小麦抗源Holdfast和Flinor抗条锈病主效、微效基因的遗传分析

【目的】Holdfast、Flinor是国际上已经报道在生产上具有持久抗条锈性表现的小麦品种，在成株期对中国条中29、30、31号小种表现出免疫或近免疫的抗性水平。【方法】本文采用常规杂交分析和潜育期变温处理方法，分别在常温（昼18℃/夜10℃）和高温（昼24℃/夜15℃）两种温域下，对其主效和微效抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析。【结果】品种Flinor中至少含有1显1隐2对主效和2对温敏微效抗条锈基因，Holdfast中至少含有2对显性主效和2对温敏微效抗条锈基因。主效基因均互补控制其抗条锈性,微效基因呈隐性，具累加效应，受高温诱导表达，控制中度抗性水平。【结论】Flinor和Holdfast均含有全生育期主效抗条锈病基因和对高温敏感的微效抗条锈基因，建议在抗病育种中加以有效利用，并提供了温敏微效抗条锈基因的快捷检测方法。     

小偃54高温抗条锈病基因的遗传分析

【目的】研究小偃54抗条锈性的遗传规律,为小麦抗条锈病基因的利用奠定基础。【方法】在温室以小偃54和感病品种铭贤169的杂交后代F1、BC1、F2和F3群体为研究对象,采用我国目前小麦条锈菌流行小种Su-4、Su-11、CYR29、CYR30、CYR31、CYR32和CYR33 7个小种对供试群体进行温室苗期和成株期测试,并分析杂交后代抗病基因的遗传规律。【结果】在苗期和成株期,小偃54在常温(夜10℃/昼18℃)条件下对7个流行小种均表现感病,而在高温(夜18℃/昼25℃)条件下则表现出较好的抗条锈性;小偃54对CYR29的抗条锈基因由2对相互抑制的基因控制,对CYR30、CYR31和CYR32的抗条锈基因由2对隐性基因控制。【结论】小偃54是一个典型的高温抗条锈小麦品种,并明确了其对条锈菌流行小种表现高温抗病性的基因数、显隐性和遗传方式。     

普通小麦品系M67抗条锈病基因的遗传分析

条锈病是小麦生产的重要病害之一,为了确定普通小麦品系M67条锈病抗性基因所在的染色体,利用单体定位法对该品系苗期的条锈病抗性进行了遗传分析。M67与感病品种铭贤169和中国春杂交F1代均表现高抗条锈菌生理小种条中32,两个组合F2代抗病植株和感病植株的分离比例均符合3∶1。21个单体组合的F1均表现高抗条锈病,F2群体抗性调查结果表明,除中国春1BM×M67组合抗病植株和感病植株分离比例显著偏离3∶1外,其余20个组合的抗病植株和感病植株的分离比例均符合3∶1。结果表明,M67的条锈病抗性由位于1B染色体上的单显性基因控制。     

小麦抗条锈病微效抗性基因的开发研究

 利用对小麦条锈菌具有不同抗性强度的小麦品种作为亲本配成不同杂交组合,在分离世代中通过人工接种条锈病菌,将其不同反应型植株进行归类分组种植,再通过条锈病菌的接种鉴定,对各组继代分离个体继续进行抗性反应型归类分组种植.如此轮回数代,可从低世代感病类型个体中选择出抗性提高的植株.在无专化抗性基因控制的亲本品种间杂交所获得的中抗或中感材料是累积微效抗性基因的重要材料.在持续多代选育持久抗锈品种过程中,F₄及其以后的1～2代是累积微效抗性基因的关键世代.     

小麦纹枯病抗性的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以病情指数为指标,利用牙签接菌法对ARZ×扬麦 158衍生的F6 代重组自交系群体 (RIL)进行纹枯病抗性评价,并采用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型分离分析法,研究该群体抗纹枯病基因的遗传规律。结果表明,这一群体中小麦纹枯病的抗性符合两对连锁主基因遗传模型(B 2 1),主基因间表现为加性 加性×加性上位性作用,重组率为 0 178 7。在两对主基因中,效应较大的 1对加性效应为 10 10%,效应较小的 1对加性效应为 2 32%,两对主基因的遗传率中等偏高,为 72 31%。提示抗纹枯病育种应重视主基因的利用。     

小麦抗病新材料S42抗赤霉病性的主基因+多基因遗传分析

运用主基因 多基因模型对S42×安农8455组合6家系群体对赤霉病抗性积分进行分析。结果表明,在S42×安农8455组合中S42抗赤霉病性遗传符合E-1-1(2对主基因 多基因的加性-显性)模型;2对主基因加性效应较大,显性效应方向相反,多基因的加性和显性效应较小;主基因的遗传率较高,达84.05%~92.17%,多基因的遗传率较低,仅为0.12%~6.64%。     

小麦纹枯病抗性的主基因+多基因遗传分析

利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析方法,对CI12633×扬麦158重组自交系群体的纹枯病抗性资料进行了抗性遗传分析。结果表明,小麦纹枯病抗性受2对连锁主基因+多基因控制,主基因间存在累加作用,2个主基因间的重组交换值在0.31和0.39之间。小麦纹枯病抗性主基因遗传率在49.01%和58.07%之间,主基因加性效应在-1.19和-6.75之间,主基因互作效应在2.90和4.79之间。因此,在育种实践中,既要重视主基因的加性效应,又要重视基因间的互作。     

普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系抗条锈病基因的遗传分析和微卫星标记

【目的】M853-2是一个通过杂交和回交选育的普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系,苗期对中国小麦生产上流行的条锈菌(Puccinia striiformsf.sp.tritici)主要生理小种表现良好抗性。研究易位系M853-2抗条锈菌的遗传规律,对揭示其遗传机制和抗源的筛选具有重要意义。【方法】以感病品种铭贤169和易位系M853-2作亲本,通过杂交制备F2代种子,用人工接种方法研究M853-2及其杂交后代对小麦条锈菌不同生理小种的苗期抗性,并进行了遗传分析,最后对其中一个接种群体进行了SSR标记。【结果】M853-2对条中29的抗锈性遗传受2对显性和1对隐性基因的独立控制,对条中30的抗锈性遗传受2对隐性和1对显性核基因以及3对隐性胞质基因的共同作用,对条中31的抗锈性遗传受2对显性(互补作用)基因的独立控制,对Su-4的抗锈性遗传受1对显性和1对隐性核基因以及2对显性(互补作用)胞质基因的共同控制,对Su-11的抗锈性遗传受1对显性基因的独立控制,将该抗锈基因暂命名为YrElm2,并对该接种群体利用BSA法进行了SSR标记。从305对SSR引物中筛选到1个位于4BL上的SSR标记Xgwm495,连锁分析表明,YrElm2与Xgwm495的遗传距离为7.60 cM,该抗病基因位于4BL上。【结论】普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M853-2对小麦条锈病有良好的抗性,对所接种的菌系CY29、CY31和Su-11表现为核基因遗传,对CY30和Su-4表现为与核质互作有关的抗病性遗传,说明易位系M853-2可以作为抗源在我国小麦抗锈育种中应用。     

普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M8657-4抗条锈病基因的遗传分析

[目的]对普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M8657-4的抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析,明确其抗条锈病基因及遗传特点。[方法]用中国小麦条锈菌CYR29、CYR30、CYR31、CYR32、Su11-4及Su11-11共6个生理小种对易位系M8657-4的苗期抗条锈性进行评价;采用常规杂交法对M8657-4的抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析。[结果]易位系M8657-4对中国小麦条锈菌具有良好的抗性;M8657-4对菌系CYR29和Su11-4的抗锈性由2对核基因（互补作用）控制,对CYR31的抗锈性由1对隐性核基因控制,对Su11-11的抗病性,M8657-4做母本时由2对基因（互补作用）控制,M8657-4做父本时由1对隐性基因控制。[结论]易位系M8657-4的抗条锈性由主效基因控制,可将其作为优良种质加以开发利用。     

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系V8360抗条锈病基因的遗传分析

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系V8360具有抗逆性强、抗条锈性强和抗白粉性强等许多优良的生物学特性。用9个中国目前流行的条锈菌生理小种对V8360进行了抗条锈性评价,表明该易位系具有良好的抗条锈性。以条锈菌小种CYR32对V8360与感病品种铭贤169配置的F1、F2、F3和BC1代进行苗期抗条锈性遗传分析,并对其中一个F2代群体进行了SSR标记。结果表明,V8360对条锈菌CYR32的抗病性由1对显性核基因控制,暂命名为Yr V8360。从329对SSR引物中筛选到位于小麦4AL染色体上的4个SSR位点Xwmc161、Xgwm565、Xgwm494和Xcfd257与该基因连锁。     

Genetic Analysis of Major and Minor Gene(s) Resistant to Stripe Rust in Important Resource Wheat Line Jinghe891-1

Inheritance of line Jinghe891-1 resistant to pathotype of Puccinia striiformis in two patterns of temperature (Normal: day 18℃/night 10℃, High: day 24℃/night 15℃ )was studied in this paper. The results showed that there were at least two pairs of dominant major genes and one pair of recessive minor genes in Jinghe 891-1. The two pairs of major genes that conferred resistance to CY31 were allelic or linked closely with resistance gene in Jubilejna Ⅱ , Kangyin655 and T. spelta Album. They were novel resistance genes and were inherited in a repeated or independent mode. The minor genes, which could modify the major genes,were sensitive to temperature and conferred resistance to all pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis in China. It is recommended that this line can be used as an important resource stock.     

我国小麦农家品种白老芒麦的抗条锈性遗传分析

以感病材料铭贤169作母本,白老芒麦作父本配制杂交组合,获得杂种F1代种子;F1代植株自交获得F2代种子,以F1代作为父本与铭贤169回交获得BC1代种子。对亲本、F1代、F2代和BC1代植株接种鉴定,根据F1代、BC1代的抗性表现和F2代的抗感分离情况推知白老芒麦(甘地806)对CYSu-XI的抗病性是由一对显性基因和两对隐性基因的互补作用控制。     

小麦品种成株期抗条锈性表达生育期的研究

 对5个携带不同成株期抗性的小麦品种在温室和田间成株期抗病性的研究表明，Chuanyu 12在温室条件下表现感病到中度感病，而在田间表现抗病；携带慢锈性抗性的品种Weebill在温室和田间都表现中度抗病；携带Yr18和2~3个微效抗性基因的品种Chpaio, Tukuru 和 Saar，在温室和田间都表现高度抗病。在温室条件下，对在不同生育期5个抗病品种的反应型和潜育期的研究表明，反应型在分蘖期开始降低，而潜育期随着生育期的发展表现延长。虽然田间严重度和温室反应型、潜育期之间有良好的相关性，成株期抗性的鉴定仍最好在田间进行。     

Study of the Adult-Plant Resistance at Different Growth Stages to Stripe Rust in Wheat

Components of resistance were investigated for five adult-plant resistant (APR) wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars at six growth stages and two temperatures in the greenhouse, and disease progress in a field trial. Chinese cultivar Chuanyu 12displayed high to intermediate infection type (IT) in the greenhouse but was highly resistant in the field. Weebill showed an intermediate IT in the greenhouse and also in the field. Chpaio, Tukuru and Saar, known to carry combinations of Yr18and 2-3 additional minor genes, were highly resistant in both experiments. Greenhouse experiments indicated that the lower IT of APR cultivars initiated at tillering stage. Latent periods (LP) for APR cultivars were generally longer as the growth stage progressed. We conclude that APR to stripe rust can be best characterized in field trials although significant correlations are seen between field severity and IT and LP measured in the greenhouse.     

我国小麦条锈病持续控制的策略

 本文总结了近 50年来我国小麦条锈病防治研究的经验 ,根据现代植物病理学理论和持续农业思想 ,科学分析了所存在的问题 ,提出了从提高生产品种抗病基因丰富度和阻断病菌侵染循环着手的控制策略和具体思路。充分利用现有有效抗病基因、发掘利用新的抗病基因、各类抗性兼蓄并用 ,培育多系品种和多基因聚合品种 ,实现生产品种抗病基因多样化 ,抑制病菌新毒性菌系的发展和优势小种的形成。同时 ,在陇南等条锈菌越夏易变菌源基地实施种植结构调整等综合治理措施 ;在条锈菌越夏区和越冬区、其它不同流行区域实施抗病基因合理布局 ,以阻断病菌的侵染循环 ,控制病菌的繁殖、扩散和病害流行。经过不断的努力 ,就可望实现我国小麦条锈病的持续控制 ,从而解决条锈病这一农业持续发展中的重大问题。     

小麦品种中梁88375抗条锈病基因的分子作图

【目的】中梁88375是甘肃省天水市农业科学研究所以中4/S394//咸农4号复合杂交选育而成的冬小麦品系,对小麦三锈免疫。明确其抗条锈病基因及遗传特点,建立与其连锁的微卫星标记,以利于抗源筛选和培育持久抗病新品种。【方法】将中梁88375与感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交和测交并对双亲及其杂交后代进行苗期抗性鉴定。用小麦条锈菌条中31号对其进行遗传分析;采用SSR技术,选用普通小麦的320对微卫星引物对中梁88375及铭贤169的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增和电泳分析。【结果】中梁88375对多个条锈菌小种具有良好的抗病性,对CY31的抗病性由1对显性核基因控制,把该基因暂命名为Yr88375。建立了与Yr88375连锁的6个微卫星标记Xgwm335、Xwmc289、Xwmc810、Xgdm116、Xbarc59与 Xwmc783,并将Yr88375定位于小麦5BL。距离Yr88375 最近的两个微卫星位点是Xgdm116、Xwmc810,遗传距离分别是3.1 cM和3.9 cM,最远的标记Xwmc783与Yr88375之间的遗传距离为13.5 cM。【结论】系谱分析结合分子标记结果表明,Yr88375很有可能是一个来自中间偃麦草(E.intermedium)并与已知抗条锈病基因不同的新基因。     

Inheritance and Molecular Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene Yr88375 in Chinese Wheat Line Zhongliang 88375

Stripe rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Inheritance of stripe rust resistance and mapping of resistance gene with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to stripe rust. Zhongliang 88375, a common wheat line, is highly resistant to all three rusts of wheat in China. The gene conferring rust disease was deduced originating from Elytrigia intermedium. Genetic analysis of Zhongliang 88375 indicated that the resistance to PST race CYR31 was controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as Yr88375. To molecular map Yr88375, a F2 segregating population consisting of 163 individuals was constructed on the basis of the hybridization between Zhongliang 88375 and a susceptible wheat line Mingxian 169; 320 SSR primer pairs were used for analyzing the genetic linkage relation. Six SSR markers, Xgwm335, Xwmc289, Xwmc810, Xgdm116, Xbarc59, and Xwmc783, are linked to Yr88375 as they were all located on chromosome 5BL. Yr88375 was also located on that chromosome arm, closely linked to Xgdmll6 and Xwmc810 with genetic distances of 3.1 and 3.9 cM, respectively. The furthest marker Xwmc783 was 13.5 cM to Yr88375. Hence, pedigree analysis of Zhongliang 88375 combined with SSR markers supports the conclusion that the highly resistance gene Yr88375 derived from Elytrigia intermedium is a novel gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat. It could play an important role in wheat breeding programs for stripe rust resistance.     

Molecular Mapping of a Gene for Resistance to Stripe Rust in Wheat Variety PIW138

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst）, is one of the most damaging diseases of common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Wheat variety PIW138 introduced from Pakistan is resistant to the currently prevailing Pst race CYR32 in China. In this study, the bulked segregant analysis （BSA） method and simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers were used to map the stripe rust resistance gene in PIW138. The resistant and susceptible DNA bulks were prepared from the segregating F2 population of the cross between Thatcher, a susceptible variety as the female parent, and PIW138 as the male parent. The segregation of resistant and susceptible F2 plants inoculated with CYR32 indicated that single dominant gene determined the reactions of PIW138 line and temporarily designated as YrP138. Total 200 SSR primers were screened, and 4 SSR markers, Xwmc52, Xbarc61, Xgwm268, and Xgwm153, on chromosome 1B were found to be polymorphic between the resistant and the susceptible DNA bulks as well as their parents. Genetic linkage was tested on the segregating F2 population with 259 plants, including 196 resistant and 63 susceptible plants. All 4 SSR markers were linked to the stripe rust resistance gene in PIW138. The genetic distances of Xwmc52, Xbarc61, Xgwm268, and Xgwm153 to the resistance gene were 29.8, 6.2, 6.8, and 8.2 cM, respectively.     

2003年陕西省小麦条锈菌生理小种鉴定分析

对2003年采自陕西省若干县(区)的205份小麦条锈菌标样生理小种的鉴定结果表明,出现频率较高的小种及类型主要是条中32号、水源11-14和水源11-4,分别为46．34％、11．21％和7．31％。其分布范围广,致病性强,是造成陕西省小麦条锈病发生流行的主要优势小种。条中31号出现频率为4．39％,仍呈下降趋势,其它各小种(类型)频率均较低。毒力频率分析表明,Yr9、Yr3b．4b、YrSu等抗性基因已经失效。