest monitoring scheme run by the State Plant Protection Service collects data on 87 pests for preparing national pest management warnings and recommendations and for strategic planning. Within each farm, plant protection specialists follow a field-level crop monitoring procedure to guide them in their immediate decision making. Regional 'standard values for control', oriented according to national economic requirements, are adjusted in the light of immediate local ecological and agrotechnical conditions into 'control thresholds' used for local decision making. Simulation models assist in fixing these control indices. In particular, SIMPHYT I and SIMPHYT II calculate the course of Phytophthora infestans epidemics and provide the basis for the PHYTEB forecasting procedure. These systems have been operational in GDR since 1982 and in general result in saving at least one spray per season. SIMPHYT III, a new system under trial, incorporates fungicide behaviour as well, SIMLEP I has been operational since 1983 and provides forecasts of Colorado beetle populations. Five other such systems are at an advanced stage of development. In orchards control decisions will instead be based on locally installed automatic microchip-based warning devices. These monitor temperature, humidity, leaf wetness and wind velocity and can be programmed for all the major orchard pests and diseases. Trials in five intensive orchards in 1982/84 have been given very promising results and it is suggested that one such device, representative of an area of 500–1000 ha, could save about 150,000 Marks per annum in reducing the number of 'insurance' sprays.     

Present status of fireblight in the Federal Republic of Germany1

The three phases of spread of fireblight in FRG are described, from its first appearance in 1971 to the present day. The disease is now well established in Schleswig-Holstein and Niedersachsen and scattered outbreaks have occurred over the whole of the rest of the country (but only one in Bayern). The control strategy now centres on destruction of diseased plants within 500 m of any outbreak found in an orchard or nursery (object protection).     

High resolution weather information for plant protection1

Data collected at weather stations are usually used to represent the environmental conditions over the surrounding area (often in the order of 10s or 100s of km²), in spite of differences in elevation, terrain, and other major geophysical factors. We report a method of extending the useful domain of weather data by incorporation of digital terrain data into a model that distributes recorded data over the area surrounding a recording location. Temperature was estimated for each 0.1 km² witnin a 320 km² study area comprising Vestfold county in southern Norway. Estimates were based on correlation analysis and models resulting from comparisons of temperature data from 16 farm locations and temperature recorded at three automatic weather stations, elevation, slope, aspect, proximity to the ocean, and proximity to automatic weather stations. Analysis revealed that local weather could be estimated with greater accuracy than by simply using the values recorded at the automatic stations. Calculation and presentation of the model output can be accomplished with a geographic information system (GIS).     

Problems of potato cyst nematode pathotypes in the Czech Republic

During 1983–1989 about 1,200 infested plots in the Czech republic were investigated for the occurrence of new pathotypes of the potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globoderu rostochiensis and G. pallida. Only eight populations of the pest were suspected of containing another pathotype than Ro1. Glasshouse pot trials were performed with those eight natural populations, two populations of Ro1, 10 potato cultivars resistant to Ro1 and 10 cultivars resistant to more pathotypes, G. pallida included. The multiplication rates (Pf/Pi) showed that four of the PCN populations were probably mixtures, with pathotype Ro1 prevailing. Three populations were suspected of containing G. pallida , but their morphological characters corresponded only with G. rostochiensis. One population corresponded with pathotype Ro5. The extent of the occurrence of pathotypes or virulence groups different from Ro1 can be estimated at 0.3–0.4% of infested plots.     

Legislation for plant protection in Germany and in the European Union1

The first regulations on plant protection in Germany date from the last century and the first basic rules from 1937. New legislation was published in 1968. The key basis for modern plant protection is the Plant Protection Act of 1986. The legal basis, organization and scope of legislation i n the tield of plant protection in Germany are dcscrihed. The specific role of the rederal German states (Linder) is pointed out. The competent authority for granting authorization o f plant protection products in Germany is the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in Braunschweig. The maximum period of authorization is 10 years. The legal basis for placing plant protection products on the market within the Member States of the European Union is summarized. together with the main elements of the regulations regarding authorization of plant protection products. There is a need for international cooperation to overcome foreseeable problem and workload regarding risk reduction in plant protection.     

Almond protection in relation to good plant protection practice 1

The EPPO programme on‘good plant protection practice’(GPP) is presented and its purpose explained. An EPPO standard on GPP in stonefruits is in preparation, and the elements which will appear in this for almond provide a brief review of the main pests of almond in Mediterranean countries, their importance, and how they can best be controlled and managed.     

Good plant protection practice in potato1

EPPO has identified the need for an appropriate assessment and management of plant protection products and is developing standards in areas such as efficacy evaluation and good plant protection practice. The EPPO programme on good plant protection practice (GPP) is presented and its purpose is explained. The EPPO standard on GPP for potato forms part of this programme. First published in 1994, it was designed for ware potatoes, i.e. potatoes grown for consumption or processing.     

基层植保服务工作不容忽视--一份来自江苏农村固定观点的报告

提高种植效益,增加农民收入是各级政府和农业有关部门关注的热点,是种植农户的追求.2003年农户的种植效益到底如何?根据兴化市农村固定观察、工作安排,我们对观察点95个农本核算户进行了调查.调查结果表明,2003年几个大宗农产品的生产费用均比上年增加,小麦、水稻、棉花每亩的生产费用比上年综合平均增加1.1%,在农业生产成本中,防治粮食作物病虫害的农药费用比上年增加62.5%,由此导致种植综合效益下降16.1%.通过分析以及与农户座谈,我们了解到,农产品的种植效益,除产量等自然因素外,农技服务水平也是重要的影响因素,尤其是植保服务的优劣是影响种植效益的重要环节,为此,我们就农技植保服务开展了专题调查.     

Pathogenic variability of Plasmopara halstedii infecting sunflower in the Czech Republic

Plasmopara halstedii was isolated from diseased sunflowers collected from eight locations in the Czech Republic from 2007 to 2014. Races of the pathogen were determined based on 84 isolates collected during the study. In total, eight races of P. halstedii were detected using a set of nine sunflower differential lines. Races 700, 704, 705, 710, 714 and 715 were proven by soil drench inoculation, and two additional races (730 and 770) proposed by the previously applied leaf disc inoculation method. Race 700 was the most dominant in the Czech P. halstedii populations, with race 710 being the second most frequent. Races 704 and 714 were found over three seasons, while other races were recorded only in one growing season (race 730 in 2010, and the new races 705 and 715 in 2014). A comprehensive study was further conducted for isolates collected in 2013–14 using an extended differential set consisting of 15 sunflower lines. According to the latter methodology which marks races with five‐digit virulence codes, races 70060, 70471, 70571, 71060, 71461 and 71571 were recorded. The growing complexity of P. halstedii pathogenicity exhibited by the ability to infect higher numbers of differential genotypes and resulting in determination of the new pathogen races (virulence profiles) 70571, 71461 and 71571 is alarming. Although the limited number of isolates studied cannot characterize the entire pathogen diversity in the Czech Republic, the trend towards more diverse virulence in P. halstedii populations is clearly demonstrated by the new records of races 704, 705, 714 and 715, all capable of overcoming the resistance gene Pl₆.     

Early warning system for grapevine in South Moravia (Czech Republic)*

South Moravia is a very important agricultural region with 12 000 ha of fruiting vineyards. The forecasting and warning service for vineyards in this region was created in 2000 as a PHARE Project which was part of a large‐scale programme ‘Cross‐border Cooperation between Czech Republic and Austria’. The aim of the project is ecological wine production. Forty automatic meteorological stations, located in the target area, create a network linked to a central computer. Meteorological data forecasts the development of Plasmopara viticola, Erysiphe necator and Botryotinia fuckeliana on bunches. The output can be used by growers to determine the time of fungicide application. The experiences and possibilities of improvement of the warning service are presented.