Drainage — tillage effects on a Crosby-Kokomo Soil Association in Ohio III. Organic matter content and chemical properties

Soil organic matter content and soil chemical properties were examined for the Crosby-Kokomo Association near Columbus, Ohio. The soils are classified as fine, mixed, mesic, Aeric Ochraqualf and fine, mixed, mesic, Typic Argiaquoll, respectively. Effects of four tillage methods were studied, with and without subsurface drainage. Tillage methods were: ridge till, beds, no-till and conventional till. The tillage treatments were laid out according to the Randomized Block Design with three replicates on each drainage site.Soil samples, obtained in August, 1987 to 50 cm depth in 10 cm increments, were analyzed for soil chemical properties. Tillage methods has significant effects on soil organic matter, Bray-1 P, CEC and exchangeable Ca and K. In general, no-till and beds had significantly higher concentrations of organic matter in the surface layer than the other tillage treatments. Soil pH was lowest in the 10–20 cm depth soil layer and increased with increasing depth. Organic matter and Bray-1 P decreased significantly with depth. Improved soil drainage significantly decreased soil pH by 0.5 units, and soil organic matter content by 33% in the top layers. Subsurface drainage also decreased the concentration of Bray-1 P.     

Drainage - tillage effects on crosby-kokomo soil association in Ohio II. Soil temperature regime and infiltrability

Effects of subsurface drainage on soil temperature regime and water infiltrability were evaluated for four tillage methods: ridge till, permanent beds, conventional tillage and no-till. Soils of the experimental site near Columbus, Ohio belong to the Crosby-Kokomo Association, and are classified as fine, mixed, mesic, Aeric Ochraqualf and fine, mixed, mesic, Typic Argiaquall, respectively.The mean daily maximum soil temperature, measured in early spring, was highest on top of the undrained ridges. The mean daily maximum soil temperature was significantly higher at a distance 27 m away from the drain than in the vicinity of the drainline. Ridge-tillage and raised beds farther away from the drain had higher maximum temperature than plow-till or no-till methods of seedbed preparation. The minimum soil temperature was not affected by drainage.Infiltrability, measured in terms of accumulative infiltration; infiltration rate; sorptivity and transmissivity was significantly affected by tillage but not by drainage. The least value of these infiltration parameters was observed for the conventional plow-till system.     

西南黄壤坡耕地保护性耕作的土壤结构效应

设置两种保护性耕作措施,通过6a持续试验,研究了保护性耕作措施对黄壤结构性状的影响,为西南黄壤地区保护性耕作技术应用与发展提供理论依据。[方法]分别用环刀法、干湿筛法测定土壤容重和土壤团聚体组成,土壤机械组成采用MS2000激光粒度分析仪测定,并计算出土壤孔隙度和团聚体破坏率。 [结果]结果表明：(1)垄播沟覆轮耕与免耕秸秆覆盖两种保护性耕作措施均可降低黄壤容重,增加土壤孔隙,且此作用是由表及里的渐进过程,垄播沟覆措施的土壤容重优化作用要优于免耕覆盖,而免耕覆盖对较深层次土壤孔隙状况优化效果更显著。(2)保护性耕作可提高0～20 cm土壤＞0.25mm干筛团聚体含量,水稳性团聚体含量处理之间差异不显著,但0～20cm层含量略大于20～40cm层。(3)保护性耕作可提高土壤团聚体稳定性,降低团聚体破坏率,免耕覆盖措施对提高土壤团聚体稳定性具有更加显著的效果。[结论]该试验证明了保护性耕作对黄壤土容重、孔隙、团聚体等结构性状有一定的改善作用,这种改善作用是一个非常漫长的由表及里的渐进过程,为西南黄壤地区保护性耕作技术应用与发展奠定了坚实的基础。     

轮耕对双季稻田耕层土壤养分库容及Cd含量的影响

研究长期不同耕作措施下双季稻田土壤结构、养分及重金属含量的变化规律,对构建稻田合理耕层、提升耕地质量、促进粮食可持续丰产具有重要意义。2005-2014年在湖南醴陵双季稻田设置长期免耕(NT-NT)、长期旋耕(RT-RT)、长期翻耕(CT-CT)、翻免轮耕(CT-NT)和旋免轮耕(RT-NT) 5种耕作方式定位试验,测定并分析不同耕作方式对耕层深度、土壤容重、土壤C、N、P、K养分含量、养分库容量及重金属Cd含量等的影响。结果表明,NT-NT由于长期没有动土,土壤容重较高,而RT-RT、CT-CT、CT-NT和RT-NT均使土壤容重值降到了较理想区间。CT-NT和RT-NT 0~5 cm耕层土壤有机碳、活性有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和Cd含量均显著低于NT-NT,而高于RT-RT、CT-CT,说明NT-NT在促进土壤养分向表层聚集的同时,也促进了土壤镉向表层聚集,且随着耕作频率的增加土壤表层养分及土壤镉均呈下降趋势。CT-NT和RT-NT 5~10 cm耕层土壤各养分含量均显著高于NT-NT,而10~20 cm耕层土壤各养分含量均低于RT-RT、CT-CT,说明轮耕促进了土壤养分积累并主要向土壤中层聚集。耕层厚度、有效养分总库容量及土壤Cd含量均表现为RT-RT、CT-CT>CT-NT、RT-NT>NT-NT,说明随着耕作频率减少土壤耕层逐渐变浅,有效养分总库容量逐渐变小,土壤总镉、有效镉含量也逐渐降低。本研究表明,长期免耕和长期翻(旋)耕均存在一定弊端,长期免耕虽然降低了土壤镉含量,但同时也降低了土壤养分库容,长期翻(旋)耕虽然增加了土壤养分库容,但同时也增加了土壤镉含量,而合理土壤轮耕既可改善土壤结构,促进土壤养分积累、增加土壤养分库容,又能适当降低土壤镉含量,改善土壤环境。     

Auswirkungen differenzierter Bodenbearbeitung auf das Bodengefüge und die Stickstoffdynamik von Lößböden bei viehloser und viehstarker Bewirtschaftung

Effect of different tillage practices on soil structure and nitrogen dynamic in loess soils with and without longterm application of farmyard manure
Field trials were conducted in 1979 and 1980 on two farms with and without longterm application of farmyard manure respectively, to study the effect of different tillage practices (ploughing at low soil moisture in summer and autumn and ploughing at highsoil moisture in autumn) on soil structure and nitrogen dynamic. Soil structure measurements showed great differences between ploughing at low and high soil moisture contents. Ploughing soil at high moisture contents caused a rise in penetrometer resistance as in bulk density and a decrease of macropors as well as in oxygen concentration in top soil and in tillage pan. But little differences were observed between ploughing in summer and autumn at low soil moisture contents.
Ploughing soil at high moisture contents caused a higher soil compaction on the farm without longterm application of farmyard manure compared to the farm with longterm application of farmyard manure.
The differences in soil nitrate content were strongly correlated with soil compaction. Very large differences in soil nitrate content between ploughing at low and high soil moisture contents were always observed in May, when the soil temperature was higher than 15°C These differences in soil nitrate content are due to reduced nitrogen mineralization and an increase of denitrification activity after ploughing at high soil moisture contents.     

深翻耕作对连作滴灌棉田土壤含水率及含盐量影响的研究

探讨播前不同翻耕深度对连作滴灌棉田土壤容重、土壤含水率、土壤含盐量的影响。针对典型的连作滴灌棉田,于播前设置20、40和60 cm的3个不同深度翻耕处理,于生育期测定各处理不同土壤剖面的上述内容,研究其变化。（1）土壤容重随翻耕深度增加而下降,其中表层土壤容重降幅大于深层土壤容重;（2）3种深翻处理下土壤剖面含水率均为0~20 cm＞20~40 cm＞40~60 cm,随翻耕深度增加,0~20 cm土壤含水率呈上升趋势,20~40 cm土壤含水率变幅不大,40~60 cm土壤含水率则显著下降;（3）灌水后,深翻20 cm的土壤含盐量为0~20 cm＞20~40 cm＞40~60 cm,但随翻耕深度的增加,0~20 cm土壤含盐量呈下降趋势,20~40 m和40~60 cm的土壤含盐量迅速上升趋势,至深翻60 cm时,土壤含盐量则为40~60 cm＞20~40 cm＞0~20 cm。对连作滴灌棉田播前进行60 cm的超常深翻,可有效降低耕层土壤容重,提高0~20 cm表层土壤含水率,降低含盐量,从而利于作物生长。     

Effect of Tillage System on Soil Strength and Bulk Density of Vertisols

Improving the soil environment for seedling emergence and plant growth is possible using a good tillage system. From March 1993 until June 1994, the effect of tillage system and plant residue incorporation practices on the bulk density and the soil strength of the surface layer of a vertisol (very fine, smectitic, thermic, chromic Haploxerert), on a less than 1 % slope, was investigated. The two tillage methods were moldboard (T1) and chisel (T2). The two plant residue incorporation dates were in August (R1) and in October (R2). Results indicated that R1 gave significantly higher bulk density than R2, while the different tillage treatments had no significant effect. Soil strength was significantly lower under T1 and R2 than under the other treatments.     

Tillage and compaction effects on soil properties,root growth and yield of wheat during drought in a semi-arid environment

The calcareous sandy loam soils of Upper Eyre Peninsula in South Australia exhibit high penetrometer resistance throughout the growing season in soils which rarely wet to field capacity. In this area, tillage is normally limited to the top 0.05 m of soil.During two drought years, 1987 and 1988, experiments were carried out with deeper tillage in an attempt to ameliorate a perceived soil compaction problem at two sites (Minnipa and Cungena). At one of the sites a further series of experiments was conducted in which replicas of the tillage experiments were recompacted by four passes of a large (11,800 kg) tractor before seeding.Deeper tillage with a chisel plough at Minnipa had no measurable effect on water use or root growth in the period of measurement, or on grain yield. Soil strength was reduced by tillage to 0.3 m, but tillage to 0.15 m did not remove a hard pan below normal tillage depth. The loosening effect of deeper tillage was not measurable in dry soils by anthesis.Deeper tillage at Cungena resulted in some enhancement of root growth and water extraction. Grain yields were increased by tillage to 0.3 m in both seasons. Soil strength was considerably reduced by deeper tillage.Differences which occurred in the tillage experiments in water extraction, rooting density and grain yields did not occur in the recompaction experiments, but recompaction reduced the soil strength differences induced by deeper tillage. Yields were similar in the tillage and recompaction experiments in 1987, but in 1988 the recompacted deeper tilled treatments tended to yield less than the corresponding treatments in the tillage experiment. Bulk density was reduced by deeper tillage and increased by recompaction, but densities were generally not excessive, despite high penetrometer resistance.     

Effects of Reduced Tillage and Fertilization Practices on Soil Characteristics, Plant Water Status, Growth and Yield of Upland Cotton

Three different tillage practices, conventional (mouldboard ploughing at 22–25 cm plus one rotary hoeing at 5–6 cm, CT), minimum (one rotary hoeing at 12–15 cm, MT), and no‐tillage (direct drilling in soil covered by vetch residues, NT), combined with three fertilization treatments, inorganic (50 kg N ha^?1 as ammonium sulphate), cattle manuring (30 t ha^?1), and control (no‐fertilizer), were applied on a cotton crop (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala SJ‐2) grown on a clay loam soil in the field of the Agricultural University of Athens. Soil (gravimetric water content, bulk density, and penetration resistance in the top 40 cm) and plant parameters (root growth, leaf water potential, leaf area growth and seedcotton yield) were recorded throughout the cultivation period in all treatments. No‐tillage was associated with significantly higher values of soil water throughout the observation period caused by the vetch mulch. Bulk density and penetration resistance were initially higher in the no‐tilled plots, but they became significantly lower after 2–3 months from sowing. These beneficial effects on soil properties favoured root growth, expressed as root surface density, in the NT‐plots at the top soil layer. Similar, although less spectacular, effects were observed in the manured plots. Plant water status, expressed in terms of the water potential index, was significantly and consistently best in the NT‐ and worst in the CT‐plots throughout crop growth. In addition, NT favoured a better foliage growth and resulted in significantly higher yields than the other tillage practices. In general, NT, and in second instance, MT considerably improved plant water status, and hence foliage growth and yield in comparison with CT by maintaining higher levels of soil water and improving root growth. Manuring positively interacted with the reduced tillage practices for most soil and plant parameters.     

不同耕作方式对黑土区农田土壤物理特性的影响

为探讨耕作方式对黑土区农田土壤物理特性的影响,2016年6—9月在内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市阿荣旗试验区设置3种耕作方式[深松(SS)、免耕(MG)及常规耕作(CK)],分别采集0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层的土样,对土壤容重、含水量、土壤渗透速率及土壤孔隙度进行调查。结果表明：3种耕作方式土壤容重及含水量均表现为SS>CK>MG;土壤入渗特征表现为初始入渗率>平均渗透率>稳定入渗率;土壤入渗速率及累计入渗量表现为SS>CK>MG;土壤孔隙度以SS处理下最高且随着月份的增加土壤孔隙度降低。主成分分析表明,初始入渗速率和渗透总量对不同耕作方式最为敏感,可以作为考察东北黑土区农田耕作效应与缓解黑土地退化的评价指标。由综合得分可知,不同耕作方式下土壤性能优劣表现为SS>MG>CK。综上,深松耕作可以有效降低土壤容重,提高土壤含水量,促进土壤渗透能力;免耕更有利于水分的保持,降低土壤的无效蒸发。     

Effects of residue mulch and tillage on soil moisture conservation

The effects of selected soil management practices (conventional tillage, tied ridges and crop residue mulching) on soil moisture conservation in a semi-arid area of Kenya were studied during the short rains period, 1988, and long rains period, 1989. Three treatments, mulching, tied ridges and conventional tillage with three replications of each practice under a completely randomized block design, were used in the study. Nine experimental plots, each 4 m × 10 m were set up on a slope of 2%. During the study period, soil moisture was monitored on a weekly basis using the neutron probe at predetermined depths to a maximum depth of 120 cm. Calibration of the neutron probe was done for the soil at two depth ranges: 0–90 cm and 90–120 cm. The need to calibrate the probe for the 90–120 cm depth arose due to the presence of iron concretions within this depth range. The results obtained from this study showed that overall, crop residue mulching did result in more moisture down the profile throughout the two seasons within 2 years than the other two tillage practices. The tied ridged plots had the lowest amount of soil moisture in the soil profile during the two seasons. Thus the application of surface crop residue mulch seems to be the best soil management practice for increased soil moisture conservation and improved crop performance in rainfall marginal areas of Kenya.     

土壤容重对高产玉米根系生长的影响及调控研究

不同土壤容重不同,其稳定性也不同。土壤容重的变化会引起土壤调节水、气、热能力的变化,提高土壤的自动调节能力可以使土壤肥力水平得以提高并满足植物对生长因子的持续需求。为研究土壤物理性质对玉米高产稳产的影响机理,以耕地棕壤为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,研究不同容重对玉米根系生长指标的影响,并进一步研究了施用不同有机肥量及模拟不同耕作深度对玉米根系生长的调控效果。结果表明:在设计容重范围内,容重增加,根系生长指标都表现为下降,容重大于1.2 g/m3时,不同处理根系生长指标差异显著;当容重大于1.3 g/cm3时,不同处理根系活力差异显著。施用有机肥对高容重土壤调控效果更好,有机质含量为4%与5%的处理差异减小,低容重土壤在所设计的有机质水平内调控效果也都较好。耕层厚度增加可以提高根系生长参数,但与对照相比,差异不显著。所以,对于紧实结构性较差的土壤,改善其调节能力应该通过增施有机肥的方法,紧实结构较好的土壤考虑使用耕翻的办法。     

耕作方式对小麦播种质量、产量和效益的影响

为明确冬小麦―夏玉米轮作种植模式中,不同耕作整地方式对小麦播种质量、产量和效益的影响,设置旋耕2次、深松+旋耕、重耙+旋耕、翻耕+轻耙、翻耕+旋耕、重耙+翻耕+轻耙和重耙+翻耕+旋耕（CK）共7种耕整地方式。结果表明,在夏玉米为籽粒玉米的地块,7种耕作整地方式中CK处理的秸秆含量较少,地表及0~20cm土层平均秸秆含量较其他处理减少27.5%和28.6%,土壤与秸秆混合较均匀,0~20cm土层中每5cm土壤平均容重较其他处理变化减小30.5%,播种深度适宜,平均3.9cm,出苗质量好,缺苗断垄较其他处理降低25.7%,苗间离散度均匀,平均极差减小39.0%,穗数最多（670.5万/hm²）、产量最高（7966.5kg/hm²）、效益最高（9051.0元/hm²）,与其他处理达显著性差异。在夏玉米为青贮玉米的地块,除旋耕2次和深松+旋耕的整地处理产量较低外,其余处理间产量差异不显著,其中翻耕+旋耕处理的产量和效益最高,分别为8133.0kg/hm²和9894.0元/hm²,效益显著高于其他处理。     

不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响

采用随机区组设计,研究6种不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响。不同耕作方式对不同生育时期0-45cm土壤的含水量、容重、孔隙度影响各不同,在不同耕作方式中以深松25-35cm效果最为明显;深松处理的玉米穗长、穗粗、秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重等产量构成因素均较对照有不同程度的改善;深松处理比对照玉米增产0.06～3.13%,但是增产幅度不是很明显。深松处理可以提高土壤含水量,降低容重,增加孔隙度,起到蓄水保墒作用,提高产量。以深松35cm+旋耕为最优组合。     

大豆玉米持续轮作免耕对土壤养分及作物产量的影响

为了解决免耕减产、秸秆焚烧污染环境、种植结构不合理等问题,试验通过设置免耕和传统垄作田间对比试验,研究了2013年到2016年连续4年大豆玉米轮作免耕对土壤养分及作物产量的影响,研究结果可为免耕技术推广及黑龙江省农业持续发展提供理论参考和技术保障。试验结果表明,大豆玉米持续轮作免耕条件下0-7.5 cm、7.5-15 cm、15-22.5 cm、22.5-30 cm土壤养分指标全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量均高于垄作处理,且耕作对全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量影响显著;耕作对土壤容重影响显著,免耕处理各层土壤容重高于垄作处理,免耕处理15-22.5 cm与22.5-30 cm土层之间容重差异不显著,而垄作处理各层土壤容重差异显著;与垄作相比,2013年和2015年免耕大豆增产率分别为16.37%和25.33%,2014年和2016年免耕玉米产量增产率分别为0.88%和9.50%。大豆玉米轮作免耕较垄作平均节约成本640元/hm2,平均增收2220元/hm2。     

晋西北沙区玉米不同耕作方式对土壤水分及效益的影响

旨在通过试验研究,为晋西北半干旱区适宜的农田耕作管理方式提出建议。通过对土壤容重、土壤田间持水量、饱和含水量、剖面土壤含水量以及玉米产量的测定分析,研究不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米经济效益的影响。结果表明：相对于传统耕作不覆盖(CT),在0~5 cm土层深度,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可以显著降低土壤容重,传统耕作喷洒固沙保水剂(CTA)和传统耕作塑料地膜覆盖(CTF)对降低土壤容重也有一定效果;NTS处理可以提高0~10 cm土层的田间持水量,CTA处理对田间持水量的变化有一定的稳定作用,CTF处理对田间持水量的影响较为不利;不同耕作处理的饱和含水量变化与田间持水量变化相似,NTS处理具有较好的饱和含水能力,而CTF处理饱和含水能力最弱;在10~50 cm土层,CTF处理的土壤含水量最高,CTA处理较高,生长期内NTS处理土壤含水量变化较稳定;经济效益为CTF>CTA>CT>NTS。该研究表明,CTA处理可以作为晋西北半干旱区较适宜的耕作方式来长期研究。     

保护性耕作对潮土物理性质的影响

为了研究保护性耕作对土壤物理性质的影响,以黄淮海平原典型潮土区小麦—玉米轮作系统的长期定位试验为基础,探讨不同耕作方式与秸秆还田处理下土壤容重、饱和导水率、紧实度、含水量的变化。结果表明,0~20 cm土层,土壤容重、土壤紧实度随着翻耕频率的减少而增加,每两年翻耕一次(CNTW2T)和每四年翻耕一次(CNTW4T)的土壤紧实度比长期免耕分别降低了40%、17%,土壤紧实度与土层深度呈显著正相关;保护性耕作改变土壤导水性能,随着免耕年限的增加,土壤饱和导水率显著降低;少免耕土壤含水量比传统翻耕高0.77%~3.01%。秸秆覆盖能显著降低土壤紧实度,改良土壤压实状况,提高土壤饱和导水率,减少土壤水分蒸发,从而改善土壤保水能力。免耕有利于土壤蓄水保墒,但长期免耕易导致土壤压实,不利于作物生长,少耕(CNTW2T、CNTW4T)既可改善土壤导水、保水性能,又可减少土壤压实,因此在黄淮海平原实施少耕与秸秆还田相结合的保护性耕作有利于改良土壤物理性质,提高土壤保水能力。     

Evaluation of the changes in some soil properties as related to various ameliorative managements

Alternatives for improving the soil water properties of clay surface water logged soils are presented. Investigation were carried out on a strongly leached chernozem using two types of drainage systems: drainage only and drainage with water accumulating. The soil is initially treated by deep loosening and providing mole drainage. This treatment improved the bulk density, porosity and water permeability.After deep loosening down to 70–75 cm, soil compaction on the entire profile changes linearly with the time. By the end of the fourth year only in the uppermost horizon the bulk density of the loosened soil reaches its initial value. During the first few years after the deep loosening the coefficient of filtration in the soil profile remained greater than 0.2–0.3 m/day. These values are acceptable from a practical point of view as regards soil aeration and soil water storage.Mole drainage carried out at 55–65 cm was successful. There was no compaction of the soil profile except for the zone around the mole channel.     

放牧对草地土壤含水量与容重及地下生物量的影响

摘要：对滇东北人工草地不同放牧压下土壤含水量、土壤容重和地下生物量的变化进行研究,结果表明：（1）放牧利用对主要影响表层（0-5cm）土壤含水量和土壤容重,表层土壤含水量随着放牧压的增大而减小,土壤容重则以GPI0.76最大,GPI0.57下土壤容重随放牧时间波动较小,说明适度的放牧利用有利于稳定土壤结构;（2）草地植被地下生物量主要分布在0-10cm土层,占0-30cm土层的64-74%,地下生物量随放牧压增加而减少。     

深圳城市绿地土壤孔隙状况与水分特征研究

为了了解深受人为活动强烈影响的城市绿地的土壤物理特性,为充分发挥其增进植物生长、涵养水源和保护城市生态环境等功能提供管理依据,以深圳城市绿地土壤为研究对象,调查分析了土壤容重、孔隙状况、土壤水分常数和水分入渗特征等物理特性。结果表明：深圳城市绿地土壤的容重较高,平均值为1.56 g/cm3。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度较小,平均值分别为41.06%、39.78%、1.27%。土壤水分入渗率变幅很大,土壤初始入渗率为0~8.47 mm/min,稳定入渗率为0~5.90 mm/min。城市公园绿地、道路绿地土壤的容重显著高于城郊菜地土壤,而土壤孔隙度、最大持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量显著低于城郊菜地土壤;表层0~10 cm的土壤容重、最大持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量显著低于10~20 cm土壤,土壤孔隙度显著高于10~20 cm土壤。城市绿地土壤容重与孔隙度、田间持水量、最大持水量、初始入渗率及稳定入渗率均呈显著的负相关。