复式大蒜种子方向控制装置设计与试验

为提高大蒜播种机对杂交蒜的播种正芽率,提出串联使用大蒜种子重心靠下和大蒜种子芽尖细长特征进行种子方向控制的方法,即在排种器运种阶段设计分段式护种槽,利用大蒜种子重心靠下特征提高种子直立进入定向器的概率,在换向阶段设计弧形开口定向器,使大蒜种子芽尖尽可能露出定向器,提高短芽尖大蒜鳞芽的正芽率。以定向速度和种子芽尖长度为试验因素,正芽率为试验指标,进行台架试验,结果表明,蒜瓣芽尖长度对播种机正芽率影响较为明显,正芽率随定向速度的增加而降低。以金乡杂交蒜为试验对象,对定向系统进行田间播种性能试验,试验结果表明：行走速度为0.14～0.19 m/s时,金乡杂交蒜的正芽率达85%,整体满足大蒜播种农艺要求。串联使用大蒜种子两种物理特征从作业原理上可提高大蒜种子定向稳定性,为大蒜播种机械化发展提供参考。     

高效精准大蒜播种机正式上市

<正>2017年6月26日,由山东省农业机械科学研究院技术攻关、山东省玛丽亚农业机械有限公司生产制造的高效精准大蒜播种机在山东金乡召开新产品发布会,正式宣布上市。此款高效精准大蒜播种机突破了单粒取种、鳞芽方向控制、直立栽种等大蒜播种关键技术难题,种芽直立率达到90%,达到世界领先水平,     

旋耕式大蒜播种机关键部件优化及性能试验

为了提高旋耕式大蒜播种机对新疆大蒜种植模式的适应性,依据新疆蒜种外形尺寸优化蒜种勺参数,提高取种单粒率,降低空穴率及重播率。选择机具性能的主要因素(机具作业速度、大蒜种子外形尺寸、鳞芽长度),采用单因素试验分析进行田间试验,分析不同参数对大蒜播种机正芽率、空穴率、重播率的影响,得出各因素影响程度,为后期机具优化提供理论依据。     

牵引式大蒜播种机的设计

针对当前我国大蒜种植机械存在的单粒取种率低、蒜种鳞芽朝上直立播种率低等问题,综合考虑大蒜的种植模式和农艺要求,设计了牵引式大蒜播种机。该机利用提种爪单粒提种及弹簧扶正的原理,有效改善了播种机单粒取种、蒜种鳞芽朝上、漏播及重播的问题,且结构简单、操作方便。田间性能试验表明:该机纯作业生产率为0.1hm~2/h,鳞芽朝上率92.1%,播种深度合格率92.04%,重播率6.4%,漏播率2.1%,满足大蒜播种的技术要求。     

大蒜种子与机械播种相关特性的分析研究

大蒜种子的外形尺寸特征、悬浮特性,是播种机械实现单粒播种的重要依据,蒜种破碎是机械对蒜种的严重损伤,导致不能发芽。为此,对大蒜种子的外形尺寸和悬浮特性及破碎力进行试验研究,为大蒜种子机械化清选和播种提供数据。选择大瓣种苍山大蒜、小瓣种金乡大蒜及杞县大蒜为研究对象,使用统计学方法,以大蒜种子的长、宽、厚、悬浮速度及压碎力为指标,研究蒜种大小尺寸的分布、含水率对大蒜种子悬浮速度及大蒜种子抗破坏能力的影响。结果表明:大蒜种子厚度方向的尺寸差异最大;大蒜种子的悬浮速度随含水率的上升而增加,同一含水率下,大瓣种子的悬浮速度大于小瓣种子;压碎力与含水率呈反比,且大瓣种子弧面更易受到破坏。     

可保持式大蒜种带播种机的设计

在大蒜种植过程中,为了保证出苗率和提高大蒜产量,蒜种入土后必须鳞芽向上,这在机械化播种技术实现上难度较大,针对这一问题提出了可保持式大蒜种带播种机的设计。可通过大蒜种带播种机构实现和保持大蒜种带上的蒜瓣鳞芽向上入土,用可降解种带膜定向包裹和固定蒜种,使蒜种间距一致,姿态一致。包裹蒜种的种带缠绕成种带卷放置在播种机种带盘上,播种时通过可保持式定向播种装置使大蒜种带按照各滚轮所设定的轨道运动,实现定向和精量播种。基于动力学仿真软件对主要播种机构和种带方向保持机构进行运动分析,获得种带播种过程中蒜瓣的运动轨迹曲线。分析结果表明,该种带播种机能够满足大蒜种植的农艺要求,实现播种过程中保持蒜种鳞芽直立向上入土的功能。     

双鸭嘴式大蒜正头装置调头机理分析与试验

针对当前大蒜机械化播种鳞芽正头率较低的问题,测定了苍山大蒜的物理属性参数及几何参数,采用离散元技术,建立双鸭嘴式大蒜正头机构播种动力学模型;仿真研究了蒜种在3种正头机构中的运动规律,分析了不同接种鸭嘴曲线形状、蒜种重心、插播转速及蒜种二次弹跳对正头率的影响规律,明确了蒜种正头机理。试制了室内播种试验台及大田样机,开展了播种试验,采用可视化方法提取了试验过程中蒜种运动动态图像,结果证明与仿真过程基本一致,试验正头率与仿真正头率的误差在5%以内,表明采用离散元法对播种过程中蒜种的运动规律进行分析是可行的;田间试验蒜种正头率最高可达95.67%,提高了4.67个百分点。     

基于电容检测技术的蒜种鳞芽扶正装置设计与试验

针对传统机械方式鳞芽扶正率低、可靠性差等问题，提出了一种基于电容检测技术的蒜种鳞芽定向方法，搭建了相应的鳞芽检测与扶正装置，并对其结构和运行参数进行了优化。基于ANSYS电场分析验证了方法的可行性，基于EDEM仿真平台进行了接播装置结构的优化。结果表明，当接播装置底面夹角、短轴半径、长轴半径分别为80°、22.99 mm和27.79 mm时，装置性能最优，理论直立率为96.6%,物理试验验证了优化结果的可靠性。以极板参数为试验因素，以信噪比为试验指标，开展极板尺寸优化试验。结果表明，极板参数为45 mm×8 mm×0.10 mm时，装置性能最优。以金乡、苍山蒜种为试验对象，开展样机试验，正芽率为95.0%,满足大蒜播种要求。     

大蒜播种机地轮及铺管覆膜机构改进设计与试验

地轮作为确保大蒜播种单粒取种、鳞芽调向和直立下栽的关键机构,其滑移率大小直接影响大蒜播种机的播种性能,针对引进的原大蒜播种机在新疆大蒜种植区地轮滑移率过大,造成漏播的问题,对地轮进行理论分析,研究影响地轮性能的因素,重新设计地轮直径和宽度分别为600 mm和100 mm的直齿型地轮,并结合新疆大蒜种植区气候、土壤性能和农艺要求,在原大蒜播种机基础上,增设铺管覆膜机构,对改进后的铺管覆膜大蒜精量播种一体机的播种性能、地轮滑移率、铺管覆膜性能进行了试验,结果表明,该研究能改善原大蒜播种机在新疆种植区的播种性能,在铺管覆膜大蒜精量播种一体机作业速度为2 km/h时,其正芽率为91.4%,重复率为1.1%,空穴率为3.2%,滑移率为4.9%,同时铺管覆膜各项性能指标达到了相关技术指标要求。     

新型大蒜播种机关键技术研究

大蒜种植时要求鳞芽朝上,直立播种,但这种农艺种植特点制约了大蒜机械化的发展,为此,本文设计了带有矫正机构的新型大蒜直立播种机。该机器主要由机架、槽轮机构、传动装置、取蒜装置、矫正装置、种植装置和播蒜爪等零部件组成,利用排种机构通过非平行式取蒜爪取出蒜种箱中的蒜种,落入矫正漏斗。通过管道落入种植机机构,种植机构顶部带有凸轮机构可以将连接种植斗的管道和种植爪都同时压入土里,从而实现蒜瓣的种植,解决种蒜的难题。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。