The neurobiology of learning and memory

Study of the neurobiology of learning and memory is in a most exciting phase. Behavioral studies in animals are characterizing the categories and properties of learning and memory; essential memory trace circuits in the brain are being defined and localized in mammalian models; work on human memory and the brain is identifying neuronal systems involved in memory; the neuronal, neurochemical, molecular, and biophysical substrates of memory are beginning to be understood in both invertebrate and vertebrate systems; and theoretical and mathematical analysis of basic associative learning and of neuronal networks in proceeding apace. Likely applications of this new understanding of the neural bases of learning and memory range from education to the treatment of learning disabilities to the design of new artificial intelligence systems.     

纳米硒对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

用亚硒酸钠和纳米硒两种硒源分别以每只1、2、4μg/d(以Se计)的水平对小鼠进行灌胃,运用Y型迷宫试验测试纳米硒对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响,并测定各组小鼠血清中的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)等抗氧化指标来确定其抗氧化能力。结果表明,纳米硒3个剂量组小鼠的学习记忆成绩均有明显提高,血清CAT活性、GSH-Px活性及T-AOC明显升高,MDA含量显著降低,且均优于同剂量的亚硒酸钠组。可见,纳米硒能提高小鼠的学习记忆能力,且效果优于传统硒源亚硒酸钠,其作用机制可能是通过增强机体抗氧化能力来实现的。     

年龄对C57BL/6小鼠在不同空间性学习记忆能力的影响

探讨C57BL/6小鼠在辐射状六臂水迷宫(RAWM)和Morris水迷宫(MWM)中是否有一致性学习记忆能力减退,以及两任务中的成绩是否相关.结果表明,在RAWM和MWM中,老年小鼠的空间性学习记忆能力均下降,但对每个小鼠而言,两个空间任务间的成绩几乎没有关联(MWM中的潜伏期仅与RAWM中的学习成绩弱相关,r=0.45～0.49).这些结果表明RAWM和MWM都是优秀的空间学习记忆任务,对检测小鼠的年龄相关性学习记忆功能减退均敏感,但个体完成两个任务的成绩不一致,提示在探讨记忆减退机制时最好两个任务并用.     

胚胎期暴露氰戊菊酯对中年CD-1小鼠 空间学习记忆能力的影响

本研究旨在探讨胚胎期暴露氰戊菊酯对中年CD-1小鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响。利用六臂辐射状水迷宫任务检测胚胎期暴露氰戊菊酯组与暴露乳剂的对照组13月龄CD-1小鼠的空间学习记忆能力。结果表明,在辐射状水迷宫任务的学习期和记忆期中,氰戊菊酯组的错误数和潜伏期均显著高于对照组(Ps<0.05)。因此,胚胎期暴露氰戊菊酯可加速中年CD-1小鼠年龄相关性空间学习记忆能力减退的出现。     

大学英语学习中的记忆与遗忘

通过对大学英语学习中记忆与遗忘原因的分析 ,扼要地阐述了在大学英语学习中进行有效的记忆和可能避免或减少遗忘的具体措施 ,以利于大学英语学习效果的提高     

正确认识年龄损害记忆——动物学研究

年龄相关性学习记忆能力减退是从人到啮齿类动物的常见现象.但因受到支持的记忆系统不同,各种类型的记忆形式受到年龄影响各不相同.并非所有形式的记忆都受损.受损的记忆消失也并非同时出现,且受损程度不同,以空间性记忆受损最早最重.衰老过程中,不同形式的记忆可能此消彼长,有些形式的记忆甚至可能增强.因此,在研究年龄相关性学习记忆能力减退时最好使用多个任务进行记忆评估.     

跑台运动对阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的 探讨跑台运动对阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠学习记忆能力的影响及其机制.方法 32只小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、运动1组(E1组)、运动2组(E2组).每天腹腔注射120 mg/kg D-半乳糖和100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠造模,连续8周.E1、E2组每天以10 m/s分别跑100、200 m.第9周采用Moms水迷宫检测小鼠学习记忆能力,并取大脑海马测定总巯基、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶.结果 与模型组相比,E2组小鼠空间学习记忆能力提高(P＜0.05);正常组、E1、E2组海马组织中总巯基含量及正常组、E1组AchE含量升高(P＜0.01或0.05).结论 跑台运动能改善阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠学习记忆能力、海马中抗氧化及胆碱能活性.     

Prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide: learning and memory deficits

Exposing pregnant rats to carbon monoxide (150 parts per million) produced only minor reductions in the birth weights of the pups and gave no evidence of overt teratogenesis. However, behavioral evaluation of learning and memory processes in a two-way avoidance task suggested a functional deficit in the central nervous system of the exposed offspring. Multiple dependent measures and specific control groups confirmed that this deficit was independent of nonassociative or motivational alterations.     

Effects of magnesium pemoline and dextroamphetamine on human learning

Two central nervous system stimulants, magnesium pemoline and dextroamphetamine, were tested to see if they facilitate learning in human subjects. Subjects under placebo learned faster than the subjects under any of the several doses of magnesium pemoline; however, none of these differences reached statistical significance. Subjects who received dextroamphetamine learned significantly more slowly than those who received placebo.     

Electrical synapses control hippocampal contributions to fear learning and memory

The role of electrical synapses in synchronizing neuronal assemblies in the adult mammalian brain is well documented. However, their role in learning and memory processes remains unclear. By combining Pavlovian fear conditioning, activity-dependent immediate early gene expression, and in vivo electrophysiology, we discovered that blocking neuronal gap junctions within the dorsal hippocampus impaired context-dependent fear learning, memory, and extinction. Theta rhythms in freely moving rats were also disrupted. Our results show that gap junction-mediated neuronal transmission is a prominent feature underlying emotional memories.     

银杏叶提取物对去卵巢大鼠学习记忆功能的影响

利用水迷宫法研究了银杏叶提取物(EG b)对去卵巢大鼠学习记忆功能的影响,同时利用免疫组织化学SP法检测了大鼠海马中乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)和神经元型一氧化氮合酶(NO S1)的表达情况。结果表明,去卵巢后大鼠学习记忆功能明显下降,海马中ChAT阳性神经元的表达明显减弱(P<0.05),NO S1阳性神经元(除CA 2区)的表达明显增强(P<0.01);EG b对雌激素缺乏所致的学习记忆功能下降具有明显的改善作用,其作用是通过增强海马中ChAT阳性神经元的表达和抑制NO S1阳性神经元的表达而实现的。     

Effects of molecular memory and bursting on fluctuations in gene expression

Many cellular components are present in such low numbers per cell that random births and deaths of individual molecules can cause substantial "noise" in concentrations. But biochemical events do not necessarily occur in single steps of individual molecules. Some processes are greatly randomized when synthesis or degradation occurs in large bursts of many molecules during a short time interval. Conversely, each birth or death of a macromolecule could involve several small steps, creating a memory between individual events. We present a generalized theory for stochastic gene expression, formulating the variance in protein abundance in terms of the randomness of the individual gene expression events. We show that common types of molecular mechanisms can produce gestation and senescence periods that reduce noise without requiring higher abundances, shorter lifetimes, or any concentration-dependent control loops. We also show that most single-cell experimental methods cannot distinguish between qualitatively different stochastic principles, although this in turn makes such methods better suited for identifying which components introduce fluctuations. Characterizing the random events that give rise to noise in concentrations instead requires dynamic measurements with single-molecule resolution.     

Effects of serotonin on memory impairments produced by ethanol

Subjects treated with low or high doses of ethanol demonstrated impaired memory, particularly in tests involving the recall of poorly learned information. Zimelidine, an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, reversed this ethanol-induced impairment. The serotonin neurotransmitter system may mediate learning and memory in humans and may determine some of the effects of alcohol on higher mental functions.     

卷烟烟气暴露对大鼠学习记忆功能及海马组织病理和BDNF表达的影响

设对照组(未染毒)、低剂量组(约2.5支烟,每天染毒10 min)、中剂量组(约5支烟,每天染毒20 min)及高剂量组(约10支烟,每天染毒40 min)4个处理,将雄性SD大鼠置于气体染毒箱内行被动吸烟,研究卷烟烟气暴露对大鼠学习记忆功能及海马病理和脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophicfactor,BDNF)的影响。结果表明:染毒30 d,染毒组大鼠潜伏时间均显著短于对照组,BDNF表达显著高于对照组;染毒60 d,中剂量组大鼠潜伏时间显著短于对照组,BDNF表达显著高于对照组;染毒180 d,染毒组大鼠潜伏时间显著长于对照组,BDNF表达显著高于对照组;不同剂量处理大鼠的海马HE染色均无明显变化,大鼠的海马组织均无器质性损伤;短期烟气暴露可提高大鼠学习记忆功能,随染毒时间的延长,大鼠学习记忆功能下降,该作用与海马BDNF的表达密切相关。     

复合不育剂EP-1对小鼠空间记忆与焦虑行为的影响

EP-1是由炔雌醚和左炔诺孕酮按照1:2的比例配制而成的一种用于鼠类不育控制的激素类复合不育剂,对鼠类的繁殖及繁殖行为等有一定影响,但对鼠类空间学习与记忆、焦虑行为等非繁殖行为的影响还没有报道。为此,用0 (对照)、1.0、2.0、3.0 mg/kg剂量的EP-1对昆明小鼠(Mus musculus)进行灌胃处理,然后用Morris水迷宫和高架十字迷宫分别测定其空间记忆、焦虑行为。结果发现灌胃后15 d,剂量为2.0 mg/kg的EP-1使小鼠空间记忆能力显著下降,但30 d后其空间记忆能力有所恢复,表明2.0 mg/kg剂量的EP-1可以在一定时间范围内降低小鼠的空间记忆能力。但不同剂量的EP-1对小鼠焦虑行为无显著影响。该结果可以为从对非繁殖行为的影响的角度研究EP-1对鼠类的作用提供一定启示。     

Magnesium pemolone: lack of facilitation in human learning, memory, and performance tests

Either a placebo or 25 or 37.5 milligrams of magnesium pemoline was administered on a doubleblind basis to three intelligencematched groups of normal, adult males. Learning and 24-hour retention tests included verbal learning, motor learning, and classical conditioning. Short-term memory tests were administered through both the visual and auditory modalities. Arm-hand steadiness and visual reaction time performance tests were included. The only measures revealing significant group differences showed the performance of subjects given pemoline was inferior to that of subjects given a placebo.     

黄精水煎剂对β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的大鼠 学习记忆能力下降的保护作用研究

本研究旨在探讨黄精水煎剂(PCD)对β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)致阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型大鼠的保护作用及可能机制。通过Aβ25-35微量注射至大鼠双侧海马CA1区建立AD模型,同时用PCD干预,研究PCD对AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力、海马组织损伤和CA1区神经元中过度磷酸化tau蛋白(p-tau)表达的影响。结果表明,PCD可明显缩短模型大鼠逃避潜伏期,对模型大鼠学习记忆能力损伤有保护作用;能改善大鼠海马神经元损伤,减少CA1区在thr231位点tau蛋白的过度磷酸化。这些结果提示,PCD对学习记忆能力有显著的保护作用,这可能与其减少海马内p-tau-thr231水平和消除组织氧化逆境有关。