The bacterial fraction in swine feces

By a treatment with a solution of detergent, subsequent sedimentation and centrifugation faeces samples taken from 12 growing female pigs were divided into: fraction A (coarse particles), fraction B (finer particles), fraction C (bacteria fraction). N-, AA- and diamino pimelic acid (DAP) analyses as well as microscopic analyses were carried out with the complete samples and the fractions. By means of fractioning, 55% of the faecal N and 80% of the DAP could be concentrated in fraction C, fraction A contained approximately 23% of the N and 20% of the DAP. From the DAP: N quotient of fraction C, which was 65 mg DAP/g N, a quota of nearly 70% bacteria-N in the total faecal N of the pigs was calculated.     

Determination of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in swine feces and chymus

A method is described for estimation of 2.6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) using an automated amino acid analyzer and MOORE and STEIN ninhydrin reagent. Investigations were made concerning the influence of sample treatment on DAP content of faeces and ileal digesta of pigs and isolated bacteria. Oxidation before hydrolysis did not change DAP content of faeces and bacterial samples, but increased DAP of digesta. Since analytical reasons were excluded, different accessibility of DAP in faeces and digesta for hydrolysis is suggested. Lyophilization or preservation of fresh samples with formaldehyde and phenolic solution, resp., resulted in no significant influence on DAP content.     

猪粪中洛克沙胂的HPLC检测及排泄规律

在建立猪粪中洛克沙胂HPLC检测方法基础上,选用24头育肥猪,分别混饲给予0、25、50、100 mg/kg洛克沙胂,混饲给药后不同时间采集粪样,以高效液相色谱法测定其中洛克沙胂质量浓度,了解洛克沙胂混饲给药后在猪体内的排泄情况,然后从江苏和山东省15个使用洛克沙胂的集约化猪场采集150头猪的粪样,调查猪粪样中的洛克沙胂含量。结果表明,所建立的猪粪中洛克沙胂HPLC检测方法的平均回收率为82.09%~84.03%,变异系数为2.92%~5.45%,检测限为0.05 mg/kg,定量限为0.1 mg/kg;以不同剂量混饲给药后,洛克沙胂在粪中排泄量在36~48 h达峰,峰质量浓度分别为12.31、22.52、34.78 mg/kg,猪粪中检测不到洛克沙胂的时间分别为72、108、132 h;所调查150个粪样中洛克沙胂平均质量浓度为23.13 mg/kg。     

发酵液体饲料在养猪生产中的应用

本文综述了发酵液体饲料在养猪生产中的应用,并简要介绍了当前我国发酵液体饲料应用上存在的问题和解决方案。     

Improved culture methods for isolation of Salmonella organisms from swine feces

OBJECTIVE: To compare 3 alternative culture techniques for the detection of Salmonella organisms in swine feces with a modification of the International Standard Organization (ISO) 6579 standard protocol. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fecal samples from swine herds suspected of having Salmonella infections. PROCEDURE: 4 experiments were performed to evaluate the following: 1) diagnostic sensitivity of the selective preenrichment and rapid isolation novel technology (SPRINT) protocol, compared with that of the modified ISO protocol; 2) detection limit of the SPRINT protocol for Salmonella organisms; 3) use of tetrathionate-novobiocin (TTN) broth, compared with selenite cysteine (SC) broth for selective enrichment; and 4) use of universal preenrichment (UPE) broth, compared with buffered peptone water (BPW) for preenrichment of samples prior to the use of modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) plates. RESULTS: Comparing the Salmonella culture results of 183 swine fecal samples, the diagnostic sensitivity of the SPRINT protocol (0.86) was not significantly different than the diagnostic sensitivity of the modified ISO protocol (0.80), although it was 24 hours faster. The SPRINT protocol could detect 5 of the 6 investigated Salmonella serotypes at inoculation concentrations of < 10 colony-forming units (CFU)/25 g of uncontaminated feces. The TTN broth performed significantly better than the SC broth for selective enrichment of Salmonella organisms. There was no significant difference in results of preenrichment of samples between the use of UPE broth or BPW. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The SPRINT protocol may provide a faster alternative for isolation of Salmonella organisms from swine fecal samples. Furthermore, the use of TTN broth instead of SC broth may increase the sensitivity of the modified ISO 6579 protocol.     

The epidemiology of African swine fever: the role of free-living hosts in Africa

The known distribution of African swine fever (ASF) virus in Africa is reviewed in relation to the distributions of its free-living hosts as are the infection rates of these species in different localities in southern Africa. Mechanisms by which ASF virus is maintained in its sylvatic state and ways in which the infection may enter domestic pig populations are discussed.     

恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在猪粪便及尿液中的排泄研究

给猪连续3d饲喂含无味恩诺沙星的饲料后，对其排泄的粪便和尿液进行了药物含量测定结果表明，粪便和尿液中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的排泄量都比较高，粪便中排泄的药物浓度显著高于尿液中药物排泄的浓度，停止给药后第15天，在猪粪中可检测到恩诺沙星，停止给药后第10天，猪尿液中可检测到环丙沙星。     

In vitro fermentation of feces from normal and chronically diarrheal horses

Feces from 13 healthy horses and 8 horses with chronic diarrhea were subjected to an in vetro fermentation procedure that had been developed for rumen fluid. Fermentations were conducted over 6 hours in a closed system, with and without an essential amino acid (EAA) mixture being added to the basic starch-buffer medium. The addition of EAA caused no significant difference in results of fermentation of feces from healthy horses. For diarrheic animals, there was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in gas and total volatile fatty acids production whether EAA were present or not, and alpha-amino nitrogen was utilized in significantly (P less than 0.01) greater amounts only if EAA was present. Fermentations were repeated on feces from five of the eight diarrheal horses after they had been treated with oral iodochlorhydroxyquin for 1 week, and had shown desirable clinical response. A significant difference was not shown between pre- and posttreatment fermentations, except for decreased butyrate production. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic equine diarrhea is primarily a colonic disease and indicates that colonic maldigestion may, in part, be responsible for excess fecal water.     

Isolation of anaerobic mollicutes from the intestine of swine

Anaerobic mollicutes were isolated from the intestinal content and the epithelium of the caecum and colon of 4 of 8 swine. All of the isolates belonged to the same species. This species was resistant to digitonin and polyanethol sulfonate and was able to ferment glucose, hemolyse erythrocytes and lyse horse serum. For testing the cholesterol requirement the strain 4 A 11 was selected which was independent of cholesterol. The agent was different in the immunofluorescence test from the mollicutes reported previously in swine and quite different in its nutritional requirements from cholesterol-independent mollicutes isolated from the rumen of cattle and sheep. Thus the isolated mollicutes seem to represent a new species.     

江西部分地区猪粪便戊型肝炎病毒核酸检测及序列分析

采集江西省A猪场2～3月龄猪粪便40份,B猪场2～3月龄猪粪便40份,利用反转录套式聚合酶链方法(RT-nPCR),检测戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)RNA,结果表明,A猪场7份样品为阳性,阳性率17.5%.B猪场10份样品为阳性,阳性率25.0%.总阳性率21.3%.对4份PCR扩增阳性产物进行纯化并测序,利用生物学软件进行序列分析和进化树绘制,4个分离株ORF2 348 bp同源性为92.1%～97.5%,为同一基因型,与HEV1、HEV2、HEV3同源性分别为70.7%～77.4%、72.5%~75.7%和71.6%～76.8%,与HEV4型的同源性79.2%～83.9%.4个分离株与HEV4型的代表株T1在同一分支上,属基因4型.与中国大陆6株猪源HEV比较,同源性为79.0%～87.3%,提示中国大陆猪源HEV的基因型比较一致,同属HEV 4型.     

The effect of fecal sample weight on detection of Salmonella enterica in swine feces.

The effect of different fecal sample weights on the detection of Salmonella enterica in swine feces was examined. Sample weights evaluated were rectal swabs and fecal samples weighing 1 g, 10 g, and 25 g. Comparisons were made on matched fecal samples obtained from individual pigs housed on 2 commercial swine farms in North Carolina. Relative sensitivity (number of positive pigs per fecal weight category/number positive in all weight categories) increased (P < 0.001) with fecal sample weight, and ranged from 9% for rectal swabs to 78% for 25-g samples. Stomaching of fecal samples did not affect detection of S. enterica. These observations demonstrate that fecal sample weight can markedly influence estimates of prevalence of S. enterica in epidemiologic studies. Failure to consider the imperfect sensitivity of bacterial culture in the design and interpretation of epidemiologic studies will lead to underestimation of prevalence and reduced power to detect the presence of S. enterica-infected herds.     

母猪繁殖障碍综合征的观察与防制

1998年,我们先后对河南省周口市川汇区、商水、西华、淮阳等4个县、区8个乡和黄泛区农场两个分场的150个养猪场和养猪专业户进行了调查.在调查的基础上,进行分析研究,对病猪进行了综合诊断表明主要是由细小病毒和乙脑等传染病引起,热应激也是不可忽视的因素.在查清病因的基础上,我们制订了针对性的预防措施.1998年对这些猪场和养猪户饲养的12 000头母猪进行预防接种,使母猪发病率下降到2%,仔猪死亡率降到0.9%.取得了良好的效果,获得了显著的经济效益.     

Determination of bacterial N portions in feces and differently collected ileum chymus from swine]

In faeces and ileal digesta samples of 31 intact (INT) as well as 73 surgically differently prepared pigs bacterial fractionations and 2.6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) estimations were carried out in order to calculate the bacterial N proportion in faeces N and digesta N after feeding various diets. Because of a high individual variability and the analytical variation width of the DAP/N-ratios no distinct influences of the fed diets could be found. The average DAP/N-values in the faeces (0.224) of INT pigs ranged in the same magnitude as in the digesta (0.0272) of ileorectostomized (IRA) pigs with open colon descendens (IRAo), where a digesta backflow is possible. Distinct lower DAP/N-ratios (0.0125 resp. 0.0043), however, were found in the digesta of pigs with ileo-caecal cannulae (IZB) or IRA pigs with closed colon (IRAg). On the base of various premises (N of the "bacterial fraction" C is only bacterial N; the DAP found in fraction A originates from intestinal bacteria adhering to feed particles) conducted calculations of the bacterial N proportions (in per cent of total N) led to the following data: Faeces of INT pigs: 43.0 ... 68.2 vs. 69.6 ... 89.0; digesta of operated pigs (except protein free diet) IRAo: 22.3 ... 57.0 vs. 46.2 ... 73.8; IZB: 17.0 ... 35.7 vs. 25.2 ... 53.6; IRAg (only 3 pigs): 23.6 vs. 24.2. The proportion of bacterial N in the digesta N of protein free fed IRAo pigs was 22.0 vs. 22.6%.     

Effect of aeration in reducing phytotoxicity in anaerobic digestion liquor of swine manure

Numerous reports have accumulated concerning the quality of solid compost. In contrast, there are few for the residue of anaerobic digestion. In this study, the fertilizer value of anaerobic digestion liquor (ADL) was evaluated, and the effect of aeration on the reduction of the phytotoxicity was examined by a germination assay. Low or high aeration (100 or 400 mL/min) was added to 3 L of ADL obtained from a mixture of pig manure and garbage by using 5‐L jar fermenters under a controlled temperature of 30°C. During the 14‐day aeration period, a high aeration rate improved the germination index (GI) score from 5.7% to nearly 80%, while a low aeration rate did not. Although organic matter decomposition, determined as chemical oxygen demand, did not differ with aeration intensity, remarkable differences were observed in the time course of changes in pH, electric conductivity and ammonium‐nitrogen (NH₄‐N) and total nitrogen (T‐N) content. Among these parameters, the NH₄‐N concentration correlated highly with the GI score (r = 0.986). The primary phytotoxic element in ADL was considered to be NH₄‐N, and the stripping of ammonia (NH₃) by high aeration resulted in the improvement of the GI score. Although the ratio of major nutrients N : P₂O₅ : K₂O (1:0.41:0.94) in ADL was at nearly same level as conventional liquid fertilizer, special attention should be paid to the high concentration of NH₃ when drawing up a fertilization plan.