Effect of silicon amendment on soil-cadmium availability and uptake in rice grown in different moisture regimes

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of silicon on soil-cadmium availability and uptake in rice grown in an acid soil maintained under two different moisture regimes (field capacity or submergence). The silicon treatment decreased the cadmium concentration and uptake in grain and straw, while it increased the cadmium uptake in roots of plants grown on cadmium contaminated soil. Cadmium availability in soil decreased with increase in silicon applied in soil due to the rise in soil pH. The results suggest that the reduction of soil-cadmium availability could be due to cadmium immobilization caused by calcium silicate-induced pH rise in the soils. The decrease in cadmium concentration and uptake in grain and straw could be attributed to the silicon-mediated distribution of cadmium that resulted in the increased accumulation of toxic cadmium in the roots more than the edible parts of the rice plants.     

生物炭的10年土壤培肥效应

大量短期的室内试验和田间试验研究表明,施用生物炭可以增加土壤碳固定,提升土壤肥力和作物产量,然而关于生物炭的长期土壤肥力效应尚不明确。为此,依托持续10年的生物炭的田间定位试验[4个处理:对照(CK)、生物炭4. 5 t·hm-2·年-1(B4. 5)、生物炭9 t·hm-2·年-1(B9. 0)、秸秆还田(SR)],研究了长期施用生物炭对土壤肥力状况的影响。结果显示,与对照相比,长期施用生物炭和秸秆还田对土壤p H值没有显著影响,但容重降低了2. 2%～8. 2%,施用生物炭的土壤电导率降低了1. 5%～7. 8%,而秸秆还田处理土壤电导率提高了4. 7%～13. 4%。施炭和秸秆还田使土壤有机质(SOM)含量增加57. 7%～123. 1%,总氮含量提高11. 3%～21. 9%,总磷没有显著性变化。不同处理土壤NH+4-N含量的差异不显著,而施用生物炭和秸秆还田土壤NO-3-N含量增加3. 8%～67. 1%,且高炭处理的效果显著。土壤有效磷含量显著降低了23. 1%～42. 0%,速效钾含量上升了2. 0%～23. 1%。总体而言,长期施用生物炭提升了土壤肥力,尤其是对土壤有机质的提升有显著的效果。     

Charcoal in Amazonian paddy soil—Nutrient availability,rice growth and methane emissions

We investigated the effects of charcoal under flooded (anoxic) rice cultivation at low and high fertilizer levels during 2 y in the Maranhão lowlands, eastern periphery of Amazonia. Two applications (at onset of first and second year) of 15 Mg ha^–1 of fine (< 2 mm) charcoal derived from the endocarp of the babassu (Attalea speciosa Mart.) palm nut had little influence on soil fertility, rice growth, yield, and nutritional status. Exception to this were negative impacts of charcoal on first‐year N availability, with lower sub‐superficial soil NH$ _4^+ $ availability paired with lower rice tissue N and a responsiveness of grain yields to (mainly N‐) fertilization following charcoal application. This N‐limitation effect was, however, limited to the first year and—though statistically significant—without agronomic relevance. The most consistent charcoal effect on flooded‐soil fertility was the strong increase in K availability in the second year, at low and to a lesser extent at intermediate, but not at high fertilizer level. Low K concentrations of our charcoal exclude the possibility of direct K inputs via charcoal, suggesting other indirect mechanisms for K availability increases. Methane fluxes in the second year were significantly reduced (–43.8%) by charcoal application, charcoal‐induced reductions were stronger under high‐ (–47.3%) than under low‐fertilizer regime (–26.0%). Thus, charcoal could be a valuable tool for reducing methane emissions associated with intensely fertilized flooded rice, without significantly affecting grain yields.     

生物质炭添加对华南双季稻田碳排放强度的影响

中国农田有机物料资源化利用是一项巨大挑战。为研究生物质炭农田施用的生态效应,探讨华南双季稻田碳排放强度(greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)对生物质炭添加的响应,开展了基于静态箱-气相色谱法的连续两年野外观测。田间试验共设6个处理,即当地农民习惯(CK,化肥,无稻草还田),3个不同用量生物质炭添加处理,即BC1(5 t/hm2)、BC2(10 t/hm2)和BC3(20 t/hm2),和2个稻草还田处理(直接还田和稻草+腐熟剂还田)。结果表明,相比当地农民习惯和稻草还田处理生物质炭添加有效抑制了双季稻田温室气体排放(平均降低温室气体排放当量49.87%),显著降低了土壤容重,增强作物的碳氮养分吸收能力,稳定了水稻产量(平均增产3.54%),降低了稻田碳排放强度(平均降低52.13%)。4个生长季平均而言,相比CK、RS和RI,生物质炭3个处理分别降低稻田100a尺度上温室气体排放当量27.53%,58.65%和63.43%(P0.05),分别增产3.21%,5.11%和2.29%(P0.05),进而分别降低100a尺度上GHGI 30.57%,61.00%和64.82%(P0.05),综合而言,BC3具有较好的减排增产潜力。相关矩阵和主成分分析可视化表达了在生物炭添加影响下,稻田碳排放强度与水稻生长参数及土壤理化特性的关系。生物质炭添加影响着水稻产量、收获指数、土壤有机质、总碳和植株吸氮量等环境变量的分布。通过多元决策回归树分析,发现可通过水稻收获指数(0.5)定量判别其碳排放强度。该研究结果表明,通过优化田间管理,适量生物质炭回田(20 t/hm2)利用是增强土壤固碳、稳定水稻产量、降低稻田碳排放强度和应对气候变化不利影响的可行途径。该研究可为中国秸秆资源科学利用提供基础研究案例。     

Phytolith‐rich biochar increases cotton biomass and silicon‐mineralomass in a highly weathered soil

Non‐essential silicon (Si) is beneficial to plants. It increases the biomass of Si‐accumulator plants by improving photosynthetic activity and alleviating stresses. Desilication, however, takes place because of natural soil weathering and removal of harvested biomass. Pyrolysis transforms Si‐rich biomass into biochar that can be used to supply bioavailable Si. Here, we applied two biochar materials differing in Si content on soils differing in weathering stage: a young Cambisol and a highly weathered Nitisol. We studied the impact of biochar supply on the bioavailability of Si, cotton biomass, and Si mineralomass. The biochar materials derived from, respectively: Miscanthus × giganteus (Mi; 34.6 g Si kg^?1 in biochar) and soft woody material (SW; 0.9 g Si kg^?1 in biochar). They were compared to conventional Si fertilizer wollastonite (Wo; CaSiO₃). Amendments were incorporated in soils at the rate of 3% (w/w). The content of bioavailable Si in soil was determined through 0.01 M CaCl₂ extraction. In the Cambisol, the proportion (CaCl₂ extractable Si: total Si content) was significantly smaller for Mi (0.9%) than for Wo (5.2%). In the Nitisol, this proportion was much larger for Mi (1.4%) than for Wo (0.7%). Mi‐biochar significantly increased Si‐mineralomass relatively to SW‐biochar in both soils. This increase was, however, much larger in the Nitisol (5.9‐fold) than in the Cambisol (2.2‐fold). Mi biochar is thus an alternative Si fertilizer to Wo to supply bioavailable Si, increase plant biomass, and promote the biological cycle of Si in the soil‐plant system in the Nitisol. Besides, it increased soil fertility and soil organic carbon content.     

Silicon availability of the nursery bed soils and effects of silicon fertilizer applied on the growth and silicon uptake of rice Oryza sativa L. seedlings

(pp. 41–46)

Silicon availability in 36 commercial nursery bed soils was evaluated by four methods the phosphate buffer (pH 6.2, 40 mmol L^?1), incubation, supernatant and acetate buffer (pH 4.0, 1 mol L^?1) Methods. The influence of silicon availability in the nursery bed soils on the silicon uptake of rice Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore seedlings and the effect of silicon fertilizer application were examined in a glass house in 2002.

The results revealed that the best correlation between silicon content in rice seedlings and available silicon in soils was obtained with the phosphate buffer-solution method (r = 0.86). More precise evaluation of available silicon was achieved by grouping soils based on these phosphate absorption coefficients (PAC). The correlation coefficients between silicon content in rice seedlings and available silicon in soils were 0.92 and 0.72 for volcanic soils (PAC > 1500) and non volcanic soils (PAC < 1500), respectively.

We concluded that the phosphate buffer method is the most easily adjusted method for estimation of silicon availability in nursery bed soils, and silicon fertilizers should be applied when silicon availability in non-volcanic nursery bed soils goes below 200 mg kg^?1, whereas the level is less than 350 mg kg^?1 in volcanic soils.     

Effect of biochar application rate on soil physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam

Biochar is used as a soil amendment for improving soil quality and enhancing carbon sequestration. In this study, a loamy sand soil was amended at different rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% v/v) of biochar, and its physical and hydraulic properties were analyzed, including particle density, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and volumetric water content. The wilting rate of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in soil amended with various levels of biochar was evaluated on a scale of 0–10. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression. The results showed that bulk density decreased linearly (R² = 0.997) from 1.325 to 0.363 g cm^?3 while the particle density decreased (R² = 0.915) from 2.65 to 1.60 g cm^?3 with increased biochar amendment, with porosity increasing (R² = 0.994) from 0.500 to 0.773 cm³ cm^?3. The mean volumetric water content ranged from 3.90 to 14.00 cm³ cm^?3, while the wilting rate of tomato ranged from 4.67 to 9.50, respectively, for the non-amended soil and 100% biochar-amended soil. These results strongly suggest positive improvement of soil physical and hydraulic properties following addition of biochar amendment.     

Soil phosphorus availability and rice phosphorus uptake in paddy fields under various agronomic practices

Agronomic practices affect soil phosphorus(P) availability, P uptake by plants, and subsequently the efficiency of P use. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various agronomic practices(straw incorporation, paddy water management, nitrogen(N) fertilizer dose, manure application,and biochar addition) on soil P availability(e.g., soil total P(STP), soil available P(SAP), soil microbial biomass P(SMBP), and rice P uptake as well as P use efficiency(PUE)) over four cropping seasons in a rice-rice cropping system, in subtropical central China. Compared to the non-straw treatment(control,using full dose of chemical N fertilizer), straw incorporation increased SAP and SMBP by 9.3%–18.5% and 15.5%–35.4%, respectively;substituting half the chemical N fertilizer dose with pig manure and the biochar application increased STP, SAP, and SMBP by 10.5%–48.3%, 30.2%–236.0%, and 19.8%–72.4%,respectively, mainly owing to increased soil P and organic carbon inputs;adding a half dose of N and no N input(reduced N treatments) increased STP and SAP by 2.6%–7.5% and 19.8%–33.7%, respectively, due to decreased soil P outputs. Thus, soil P availability was greatly affected by soil P input and use. The continuous flooding water regime without straw addition significantly decreased SMBP by 11.4% compared to corresponding treatments under a mid-season drainage water regime. Total P uptake by rice grains and straws at the harvest stage increased under straw incorporation and under pig manure application, but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under biochar application at a rate of 48 t ha-1, compared to the control. Rice P uptake was significantly positively correlated with rice biomass, and both were positively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, SAP, SMBP, and STP. Phosphorus use efficiency generally increased under straw incorporation but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under the manure application(with excessive P input), compared to the control. These results showed that straw incorporation can be used to increase soil P availability and PUE while decreasing the use of chemical P fertilizers. When substituting chemical fertilizers with pig manure, excess P inputs should be avoided in order to reduce P accumulation in the soil as well as the environmental risks from non-point source pollution.     

Influences of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on the nitrate adsorption of biochar

Biochar (BC), charcoal produced through the pyrolysis of biomass, is reported to adsorb dissolved nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N). The NO₃-N adsorption properties of BC differ depending on the feedstock and the pyrolysis conditions, and the influences have not been systematically clarified. Therefore, we evaluated the dependence of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on the NO₃-N adsorption properties of BC. Wood chips [Japanese cedar [Cryptomeria japonica] (CE) and Japanese cypress [Chamaecyparis obtusa] (CY)], moso bamboo [Phyllostachys edulis] chips (MB), rice [Oryza sativa] husks (RH), sugarcane [Saccharum officinarum] bagasse (SB), poultry manure (PM) and domestic wastewater sludge (WS) were air-dried and heated in a batch-type carbonization furnace at pyrolysis temperatures of 400, 600 and 800°C, with a hold time of 2 h. Among the BC produced from each feedstock, the one produced at 800°C had the greatest NO₃-N adsorption. The NO₃-N adsorption by BC produced from wood-based biomass at 800°C was significantly higher than that of the BC produced from non-wood-based biomass at 800°C. Therefore, BC made from wood-based biomass at higher temperature can be adequate as soil amendment material for adsorption of NO₃-N.     

水稻硅吸收动力学参数固定方法的研究

本文采用常规耗竭法和改进耗竭法研究了水稻苗期硅的吸收动力学参数,着重对测定方法、数据处理方式及参数的量纲表示等进行了初步探讨。结果表明,不同的试验方法、数据处理方式及不同的量纲表示得到的水稻苗期硅吸收动力学参数值的大小不同。为使试验结果真实可靠,应该用不同的数据处理方式对数据进行处理并用相关系数的大小对数据作出评价。在本试验中,根据相关系数的大小得出,改进耗竭法优于常规耗竭法;不同的数据处理方式中,作图法得到的数据准确性最高;Vmax用mg/(g.h),DW作量纲时得到的硅吸收动力参数值较为合理。     

不同铵硝配比下不同硅效应水稻的硅吸收动力学特征

将水稻移植到0.2 mmol/L Ca SO4溶液中饥饿2 d,采用改进耗竭法研究了3种铵硝配比条件下3个不同硅效应水稻(耐低硅的硅高效水稻特优998和不耐低硅的硅高效水稻特优248以及硅不敏感水稻博Ⅱ优15)硅吸收动力学特征。结果表明:作图法和双倒数法动力学方程准确性高,达到极显著水平;不同铵硝配比条件水稻硅吸收动力学曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学模型的描述;铵硝配比对不同的硅效应水稻的硅载体数量影响不显著,显著影响水稻对硅的亲和力。本实验条件下铵硝配比50/50有利于水稻特优248对硅的吸收,铵硝比75/25时吸收速率最低;特优998对硅有较高的亲和力,可能是其耐低硅高效的遗传性差别。     

我国水稻土的硅素营养研究

硅能够改善土壤肥力、促进水稻生长发育、提高生物量和改善品质,在水稻生产上意义重大,所以水稻土是硅素研究的重点。本文着重硅素对水稻的增产机理及硅素营养研究进行综述。     

Effect of biochar,clay substrate and manure application on water availability and tree-seedling performance in a sandy soil

In order to develop a method for extensive pomiculture on marginal soils in semiarid Brazil, a field experiment was conducted to study the impacts of the soil conditioners biochar, clay substrate and goat manure on soil physical parameters of a sandy soil and on seedling performance of Spondias tuberosa Arruda. Manure significantly increased total porosity, soil water content and reduced bulk density of the sandy soil. Water content at field capacity (θ_fc) and at permanent wilting point (θ_pwp) were increased due to manure application. Neither biochar nor clay substrate had a significant impact on the soil physical parameters. Biochar combined with clay substrate led to lower soil water content and significantly reduced the period of retaining atmospheric water. Due to a strong correlation (R² = 0.75) between θ_fc and θ_pwp, the available water capacity within all treatments remained unchanged. Amelioration and initial nutrient supplies had no effect on seedling survival and stem growth of S. tuberosa during the 23-month experiment. This underlines the nondomesticated character of the available plant material of S. tuberosa. The independence of the seedling performance of soil management makes S. tuberosa an interesting species for low-input orchards and for reforestation within the Caatinga.     

Evaluation of industrial wastes as sources of fertilizer silicon using chemical extractions and plant uptake

Six inorganic industrial‐waste materials (coal fly ash, bauxite‐processing mud, steel slag, two samples of air‐cooled blast furnace [BF] slag, and one sample of water‐cooled BF slag), along with wollastonite, were evaluated as fertilizer‐Si sources. Evaluation was carried out by analyzing total and extractable Si fractions in the materials, by incubating them at two rates with a Si‐deficient soil and measuring potentially available extractable Si and by measuring yield and Si uptake by two successive rice crops grown in the fertilized soils. Of the waste materials used, fly ash had the highest total Si content (29%) but a negligible quantity was present in extractable forms. Steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud had only 5%–7% Si content while BF slags contained 14%–18% Si. All materials, other than fly ash, increased the amount of extractable Si present in the soil. Additions of steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud caused greater increases in Si extractability than the air‐cooled BF slags while water‐cooled BF slag–treated soils contained notably high acid‐extractable Si. Because of the alkaline nature of the materials, and their reaction products, there was a positive relationship between extractable soil Si and soil pH. However, an equilibration experiment using NaSiO₃ as the Si source confirmed that Si solubility in the soil decreased with increasing pH. Dry‐matter yields of rice, at the lower rate of Si addition, were increased by all treatments other than fly ash. The higher rates of steel slag and bauxite‐processing mud caused yield depressions. Total Si uptake by rice was increased by all treatments, other than fly ash, and was greater at the higher rate of Si addition. It was concluded that the BF slags are the most effective waste materials as fertilizer‐Si sources and that, in slag‐amended soils, CaCl₂ and NH₄ acetate are the most reliable soil‐test extractants.     

Effects of bamboo biochar application on global warming in paddy fields in Ehime prefecture,Southern Japan

Biochar application can reduce global warming via carbon (C) sequestration in soils. However, there are few studies investigating its effects on greenhouse gases in rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy fields throughout the year. In this study, a year-round field experiment was performed in rice paddy fields to investigate the effects of biochar application on methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and C budget. The study was conducted on three rice paddy fields in Ehime prefecture, Japan, for 2 years. Control (Co) and biochar (B) treatments, in which 2-cm size bamboo biochar (2 Mg ha^?1) was applied, were set up in the first year. CH₄ and N₂O emissions and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) were measured using a closed-chamber method. In the fallow season, the mean N₂O emission during the experimental period was significantly lower in B (67 g N ha^?1) than Co (147 g N ha^?1). However, the mean CH₄ emission was slightly higher in B (2.3 kg C ha^?1) than Co (1.2 kg C ha^?1) in fallow season. The water-filled pore space increased more during the fallow season in B than Co. In B, soil was reduced more than in Co due to increasing soil moisture, which decreased N₂O and increased CH₄ emissions in the fallow season. In the rice-growing season, the mean N₂O emission tended to be lower in B (?104 g N ha^?1) than Co (?13 g N ha^?1), while mean CH₄ emission was similar between B (183 kg C ha^?1) and Co (173 kg C ha^?1). Due to the C release from applied biochar and soil organic C in the first year, Rh in B was higher than that in Co. The net greenhouse gas emission for 2 years considering biochar C, plant residue C, CH₄ and N₂O emissions, and Rh was lower in B (5.53 Mg CO₂eq ha^?1) than Co (11.1 Mg CO₂eq ha^?1). Biochar application worked for C accumulation, increasing plant residue C input, and mitigating N₂O emission by improving soil environmental conditions. This suggests that bamboo biochar application in paddy fields could aid in mitigating global warming.     

轮耕对土壤物理性状及水稻产量影响的初步研究

针对南方稻田连续免耕存在的主要问题,进行了土壤轮耕效应的初步研究。试验选择双季稻区连续7年免耕稻田,设置免耕、旋耕和翻耕3种耕作处理（即免耕-免耕,免耕-旋耕和免耕-翻耕）,早稻和晚稻采取同-耕作措施。研究结果表明：连续免耕后进行土壤耕作（翻耕、旋耕）可以降低耕作层土壤容重,增加土壤水贮量,尤为翻耕显著,早、晚稻均表现为这-趋势;晚稻收获时,表层0～5cm的毛管孔隙度表现为免耕-翻耕、免耕-旋耕在5％水平上显著高于免耕-免耕,而下层差异不显著;早、晚稻晒田时,表层0～5cm原状土饱和导水率均表现为免耕～翻耕在5％水平上显著高于免耕-免耕和免耕-旋耕,而5～10cm无显著性差异;早、晚稻的实际产量均表现为免耕-旋耕〉免耕-翻耕〉免耕-免耕,起主要作用的构成因素是有效穗数。     

Effect of a fly ash and gypsum mixture on rice cultivation

Abstract

The salt titration (ST) method was evaluated as a method to determine ZPC in comparison with the potentiometric titration (PT) method for 26 soils with variable charge clays, i.e., Oxisols and Ultisols from Thailand and Andisols from Japan. In addition to the determination of ST-pH₀ as the zero point of charge, a calculation procedure (STPT method) was adopted here in order to acquire more information from the titration curve. Furthermore, for the purpose of cross-checking of ZPC determined by the PT method, the ST procedure was successively applied to the samples analyzed by the PT method (PTST method).

The soil to solution ratios of 1: 10 to 1: 5 gave almost an identical ST-pH₀ value for every soil. The values of both ST-pH₀ and PT-ZPC ranged from 4.7 to 6.3 for the Andisols, while for the Oxisols and Ultisols, they were always below 4.2. The difference between the values of ST-pH₀ and PT-ZPC was only slight for the Andisols, whereas it was sometimes large (0.4 pH unit) for the Oxisols and Ultisols. Nevertheless, it was concluded that the ST method with its modification (STPT) was comparable to or even better than the PT method for the soil characterization work due to its convenience and simplicity.     

石灰石和海泡石组配对水稻糙米重金属积累的影响

为了研究组配改良剂(石灰石+海泡石,LS)对于重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn复合污染稻田的修复效果,在湘南某矿区附近稻田中进行了组配改良剂的田间试验。结果表明:施用0~1.8 kg m-2的组配改良剂LS使土壤pH和CEC显著增加,使土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn交换态含量显著降低。土壤Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn交换态含量的降低是pH升高,土壤胶体的CEC增加及土壤吸附能力增强的共同作用。施用组配改良剂LS显著降低了3个水稻品种(黄华占、丰优9号、Ⅱ优93)糙米中Pb、Cd和Cu的累积量,最大降幅分别为55.8%、66.9%、37.4%,而对糙米中Zn的含量没有明显影响。当LS施用量为1.8 kg m-2时,能使丰优9号糙米中Cd含量(0.195 mg kg-1)达到国家食品中污染物限量标准(0.20 mg kg-1)以下。土壤中交换态Pb、Cd和Cu含量的降低是糙米中重金属累积量减少的原因。土壤交换态Pb、Cd和Cu含量的对数值(lnC交换态)与其糙米中含量(lnC糙米)的对数值之间存在显著的线性相关关系。     

稻壳基生物炭对生菜Cd吸收及土壤养分的影响

探讨稻壳基生物炭对Cd污染土壤上叶菜吸收Cd和土壤Cd形态的影响作用,明确稻壳基生物炭对土壤Cd污染的调控效应,可为合理利用稻壳基生物炭降低叶菜Cd含量提供参考。采用盆栽试验,研究了稻壳基生物炭在不同用量水平下对2茬生菜地上部Cd含量、土壤养分含量及Cd赋存形态的影响。结果表明,在5~25 g-kg-1用量范围内,稻壳基生物炭显著降低了2茬生菜地上部和根系Cd含量,且在最大用量25 g-kg-1时效果最好,地上部Cd含量分别比未施稻壳基生物炭的对照处理降低了19.6%和45.8%,根系Cd含量分别降低了36.8%和28.0%。在25 g-kg-1用量水平下,稻壳基生物炭对土壤p H、有效磷、速效钾及有机质含量提升效果明显,但显著降低了土壤碱解氮含量。施加稻壳基生物炭对土壤有效态Cd含量及Cd化学形态也有不同影响。随着稻壳基生物炭用量的增加,土壤NH4OAc提取态Cd含量和弱酸提取态Cd含量显著降低,在用量为25 g-kg-1时,分别比对照降低17.9%和10.4%,可还原态Cd含量无显著变化,可氧化态Cd含量呈减低趋势,残渣态Cd含量增加17.6%。因此推测,提升土壤p H、降低土壤有效态Cd含量、增加残渣态Cd含量可能是稻壳基生物炭降低生菜体内Cd含量的主要原因。稻壳基生物炭可以作为土壤改良剂,抑制Cd污染土壤上叶菜对Cd的吸收,改善土壤养分状况。     

Short-term effects of raw rice straw and its derived biochar on greenhouse gas emission in five typical soils in China

Abstract

A short-term study was conducted to investigate the greenhouse gas emissions in five typical soils under two crop residue management practices: raw rice straw (Oryza sativa L., cv) and its derived biochar application. Rice straw and its derived biochar (two biochars, produced at 350 and 500°C and referred to as BC350 and BC500, respectively) were incubated with the soils at a 5% (weight/weight) rate and under 70% water holding capacity for 28 d. Incorporation of BC500 into soils reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission in all five soils by 4?40% and 62?98%, respectively, compared to the untreated soils, whereas methane (CH₄) emission was elevated by up to about 2 times. Contrary to the biochars, direct return of the straw to soil reduced CH₄ emission by 22?69%, whereas CO₂ increased by 4 to 34 times. For N₂O emission, return of rice straw to soil reduced it by over 80% in two soils, while it increased by up to 14 times in other three soils. When all three greenhouse gases were normalized on the CO₂ basis, the global warming potential in all treatments followed the order of straw > BC350 > control > BC500 in all five soils. The results indicated that turning rice straw into biochar followed by its incorporation into soil was an effective measure for reducing soil greenhouse gas emission, and the effectiveness increased with increasing biochar production temperature, whereas direct return of straw to soil enhanced soil greenhouse gas emissions.