Changes in microrelief and their effects on infiltration and erosion during simulated rainfall

The erosivity of soils under a given rainfall energy appears to vary greatly among soil orders, probably reflecting differences in clay composition and organic matter content. This study was conducted to quantify microrelief, infiltration, and sediment yield changes during three consecutive simulated rain events on a Udic Haploboroll and a Typic Hapludalf from Minnesota, and a Mollic Kandiudalf, and Typic Palehumult from Uganda. Air dry aggregates (< 5 mm) were packed in 19 1 containers tilted to a 5% slope and were subjected to three consecutive high energy rain storms (63 mm h⁻¹) for a duration of 1 h. Runoff and sediment were continuously monitored during a storm. Infiltration was measured by continued weighing of the soil and containers. An automated non-contact laser relief meter was used to measure changes in soil roughness initially and after each storm. Soil surface roughness decreased during the rain events indicating that aggregate breakdown was the dominant process in seal formation. For example, random roughness decreased form 5.9 to 4.0 mm on Barnes loam and from 9.7 to 6.9 mm on Renova silt loam with cumulative rainfall of 0 and 126 mm. These infiltration rates indicated that the Barnes Loam (Haploboroll) and Kabanyolo clay (Kandiudalf) were unstable soils while Kachwekano clay (Palehumult) and Renova silt loam (Hapludalf) were quite stable. Final infiltration rates after 3 consecutive rainfalls on Kachwekano clay (15 mm h⁻¹) and Renova silt loam (13 mm h⁻¹) [the stable aggregate soils] were significantly higher than those of Barnes loam (4 mm h⁻¹) and Kabanyolo clay (3 mm h⁻¹). For the two stable soils a high infiltration rate on a rough surface was maintained until aggregate breakdown occurred and runoff began. Sediment yield from Barnes loam (29 kg m⁻²) and Kabanyolo clay (28 kg m⁻²) was significantly greater than soil loss from Kachwekano clay (0 kg m⁻²) and Renova silt loam (6 kg m⁻²). The microrelief method to quantify aggregate stability is an improvement over wet sieving and other related measurements because of its rapidity and because the statistical quantification can be linked to physical processes.     

Soil Aeration under Different Soil Surface Conditions

The assessment of the importance of soil aeration for various plant characteristics and environmental conditions is necessary to evaluate the oxygen relations to the crops. The root environment as a solid-liquid matrix depends upon soil structure and moisture condition. A limited oxygen supply restricts the root development and also reduces the nitrogen fixation in peanuts. Soil surface conditions can be altered by mulching and plays a significant role in protecting the plants against deficient aeration during critical periods of growth phases. The effects of eight mulching treatments (rice husk, rice husk-incorporated, paddy straw, sawdust, water mulch, clear polyethylene, black polyethylene and control) on the soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) during the various growth phases of peanut crop ( Arachis hypogaea L.) were investigated on a lateritic sandy loam soil (ultisols). These experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons. ODR values were higher in mulched plots. With the progress of growth stages and also in deeper soil depths, the differences between the values of ODR among treatments narrowed down. The influence of mulches on other physical edaphic properties like bulk density, aeration (noncapillary) porosity and soil temperature were also studied. Mulches reduced the surface crusting and thereby soil bulk density; and increased the aeration porosity and ODR. Soil temperature was higher under plastic mulches whereas vegetative mulches suppressed it.     

A simulated experiment on the high titanium slag rheological behavior

The rheological property of high titanium slag is a main factor to influence the vanadium titanomagnetite smelting in blast furnace. It plays a great role in discharging slag, separating iron and slag and even the life of blast furnace hearth. The acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene multipolymer(ABS) dense suspension is taken to simulate the system of high titanium slag. Apparent viscosity is measured by a NXS-11A rotating cylinder viscometer. The impact of temperature, volume fraction and particle sizes on the suspension apparent viscosity is studied. The results show that temperature and volume fraction have a strong influence on the suspension apparent viscosity, while the particle size has a weak effect. The suspension shows Bingham behavior within a wide concentration range. The dependence of the appear viscosity on temperature and amount of solid addition can be described by a binary function equation.     

植物篱模式下土壤水分特征变化研究

通过对不同土地利用类型下土壤水分空间变化进行研究,结果表明:土壤含水量与土壤容重呈负相关,相关系数为-0.095;不同土层土壤水分变化呈中等变异性,40-60 cm土壤水分变异性达0.989;不同土地利用类型下,土壤含水量差异显著(P>0.05),植物篱不种植农作物(T3)土壤含水量最高(21.25),其次为草地(T4)(20.62),而受人类活动严重干扰下的植物篱+农作物(T1)、农作物(T2)土壤含水量最低;T2田间持水量随深度增加呈递减趋势,其余利用类型土地田间持水量在0～40 cm土层呈下降规律,至40 cm附近为最低值,然后随深度进一步增加呈缓慢升高趋势.     

降雨条件下坡积土边坡暂态饱和区形成机理及分布规律

降雨是引起坡积土边坡失稳的最常见外部因素之一。雨水的入渗在引起土体抗剪强度参数降低的同时,还将导致土体重度的增加、基质吸力的降低,最终造成边坡的失稳。开展雨水在边坡内部的渗流过程研究已成为分析边坡在降雨条件下稳定性的前提。基于有限元数值模拟方法,进行了雨水在土体中渗流过程的模拟,着眼于降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区的形成、分布及消散特征,描述了该过程中边坡内部含水率、基质吸力、水力梯度的变化规律。结果表明：暂态饱和区形成的主要原因是土体中向湿润锋下方渗出的雨水量小于降雨入渗补给量,从而使得土体中的含水率累积升高;暂态饱和区的形成与降雨强度、降雨时间具有十分密切的关系,暂态饱和区形成时间、雨水入渗深度、土体表面体积含水率大小分别与降雨强度存在函数关系;清晰描述了暂态饱和区形成发展消散地下水位升高的全过程,从该过程看,边坡排水措施的设计值得思考。     

Effect of rainfall concentration with different ridge widths on winter wheat production under semiarid climate

Ridge and furrow rainfall concentration (RC) system has gradually been popularized to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid area of northwest China. The system is comprised of two elements: the plastic-covered ridge serves as rainfall harvesting zones and the furrow serves as planting zones. To make this system more perfect for alleviating drought stress in semiarid region, it is necessary to test optimum planting systems. A field experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010 to evaluate the effects of RC planting on soil moisture, wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under different ridge widths. Four planting systems were designed (RC₄₀: 40 cm ridge with 60 cm furrow width, RC₆₀: 60 cm ridge with 60 cm furrow width, RC₈₀: 80 cm ridge with 60 cm furrow width, and CF: conventional flat without ridging). The results showed that RC planting can significantly increase soil moisture in 0–200 cm during the growing seasons of winter wheat. The rainfall-harvesting effect increased with ridge width increasing. Winter wheat yield and WUE was significantly higher under RC₆₀ than under CF by 405.1 kg ha⁻¹ and 2.39 kg mm⁻¹ ha⁻¹, respectively, on average across the three experimental years (P < 0.05). The above findings indicate that RC₆₀ can benefit winter wheat cropping for higher yield through improving soil moisture. It could be concluded that the RC planting system with 60 cm ridge and furrow width will offer a sound opportunity for sustainable farming in semiarid dryland agricultural area.     

高烈度区斜拉桥横向约束方案优化分析

为了确定强震作用下斜拉桥合理的横向抗震约束体系,以可克达拉大桥为工程背景,采用非线性时程分析法,分析了4种横向约束体系即横向滑动体系、全限位体系、位移相关型减震体系和速度相关型减震体系对强震区大跨度桥梁地震响应的影响,重点对钢阻尼器的屈服荷载和黏滞阻尼器的位置及相关参数进行优化分析,并与其他体系的地震响应进行了对比。结果表明：在强震作用下,对于大跨度桥梁横向滑动体系和全限位体系均不是理想的抗震体系;而在墩梁、塔梁之间设置减隔震装置可以有效减少横桥向的墩梁、塔梁的相对位移及地震剪力和弯矩;然而,从桥梁正常使用的角度来看,塔梁之间布设横向钢阻尼器装置优于黏滞阻尼器装置。     

Influence of pre-harvest ozone exposure on quality of strawberry fruit under simulated retail conditions

Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were grown under an ozone-enriched atmosphere, and fruit yield, quality, and postharvest behavior under simulated retail storage conditions were investigated. The more ozone sensitive cv. Korona and the less sensitive cv. Elsanta, according to previous studies, were exposed for 2 months to 156 μg m⁻³ ozone on average, or air without ozone, in controlled-environment chambers. The influence of ozone depended significantly on the cultivar and its susceptibility to oxidative stress. Generally, ozone decreased the contents of ascorbic acid, caused higher lipid peroxidation and lowered sweetness of the fruit. In the case of lipid peroxidation, the effect was strengthened under retail conditions. The ozone stress did not influence yield, size, antioxidative capacity, anthocyanins, or phenolic compounds of fruit. In the more sensitive cv. Elsanta, ozone-induced sepal injuries were detected and the appearance of fruit was thus impaired; glutathione content of fruit also decreased. In contrast, fruit quality of the less sensitive cv. Korona remained almost constant. In general, retail conditions impaired quality of strawberry fruit and in the case of an effect on quality by ozone during fruit development, quality was slightly worse after storage due to the high perishability of the strawberry fruit.     

不同农田管理措施旱地玉米土壤水分特征分析

试验研究了不同农田管理措施下旱地玉米的土壤水分特征。结果表明,秸秆整秆全覆盖、微孔地膜覆盖较秸秆粉碎还田和常规种植能提高土壤水分,增加降水的入渗深度,减少土壤耗水量,其顺序为秸秆整秆全覆盖>微孔地膜覆盖>秸秆粉碎还田>常规种植。受基础土壤水分不同和降雨较少的影响,玉米生育前期不同农田管理措施土壤水分差异不大,8月份充足的降水后,各措施充分显示了其蓄水保墒的作用,其中,9月份秸秆整秆全覆盖0~120 cm土壤贮水量为248.2 mm,较常规种植增加32.1 mm;降水入渗深度为120 cm,较常规种植增加25 cm。     

地膜覆盖下土壤水分效应的模拟研究

通过分析地膜覆盖后土壤水分平衡的变化特点,建立了地膜覆盖前后农田土壤湿度变化的模拟方程.系统阐述了地膜覆盖土壤水分效应的形成机制及其变化规律.指出了地膜因子、气象因子及植物因子等在土壤水分效应形成中的作用,为地膜覆盖在农业生产中的优化利用提供了理论依据.     

Growth analyses of tomato genotypes grown under low night temperatures and low light intensity

Summary In three experiments the growth of 16 genotypes of tomato was examined. The plants were raised in growth rooms at a day temperature of 19°C and night temperatures of 14, 10 or 6°C respectively under a light intensity of 24 Wm^-2 visible radiation and a daylength of 8 hours. The results were analysed by a multivariate analysis of variance.Relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) decreased with time. The change in net assimilation rate (NAR) was small. The decrease in RGR was mainly due to the decrease in LAR.RGR, LAR and SLA were lower and LWR slightly higher at lower night temperatures. NAR was hardly affected. The lower RGR at lower night temperatures was mainly due to a lower SLA.Significant differences between genotypes were found in total dry weight, NAR, LAR, SLA and LWR, but hardly in RGR. Significant genotype × temperature interactions occurred.LAR and SLA were positively, NAR and LAR, and NAR and SLA negatively correlated.     

不同种植方式大豆根际土壤细菌多样性分析

利用Illumina MiSeq第二代高通量测序平台, 对黑龙江省不同地区轮作及连作大豆根际土壤细菌16S rDNA基因组测序, 初步分析在不同种植方式下受大豆胞囊线虫侵染的大豆根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化。从6个土壤样本中共获得25 419个OTUs, 鉴定到细菌的47个门, 147个纲, 709个属。变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、浮霉菌门是供试土壤细菌的优势菌门, 占所有细菌群落总数90%以上。连作4年总OTUs及丰富度最高, 连作20年最低。不同轮作方式土壤细菌丰富度差异不显著(P > 0.05), 短期连作与长期连作细菌丰富度及多样性差异显著(P < 0.05)。不同轮作方式下放线菌门相对丰度低于连作方式, 芽单胞菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度高于同地区连作方式。土壤功能细菌根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)、土微菌属(Pedomicrobium)的相对丰度在不同年限连作下高于轮作。长期连作土壤优势细菌丰度与轮作土壤相似性更高。     

不同耕作条件下土壤表面粗糙度随时间变化规律研究

为了研究耕作后土壤表面粗糙度随时间变化的规律,通过采用3种不同耕作方式（铧式犁、浅松铲、圆盘耙）,在耕作后45天内,每隔5天利用激光土壤表面粗糙度扫描仪测量土壤表面粗糙度的方法,分别研究了耕作后45天内两种粗糙度指数（均方根RMS和自相关长度ACL）随时间变化的规律,研究结果表明,无论以RMS或ACL为土壤表面粗糙度的指标,与耕后天数均为指数模型相关,其中,3种耕作条件下,RMS与耕后天数的相关性在0.88~0.93之间,而ACL与耕后天数的相关性更高,在0.94~0.95之间,通过本实验研究揭示了耕作后短期内土壤表面粗糙度随时间变化的规律,对粗细农业的具体实施具有一定的意义。     

膜下滴灌棉花植株耗水率与土壤水分的关系

膜下滴灌技术不仅可减少地面水分蒸发 ,还可以避免深层渗漏。为了合理地确定膜下滴灌技术体系 ,以水量平衡原理为基础 ,对轻壤土、中壤土和重壤土进行不同土壤含水率处理 ,试验得出了棉花生育期植株耗水规律 ,以及棉花成铃数与生育期耗水量的对应关系。在不产生深层渗漏的条件下 ,土壤含水率越高 ,棉株耗水越大 ,但成铃数的增加有限。另外 ,观察到膜下滴灌棉花的根系主要吸水层在 60 cm土层深度以内     

不同土壤水分条件下冬小麦根系分布规律研究

为了探讨不同土壤水分条件下冬小麦根系在土壤深度中的分布规律,为精细化农田灌溉提供技术支撑.采用池栽定量灌溉的方法,在冬小麦的几个主要生长发育期进行0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm土壤层次的根系鲜重、干重测定并计算不同层次土壤中的根系占整个根系干重的百分数.结果表明0～10cm土壤中根干重占总重80％以上,10～20cm土壤中根干重占总重10％以上,20～30cm土壤中根干重占总重5％左右.小穗型品种山农20根干重顺序孕穗期是轻度干旱＞水分过量、干旱和适宜水分,开花期是适宜水分＞轻度干旱＞水分过量＞干旱.大穗型品种山农21根干重顺序孕穗期是适宜水分＞水分过量＞轻度干旱＞干旱,开花期是适宜水分＞水分过量＞轻度干旱＞干旱.在干旱型生产上多采用小穗型品种,根系强大,可减轻干旱危害,小麦全生育期生产上以灌溉水为宜.     

晋西旱塬地覆盖耕作农田土壤水分有效性研究

根据多年农田试验和定位观测的结果,在分析旱塬农田土壤水分曲线特征的基础上,从耕层土壤和深层土壤两个层次研究了覆盖耕作对农田土壤水分有效性的影响,包括有效水含量、速动易效水与缓动易效水。结果表明：免耕覆盖量10500kg／hm^2的处理耕层土壤总有效水含量最高,免耕覆盖量7500kg／hm^2的处理次之,常规耕作最低;深层土壤有效水量的变化趋势也随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加,常规耕作和免耕无覆盖差异不大,免耕覆盖量10500kg／hm^2比常规耕作高34．5mm;耕层和深层土壤速动易效水与缓动易效水整体上均随秸秆覆盖量增加而增加,速动易效水较缓动易效水含量低。     

不同水分条件下迷迭香的光合特性

利用CI-301PS光合作用测定仪研究了４种不同水分条件下迷迭香的光合作用日进程特征。结果表明：4种处理的蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日进程曲线均呈“单峰”型,峰值均出现在12:00左右,光合速率的日进程曲线均呈“双峰”型,有明显的“午休”现象;水分利用效率为“多峰”型。方差分析表明不同水分处理中湿润状态与半湿半干状态的光合速率,蒸腾速率与气孔导度显著高于干旱状态。饱和状态的水分利用效率显著低于其它3个处理。相关分析表明,迷迭香的光合作用和蒸腾作用与光强和温度成显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈显著负相关关系。     

不同土壤水分条件下牡丹的生理特性研究

以盆栽牡丹朱砂垒为试材,研究了5种土壤相对含水量对牡丹叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤干旱胁迫程度的增加,叶片相对水分亏缺(RWD)加大;总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量下降,类胡萝卜素含量在土壤相对含水量85%到55%间,含量略有增加,后逐渐下降;H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量、O2产生速率都明显增加;SOD酶活性降低;POD酶活性则增加。