Polysaccharide and salt effects on infiltration and soil erosion. A rainfall simulation study

Seals forming at the soil surface during rainstorms reduce water penetration and increase runoff in many arid and semi-arid regions. The effect of surface application of an anionic polysaccharide (designated F-Ac), synthesized by the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaenopsis circularis PCC 6720, on infiltration rate (IR), runoff and erosion of three soils during simulated rainstorms, was studied. The interaction between F-Ac and electrolyte concentration at the soil surface was studied by using distilled water (DW) or tap water (TW) or by spreading phosphogypsum (PG) on the soil surface. F-Ac added at the rate of 3.4 kg ha⁻¹ together with PG at the rate of 5 t ha⁻¹ was the most efficient treatment in improving infiltration and reducing runoff and erosion. This treatment reduced runoff, from the three soils studied, from 65–80% in the control to 14–24%. Soil loss was reduced from 3.6–4.5 Mg ha⁻¹ in the control to 0.5–1.3 Mg ha⁻¹ in the treated soils. DW treatment, singly and in combination with F-Ac, was quite inefficient in preventing seal formation and in reducing runoff and soil loss. Adding F-Ac with TW maintained final IR and runoff levels intermediate between those of F-Ac with PG and those of F-Ac with DW. Electrolytes in the soil surface which flocculated soil clay, enhanced the beneficial effect of F-Ac on aggregate stability and thus greatly reduced water and soil losses. The efficacy of F-Ac as a stabilizing agent (i.e., soil conditioner) wore out during three consecutive storms of 60 mm each.     

Comparison of soil and sediment properties of a loamy sand soil

Ten 25 m² runoff plots at the Hilton experimental site, east Shropshire, UK, have been used to compare the physicochemical properties of loamy sand plot soils and sediment eroded from the plots over one year. Sediment contained more sand (2 mm–60 μm) and less clay (< 2 μm), silt (2–60 μm) and coarse fraction (> 2 mm) than soil. Erosion rates increased with slope and proportionally more silt and particularly clay were eroded on steeper slopes. Selective clay depletion has serious implications for soil structure and fertility. Correlations existed between the organic matter contents and particle size distributions of soil and sediment, but the sediment had less organic matter and lower pH values than soil. Sediment also contained lower concentrations of calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese and phosphorus than soil. Relationships between erosion and soil textural change appear to be partly technique-dependent, which suggests more uniformity in approach would be beneficial in studies on the effects of erosion on soil fertility.     

Reduction in soil loss from erosion-susceptible soils amended with humic substances from oxidized coal

Soils that pose high risk of erosion require amendment with either natural or synthetic soil conditioners to reduce soil loss hazards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of using coal-derived humic substances (as soil conditioners) to reduce runoff erosion on erosion-susceptible soils. Surface (0–20 cm) samples of severely degraded soils from Principina in Tuscany (Orthic Xerofluvent) and Bovolone in Venice (Udic Ustochrept) in Italy were used to assess the effects of five rates (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00 g/kg) of humic acids (HA) on soil loss and other hydrological parameters. A rainfall simulator was used to apply approximately 40 mm/h intensity rain for 1 h on soil beds of dimensions 2 m × 0.5 m × 0.01 m, packed at a bulk density of 1.20 Mg/m³ and inclined at a slope of 15%. The amount of soil eroded (E) and the time to initiate runoff (Rt) and drainage (Dt) were related to changes in the water-holding capacity and aggregate stability of the soils following the HA treatments. In the control treatments, the values of E, Rt and Dt were higher in the Principina than Bovolone soil. Increasing HA rates generally delayed Rt, accelerated Dt and reduced E substantially on both soils. On the Principina soil a reduction of about 36% in soil loss was obtained by adding only 0.05 g/kg of HA (equivalent to 100 kg/ha). On the sandier Bovolone soil, the same magnitude of reduction was achieved with 0.10 g/kg (200 kg/ha) of HA. Improvements in Rt and Dt from the HA amendments explained between 58 and 81% of the variation in E from both soils. Furthermore, improvements in the water retention capacity more than in the aggregate stability of these soils accounted for the reduced runoff erosion. These results show that amending erosion-susceptible soils with low rates of coal-derived humic substances is a potentially effective soil management practice for reducing erosion rates.     

马尾松林下不同套种模式的产流产沙与养分流失

为了筛选出能有效拦蓄径流和泥沙量以及减少养分流失的马尾松林下套种模式,以马尾松林下不同套种模式为研究对象,包括马尾松对照,马尾松林下套种油茶,马尾松林下油茶+花生以及马尾松林下油茶+大豆,对其产流产沙量和养分流失进行全年的定位监测。结果表明：产流产沙量与降雨量的分布规律基本一致,主要集中在春季和夏季,雨季的径流量和产沙量分别约占全年的84.47 %和86.08%。产流产沙还受到降水多寡的影响,在旱季比雨季对产流产沙的影响更为明显。径流量和产沙量均表现为显著相关(P<0.05)。与马尾松对照相比,套种油茶后年产流产沙和养分流失量均表现为略为增加,而在油茶林下套种花生和大豆后,产流产沙和养分流失量明显减少。表明在马尾松林下仅采取套种油茶的模式,可能会促进产流产沙,增加养分的流失,而在油茶林下增加种植绿肥的模式,能有效拦蓄径流泥沙量,减少养分流失。     

Cropping system effects of maize on infiltration,runoff and erosion on loess soils in South-Limbourg (The Netherlands): A comparison of two rainfall events

Two natural rainfall events are compared to evaluate the effects of three cropping systems of silage maize on soil moisture content, infiltration, runoff and erosion. Both rainfall events took place in early summer. One was a low intensity event with 27.6 mm of rain in 9 hours, and the other a high intensity event with 33.4 mm in 42 minutes. Cropping systems were:

• 1.(I) a spring tilled system (conventional),
• 2.(II) an autumn and spring tilled system with summer barley as spring cover crop, and
• 3.(III) an autumn tilled system with winter rye as winter cover crop and direct drilling of silage maize.

During the low intensity event, soil moisture content of the top 5 cm rose to field capacity on all three cropping systems. No runoff was generated. During the high intensity event, soil moisture content rose to field capacity on the two spring tilled cropping systems but was only slightly raised in the direct drill system, in spite of 17.7 mm of infiltrated rain. Runoff coefficients of the high intensity event were 41.7% (conventional system), 14.9% (autumn and spring tilled system) and 47.0% (direct drill system). The direct drill system showed a severely slaked soil surface in early summer, caused by winter rain.The response to rainfall of soil moisture content is ascribed to:

• 1.(I) a predominance of matrix infiltration on all cropping systems during the low intensity event and on the spring tilled systems during the high intensity event, and
• 2.(II) a predominance of infiltration via continuous macropores, open to the surface (of biologic origin), by-passing the soil matrix, on the direct drill system during the high intensity event.

The presence of continuous, vertical macropores on the direct drill system explains its surprisingly high infiltration capacity, considering its strongly slaked appearance. The smooth soil surface of the direct drill cropping system may have delayed infiltration during the flooded stage of the high intensity event by not providing vent points for the escape of soil air. Soil loss from the direct drill system during the high intensity event was only 15.6% of that from the conventional system. This is ascribed to low detachment rates of soil material by drop impact and/or overland flow, due to the presence of winter rye remains and, especially, the relatively high soil surface shear strength of the direct drill cropping system in early summer.     

First or second generation biofuel crops in Brandenburg,Germany? A model-based comparison of their production-ecological sustainability

We assessed and compared the production-ecological sustainability of first and second generation biofuel production systems in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. Production ecological sustainability was defined by a limited set of sustainability indicators including net energy yield per hectare, GHG emissions, N leaching, soil organic carbon and soil erosion, and several resource use efficiencies. The assessed first generation fuels are biodiesel and bioethanol produced from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) feedstock, respectively. Assessed second generation systems are based on feedstock from Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et. Deu. ex Hodkinson et Renvoize) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.); for both crops conversion into cellulosic ethanol and Fischer Tropsch Diesel was assessed. In the assessment, computer models were used for simulating crop growth, soil organic carbon dynamics and several other relevant biophysical processes. Second generation biofuel production systems based on Miscanthus and black locust perform substantially better than first generation systems based on rapeseed and sugarbeet. They contribute much more to GHG emission reduction, had much higher net energy yields and better resource use efficiencies; soil erosion and N leaching were also lower. Miscanthus performed better than black locust, except for its N use efficiency; it is the most water-efficient species, which is important in a region with declining groundwater tables. However, in Brandenburg, low temperatures during winter and early spring are often threatening to survival of first-year Miscanthus plantings; there have been disastrous experiences in the past. The drawback of black locust is that it has invasive characteristics; this risk may be controllable however (cf. Motta et al., 2009). Of the first generation systems, rapeseed has low net energy yields and large N requirements per unit of energy produced; it also performed poorly for N leaching. Erosion hazard in rapeseed is especially present after the seedbed has been prepared at the end of summer. Greatest erosion risk was calculated for sugarbeet however, due to its late canopy closure.     

不同土地利用方式对高寒地区水土流失的影响

通过对青藏高原边缘祁连山东段天祝金强河河谷不同土地利用方式下土壤的理化性质和水土流失状况的定点观测,分析了不同土地利用方式下的水土流失特征,探讨了不同土地利用方式对高寒地区水土流失的影响。结果表明：研究区的降雨量分布不均匀,不同土地利用方式下的径流量、泥沙量随降雨量变化存在显著差异(P＜0.05),径流量大小依次为：坡耕地(4199.96 mL)>退耕自然恢复地(3614.28 mL)>天然草地(1190.3 mL);泥沙流失量由大到小为：坡耕地(0.329 t/hm2)>退耕自然恢复地(0.256 t/hm2)>天然草地(0.087 t/hm2)。坡耕地和退耕自然恢复地径流量和泥沙流失量较大,水土流失较严重,天然草地在自然环境综合因素下进行更新,有利于防止土壤侵蚀,水土流失量比坡耕地和退耕自然恢复地小,水土保持效果较好。     

Environmental characteristics and distribution of macrobenthos in a mudflat of the west coast of Korea (Yellow Sea)

The spatio-temporal changes of environmental factors and the distribution patterns of macrobenthos were investigated on an intertidal mudflat near Panweol on the west coast of Korea. Temperatures of the surface sediments and salinities of the intertitial water were highest in summer and lowest in winter, while water content of the sediment was lowest in summer and highest in winter. Hourly variations of sediment temperature, water content and interstitial salinity during the daytime depended largely upon both the timing of ebb tide and daylight intensity.Temperature, water content and interstitial salinity showed a marked variation with sediment depth. Temperatures decreased sharply from the surface to 10 or 15 cm depth, and below this depth they were nearly constant, except in summer. Water content and interstitial salinity underwent a rapid decline in this upper layer and began to rise from this depth. From the high tide mark toward the main tidal channel, water content increased but salinity decreased. The sand fraction increased with the decrease of clay content toward the main tidal channel. This tidal flat could be divided into two zones: the “upper intertidal zone” and the “lower intertidal zone”, based on the spatial differences of the water content, interstitial salinity and grain-size composition in the surface sediment.There were three distinct zones of macrobenthos. The upper intertidal zone was dominated by burrowing deposit feeders, such as Ilyoplax dentimerosa, Helice tridens sheni, Cleistostoma dilatatum and Perinereis vancaurica tetradentata. The middle intertidal zone was characterized by other burrowing deposit feeders, such as Ilyoplax pingi, Macrophthalmus japonicus and Periserrula leucophryna. And the lower intertidal zone was dominated by suspension feeders represented by Laonome tridentata and Potamocorbula amurensis. Each zone was named after these characteristic species.Although the species composition of the upper intertidal community was different from that of the middle intertidal, the way of living and the feeding behaviour of the species occurring in these two zones were very similar. But the lower intertidal zone showed a characteristic community structure differing not only in species composition but also in ways of living and feeding of the species. Some sets of environmental factors are considered to explain the zonation. Water content of the sediment and interstitial salinity will be the main factors causing the observed zonation.     

洞庭湖红壤坡地玉米生态拦截技术对产量和径流氮磷的影响?

坡地氮磷流失是洞庭湖农业面源污染的重要来源。此研究以湖南省湘阴县红壤坡地土壤为研究对象,通过田间小区试验,探讨了生态拦截技术对玉米产量、化肥利用率和氮磷流失量的影响。结果表明,生态拦截技术能有效减少地表径流量和泥沙流失量,径流量减少了5.7%~17.1%,而泥沙流失量减少了40.1%~45.6%。拦截氮磷效果显著,径流中总氮、总磷的去除效果分别达到26.5%~44.9%和29.3%~33.1%。生态拦截处理对玉米产量均表现出增产,比顺坡玉米提高了4%~8.1%;并一定程度提高NP化肥肥效和肥料利用率。     

Seasonal and crop effects on soil loss and rainfall retention probabilities: An example from the U.S. Southern Piedmont

Soil loss from and rainfall retention on cropland during individual seasons vary from year to year. To quantify this variability for evaluation of soil and water related risks for different seasons and crops, probability distributions of soil loss and rain water retention are needed. In this study, probability distributions of soil loss and rainfall retention rates were computed using rainfall, runoff, and soil loss data from three field watersheds with Cecil-Pacolet soil (Typic Hapludults) in the Southern Piedmont of the United States. Long-term (34-year) rainfall records from a nearby gage were included in the computations. Resulting probability distributions were compared to evaluate risks of soil loss and low rainfall retention for different seasons and crops. Risks due to watershed differences in slope and in terrace and waterway conservation practices were also compared. These comparisons showed that soil loss risks are greater for the summer than for the winter crop season and greater for soybean (Glycine max. L. Merr.) than for corn (Zea mays L.). Considerable soil loss risk reduction was also observed for watersheds with less land slope and with terrace and grassed waterway installation. Risk of low rainfall retention was found to be less for the winter crop season than for the summer season. Rainfall retention risks for the winter crop season appeared to be unaffected by crop and watershed differences. For the summer crop season, however, risk of low rainfall retention was observed to be slightly higher for soybean than for corn and slightly lower for fields with terraces, grassed waterways, and lesser slopes. Soil loss and rainfall retention risks computed in this study can be coupled with economic costs for crop production and conservation planning.     

土壤修复与覆盖防草布对台地柚园氮磷流失的影响

为促进果园生草栽培技术推广和做好果园土壤酸化治理工作,更好促进琯溪蜜柚生产的高质量发展,利用径流小区法,观测琯溪蜜柚果园土壤修复和覆盖防草布对果园土壤径流量和对氮、磷面源污染的控制效果差异。结果表明：（1）果园覆盖防草布可显著降低地表径流量,各次产流量为对照区的21.29%~86.29%;（2）施用沸石粉和白云石粉能够降低径流总氮和可溶性总氮的浓度及流失量,总氮流失量分别为对照（清耕）的64.16%和63.39%,可溶性总氮浓度为对照（清耕）的56.76%和57.65%,两者都有显著性降低。施用沸石粉和白云石粉可降低径流总磷和可溶总磷的浓度和流失量,但差异都不显著;施用沸石粉和白云石粉间的效果,差异不明显。（3）果园覆盖防草布能够显著降低径流总氮流失量和可溶性总氮浓度,可极显著降低年径流总磷和可溶总磷浓度,平均浓度分别为0.035 mg/L和0.006 mg/L,显著减少径流总磷11.54 g/hm²和极显著减少可溶总磷年流失量为2.02 g/hm²;果园生草栽培模式中配套覆盖防草布技术,可很好地解决生草栽培给生产带来的不便,并且可降低径流量和径流氮、磷浓度达到降低氮、磷流失量;土壤修复可降低径流氮、磷浓度达到降低氮磷流失量。     

A comparison of near-saturated hydraulic properties measured in small cores and large monoliths in a clay soil

The effect of measurement scale on hydraulic properties close to saturation was investigated in a clay soil. Results from measurements on undisturbed “standard” small soil core samples were compared with results from three large intact soil monolith samples which were assumed to reflect natural soil hydraulic behaviour. An intermediate sample size, which was used to characterize soil water retention relations (θ(ψ)) in each layer in the intact monoliths, was obtained by cutting the intact monoliths in three layers. The small cores were subsequently sampled from the cut monoliths so that all measurements were made on the same soil material. Measurements of θ(ψ) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) were compared, as well as the exponential relationships between K_s and macroporosity (ϕ_ma), the latter derived from the θ(ψ) data for small cores and from specific yields for intact monoliths. Between soil water pressure heads of −60 cm and −15 cm the small core data and the cut monolith data showed similar θ(ψ) relations, whereas they diverged closer to saturation. When comparing K_s and ϕ_ma, small core data were correlated with the intact monolith data although the small cores had smaller values. Thus, the “standard” small cores can satisfactorily predict the investigated soil hydraulic properties for a natural soil at pressure heads equal or less than −15 cm, but they may be in error, especially in soils with macropores, in the pressure head range −15 cm to saturation, i.e. in the largest macropores.     

1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Towards a marker assisted breeding for resistance against apple scab

Summary We present the first attempts to find molecular markers (RAPDs) in the apple genome linked to theVf gene conferring resistance to scab. The availability of genetic markers will allow selection of individuals with resistance genes in progeny. Moreover genetic markers allow us to recognise individuals with minimal linkage drag in back-crossing experiments with wild species. The feasibility of the bulk-segregant analysis to identify linked markers has been demonstrated on several occasions (Martin et al., 1991; Giovannoni et al., 1991; Michelmore et al., 1991). In this paper we report the preliminary results proving that the method could also be applied successfully in allogamous plants.     

有机肥部分代替无机肥条件下早稻稻田氮素动态变化

为了研究稻田氮素造成面源污染的成因,选出适宜当地水稻种植施肥模式,通过不同种类的农村常用有机肥部分代替无机肥的配比,分析稻田氮素动态变化。结果表明;NH₄⁺-N的损失以地表径流为主,NO₃^--N主要通过渗漏作用造成地下水污染;不合理的有机无机配方肥,也会造成严重的面源污染;不同腐熟程度的有机肥在氮素的损失方式上不同,新鲜猪粪在渗漏作用和地表径流两种氮源损失方面都比较严重,土壤中NO₃^--N平均含量达到13.59 mg/kg,居6个处理最高水平,地表水中全时期NH₄⁺-N总量达到5.65 mg/L,仅低于纯化肥处理。猪粪堆肥地表水中全时期NH₄⁺-N总量达到4.52 mg/L看出,通过地表径流的损失在3种有机肥处理中表现最好,且土壤中NO₃^--N含量平均0.56 mg/kg,因此通过渗漏造成的损失处于6个处理最低水平。沼渣沼液地表水中全时期NH₄⁺-N总量达到4.84 mg/L,土壤中NO₃^--N含量平均为2.87 mg/kg,认为沼渣沼液主要以地表径流的损失方式为主,且通过渗漏造成的氮源损失略低于纯化肥处理。通过实验研究可以发现,猪粪堆肥可作为适宜水稻种植的有机肥。     

稻草编织物覆盖对坡耕地水土流失及玉米产量的影响

为了研究稻草编织物覆盖在坡耕地水土流失控制上的作用,笔者于2008-2010年在雨季对不同覆盖方式下径流小区径流量、侵蚀量进行监测,以及对玉米整个生长期内各种生物性状及产量进行测定。结果表明：雨强越大,径流量越大,侵蚀量也越大;稻草编织物覆盖能有效地减少水土流失,稻草编织物覆盖的小区年均径流量为295.98 m3/hm2,侵蚀量为3.95 t/hm2,分别比无覆盖小区减少64.11%、94.01%;在中强度降雨下,稻草编织物覆盖对坡耕地蓄水保土的作用更为显著;稻草编织物覆盖对玉米生长有增产效应,2010年覆盖种植玉米理论产量为11.14 t/hm2,实际产量为10.42 t/hm2,比无覆盖种植分别增产47.5%、45.7%。说明坡耕地玉米稻草编织物覆盖能有效减轻水土流失、促进玉米生长发育,增加玉米产量的有效措施。     

Effect of water quality and amendments on the hydraulic properties and erosion from several mediterranean soils

The response of six sandy-loam soils from Portugal and Israel to leaching with sodic and saline water and to simulated rain was studied. The dominant clay mineral in the soils from Portugal was kaolinite, whereas smectite predominates in the soils from Israel. The permeability of the soils depended on the soil texture: it decreased with an increase in the silt and clay content. The response of the soils to sodicity depended on the electrolyte concentration; salt concentrations exceeding 10 mmol_c·L⁻¹ was enough to prevent the deleterious effect of exchangeable sodium (≤20%). When leaching with distilled water (stimulating rain water), the presence of primary minerals and lime determine the susceptibility of the soils to sodicity. The calcareous loess from Israel was the least susceptibility to sodicity.The six soils were susceptible to sealing, high runoff and erosion when exposed to rain. The soil surface was particularly vulnerable to sealing due to both the mechanical impact of raindrops and the low concentration of electrolytes in the rainwater. Seal formation was due to two mechanisms:

• 1.(i) physical disruption of aggregates at the soil surface which depended on the impact energy of raindrops and the inherent aggregate stability; and
• 2.(ii) chemical dispersion which depended on the mineralogy of the clay, the ESP, and the electrolyte concentration.

When the impact of the drops was prevented, or when the anionic polymer was sprayed at the soil surface, physical breakdown of the aggregates was reduced and runoff and erosion were slight. When the electrolyte concentration was high, the chemical dispersion was small and runoff and erosion decreased, compard with the control. The smectite soils from Israel were more susceptible to sealing than the kaolinitic soils from Portugal.     

Leguminous Cover Crop Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization Rates and Kinetics in Soils

Soils were collected from an experimental site (initiated in 1991) at which leguminous crops were grown as natural soil cover in the interspaces of a 19‐year‐old coconut plantation. Atylosia scarabaeoides, Centrosema pubescens, Calopogonium mucunoides and Pueraria phaseoloides were grown in separate plots during the rainy season and ploughed into the soil towards the end of the monsoon (in December every year). Soil samples were collected from this site at the end of the 7th year and incubated in PVC columns at 35 ± 1°C and 0.01 MPa moisture content for 36 weeks. The soils were then leached at periodic intervals for up to 36 weeks and nitrogen (N) mineralization rates and kinetics were determined by the double exponential model. The N mineralization rates were highest during the first week and decreased with time in all soils. Soils amended (in situ ploughing) with cover crops leached 191 mg kg^–1 more NO₃^– + NO₂^–‐N than the unamended control. The per cent organic N mineralized (total and net) and the cumulative inorganic N mineralized (NO₃^– + NO₂^–‐N) varied with the amount (biomass) and type of cover crop incorporated into the soil. In general, soils amended with cover crops had greater N mineralization potentials and rate constants than the unamended control. The kinetic parameters N_oS and N_o(1 – S) and their respective rate constants h and k also varied with the amount and type of cover crops incorporated into the soil. The results further indicated that the lignin + polyphenol : N ratio of the cover crops is extremely important in predicting the rate of decomposition and N mineralization in soils.     

Does the influence of the epibenthic predator crangon crangon L. (brown shrimp) extend to sediment microalgae and bacteria?

The effect of juvenile Crangon crangon L. (brown shrimp) on the microbial part of the food web of marine shallow-water sandy sediment was investigated in two experiments using an outdoor flow-through system. Biomass, composition and productivity of microalgae and bacteria, POC and PON content in the sediment, as well as nutrient and oxygen fluxes, were measured in the absence and presence of two natural densities (50 and 100 ind·m⁻²) of juvenile Crangon. Stimulating effects of the presence of juvenile Crangon on both microalgae and bacteria were observed after three weeks. However, the number of statistically significant effects was low, despite the conspicuous change in sediment characteristics caused by Crangon activity. To explain the possible trophic effect of Crangon via meiofaunal grazing, the results were compared with meiofaunal grazing rates (dual labelling by ¹⁴C-bicarbonate and ³H-thymidine) and changes in the meiofaunal and macrofaunal community. The reasons for the low number of significant trophic effects of Crangon on algae and bacteria were that the overall meiofaunal grazing pressure on microbiota was low, and that only part of the meiofauna (mainly harpacticoid copepods) was significantly affected by the predator. Meiofauna thus appeared to be a weak mediating link in the sandy sediment system investigated. No effect of Crangon on oxygen fluxes, or POC and PON content in the sediment was observed. Neither were the nutrient concentrations in the overlying water affected, but increased nutrient levels in the pore water were observed. According to theoretical calculations, excretion from the shrimp may imply a considerable nutrient addition which can be rapidly re-utilized by the microbes directly at the sediment/water interface. Bioturbation by Crangon appeared to counteract flaking of the microalgal mat.     

紫色土小流域种植模式对土壤氮素流失的影响初探

种植模式变化是农业非点源污染流域治理最佳管理措施的主要内容之一,以紫色土区徐家湾和桑树土典型农业小流域为例,初步探讨了套种和单作模式下自然降雨侵蚀过程次降雨土壤氮素的流失特征。结果表明,土壤硝态氮流失表现为套种与单作模式下的差异不显著,而铵态氮的流失受流域种植模式变化的影响强烈,套种模式下的平均流失浓度(0.453mg/L)明显大于单种模式下的(0.169mg/L)。套种模式应与流域土壤-作物系统的科学管理有机结合才能在提高土地生产力的同时有效地减控流域土壤氮素的非点源流失。     

Changes in microrelief and their effects on infiltration and erosion during simulated rainfall

The erosivity of soils under a given rainfall energy appears to vary greatly among soil orders, probably reflecting differences in clay composition and organic matter content. This study was conducted to quantify microrelief, infiltration, and sediment yield changes during three consecutive simulated rain events on a Udic Haploboroll and a Typic Hapludalf from Minnesota, and a Mollic Kandiudalf, and Typic Palehumult from Uganda. Air dry aggregates (< 5 mm) were packed in 19 1 containers tilted to a 5% slope and were subjected to three consecutive high energy rain storms (63 mm h⁻¹) for a duration of 1 h. Runoff and sediment were continuously monitored during a storm. Infiltration was measured by continued weighing of the soil and containers. An automated non-contact laser relief meter was used to measure changes in soil roughness initially and after each storm. Soil surface roughness decreased during the rain events indicating that aggregate breakdown was the dominant process in seal formation. For example, random roughness decreased form 5.9 to 4.0 mm on Barnes loam and from 9.7 to 6.9 mm on Renova silt loam with cumulative rainfall of 0 and 126 mm. These infiltration rates indicated that the Barnes Loam (Haploboroll) and Kabanyolo clay (Kandiudalf) were unstable soils while Kachwekano clay (Palehumult) and Renova silt loam (Hapludalf) were quite stable. Final infiltration rates after 3 consecutive rainfalls on Kachwekano clay (15 mm h⁻¹) and Renova silt loam (13 mm h⁻¹) [the stable aggregate soils] were significantly higher than those of Barnes loam (4 mm h⁻¹) and Kabanyolo clay (3 mm h⁻¹). For the two stable soils a high infiltration rate on a rough surface was maintained until aggregate breakdown occurred and runoff began. Sediment yield from Barnes loam (29 kg m⁻²) and Kabanyolo clay (28 kg m⁻²) was significantly greater than soil loss from Kachwekano clay (0 kg m⁻²) and Renova silt loam (6 kg m⁻²). The microrelief method to quantify aggregate stability is an improvement over wet sieving and other related measurements because of its rapidity and because the statistical quantification can be linked to physical processes.