雷竹集约栽培对周边河流水质的影响

为探讨雷竹集约化栽培对周边河流水质的动态变化的影响,在雷竹栽培区与天然林区河流各设置3个水质监测断面,于2006年5月-2007年5月每2个月进行采样,对主要水化指标进行分析.结果表明:雷竹栽培区河流水质状况明显差于天然林区,水体中所有水化指标均表现为雷竹栽培区高于天然林区.总氮、硝氮、氨氮和有机氮含量丰水期高于枯水期,而总磷、可溶性碳、COD、BOD5含量则表现为丰水期小于枯水期.雷竹栽培区水体中总氮含量年均达4.24 mg·L-1,是天然林区水体的3.15倍,硝氮含量为2.01 mg·L-1,是天然林区的5.07倍,氨氮含量为0.07 mg·L-1,比栽培区水体高0.66倍;水体中总磷含量雷竹栽培区平均达0.05 mg·L-1,是天然林区的2.39倍;可溶性碳含量平均达17.78 mg·L-1,比天然林区高出2.87倍.雷竹集约化栽培引起了周边水体氮、磷和可溶性碳的污染.     

长沙市樟树林生态系统大气降水、植物、土壤间N含量的动态特征

对长沙市樟树人工林生态系统的大气降水、主要树种叶片和土壤中的N含量进行定位观测,探讨大气氮湿沉降对城市森林生态系统各分室N含量的影响。结果表明:大气降水中NH4+-N含量具有明显的月动态特征,3、4和11月份较高,其中3月份为全年最高值,达6.7 mg.L-1,8月份为全年最低值,仅为2.7 mg.L-1,大气降水中NO3--N含量月变化相对平稳,3、8、10和11月份含量均高于1.2 mg.L-1,11月份为全年最高值,高达1.9 mg.L-1,7月份为全年最低值,仅为0.4 mg.L-1。樟树、红叶树、木莲叶片全N含量的平均值呈现出明显的月动态变化特征,4月份为全年最高值,达17.48 g.kg-1,10月份为全年最低值,仅为10.78 g.kg-1。土壤层(0～15 cm)全N、速效N含量的月动态变化趋势基本一致,3、8、9和10月份含量较高,并同时在10月份达到全年最高值,但全N和速效N最低值出现在不同月份,分别为6月和4月。大气降水NH4+-N和NO3--N含量与植物全N、土壤全N和速效N含量存在一定的相关性,其中大气降水NH4+-N、NO3--N含量与植物全N含量相关系数分别为0.414 3、0.531 3,表明大气降水NH4+-N、NO3--N含量对植物叶片全N含量有明显的影响。     

西藏南伊沟原始林芝云杉林水文学过程的水化学特征

2006-10—2007-09,对采自西藏南伊沟原始林芝云杉林的大气降水、穿透水、树干茎流、地表径流和壤中流水样进行养分含量测定,与该森林所在流域的溪流江河水样进行对比。结果表明:该地区大气降水的pH值为7.61,颗粒物含量较低(5.56mg·L-1),SO42-含量最高7.201mg·L-1,N的含量较低0.505mg·L-1,其他各种离子或元素的含量相对较低;穿透水中SO42-和Zn含量有所下降,但其他元素含量均有所增加;树干茎流中各元素的含量均高于穿透水,除SO42-外,其他各元素为正淋溶;地表径流和壤中流的SO42-,Zn和Fe含量低于大气降水的浓度,其他元素的含量高于大气降水;溪流HCO3-,K,Ca,Na,Mg和Cu含量均大于大气降水。P,Fe,N,Zn,Cl-和SO24-经过土壤、地被物的吸附和植物的吸收,其输出量小于输入量,系统对这些元素具有积累和净化作用。     

菊花“神马”组织培养快繁技术研究

通过对菊花"神马"组织培养快繁技术的研究,结果表明:最佳诱导培养培养基配方为MS+6-BA0.3mg.L-1+KT0.2mg.L-1+蔗糖30g.L-1+卡拉胶8g.L-1、最佳增殖培养基MS+6-BA0.1mg.L-1+KT0.3mg.L-1+NAA0.2mg.L-1+蔗糖30g.L-1+卡拉胶8g.L-1、最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.2mg·L-1+蔗糖20g.L-1+卡拉胶8g.L-1,诱导率达85%、有效芽条增殖率达3倍以上、生根率达95%以上。     

醋栗优良品种“坠玉”组织培养技术研究

以"坠玉"幼嫩茎段为外植体,研究组织培养技术,结果表明:外植体消毒最佳方法为0.1%升汞4~6 min+20%双氧水4~6 min,无菌率为39.8%;无菌外植体分化率达40%。最佳增殖培养基为MS(2倍铁盐)+6-BA0.5~0.8 mg·L-1+IBA0.2~0.5 mg·L-1,增殖倍数达5~6倍;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA0.1 mg·L-1+NAA0.1 mg·L-1,生根率达90%以上,生根数6条以上。     

假叶树组织培养植物激素应用筛选试验

采用假叶树的幼嫩茎段为外植体组织培养,对加入适合的植物激素作筛选试验,结果表明:MS+ZT 2.0 mg·L-1+IBA 0.5 mg·L-1培养基愈伤组织的诱导率最高;MS+ZT 1.5 mg·L-1+IBA 0.2 mg·L-1培养基分化不定芽效果最佳,并且在MS+ZT 1.0 mg·L-1-1.5 mg·L-1+IBA 0.2 mg·L-1培养基上继代增殖培养增殖系数可达4⁵倍;不定芽在1/2MS+NAA 1.0+1.5 g·L-1活性炭的培养基上,生根率达100%;生根小苗移栽珍珠岩与泥炭土(1∶1)基质上,成活率达95%以上。     

辣木组织培养与植物激素培养基筛选试验

以辣木种子为外植体组织培养并在各培养阶段添加不同浓度植物激素培养基的试验结果表明:外植体消毒以脱壳种子→84消毒液预处理→Hg Cl2消毒效果最佳,污染率10%;最好的发芽诱导培养基为Mc+6-BA 0.4 mg·L-1,发芽率达82%;继代增殖培养基为Mc+6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+KT 0.1 mg·L-1,增殖倍数达5.8倍;生根培养基为1/2Mc+IBA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1+AC 1.0 g·L-1,生根率达80%。炼苗20 d移栽于河沙∶珍珠岩∶刨花(1∶1∶1)混合基质的成活率最高。     

木荷优良家系的组织培养研究

以新选育的木荷（Schima superba）优良家系为试材,开展组织培养。结果表明,木荷适宜的初代培养基为GD+6-BA 1.50 mg·L-1+NAA 0.50 mg·L-1,继代培养基为GD+6-BA 1.00 mg·L-1+ IAA 0.30mg·L-1,生根培养基为1/4 MS+ IBA 1.00 mg·L-1+IAA 0.40 mg·L-1。芽苗增殖倍数为3.1倍,生根率达96.67％。探索出适宜的驯化、移栽和后期管理技术,使优良家系生根苗的移栽存活率达到92.2％。     

鼓槌石斛杂交育种及组培育苗技术研究

通过对鼓槌石斛野生种质人工杂交获得蒴果,再以蒴果种子为外植体进行组培快繁和假植育苗试验,结果表明:人工杂交授粉结果率达65.4%;种子萌发及原球茎诱导培养基为1/2Mb+水解乳蛋白1g·L-1+2.5%白糖,萌发率达95%;增殖分化培养基为3/4Mb+NAA0.2 mg·L-1+6-BA0.1 mg·L-1+8%马铃薯泥+4%香蕉泥+3%白糖,增殖倍数达12.6倍;壮苗生根培养基为3/5Mb+NAA0.5 mg·L-1+IBA 0.1 mg·L-1+5%马铃薯泥+7%香蕉泥+0.1%AC+2%白糖,生根率达100%,移栽成活率达96%以上。     

蒙花1、2号金银花的组织培养与快速繁殖

研究了蒙花1、2号金银花带芽茎段的丛芽诱导和快速繁殖技术.结果表明:初代培养以MS为基本培养基,附加6-BA1.0 mg·L-1 NAA0.2 mg·L-1诱导腋芽能得到理想的效果;在继代培养中,通过6-BA和NAA的组合试验,④号MS BA1.5 mg·L-1 NAA0.02 mg·L-1和⑥号MS BA1.5 mg·L-1 NAA0.05 mg·L-1及⑧号MS BA2.0 mg·L-1 NAA0.05 mg·L-1的诱导丛芽效果都较好;将无菌苗置于(1/2)MS NAA1.0 mg·L-1的培养基诱导生根,诱导率达92%.     

Shifting cultivation effects on creek water quality around Barkal Upazila in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

We report the effects of shifting cultivation on water quality in 16 creeks investigated once in 2007 and twice in 2008 in 16 apparently similar small neighboring watersheds,each of 3 to 5 ha,at four locations around Barkal sub-district under Rangamati District of Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh.Concentrations of SO 4 2and K +,and pH in creek water were lower,and NO 3-N and Na + concentrations were higher in shifting-cultivation land compared to land with either plantation or natural forest or a combination of these cover types.Shifting cultivation effects on some water quality parameters were not significant due to change in land cover of the watershed between two sampling periods either through introduction of planted tree species or naturally regenerated vegetation.Conductivity and concentrations of HCO 3,PO 4 3,Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in creek water showed no definite trend between shifting cultivation and the other land cover types.At one area near the Forest Range Office of Barkal,creek water pH was 5.8 under land cover with a combination of shifting cultivation and plantation.At this area Na + concentration in shifting-cultivation land ranged from 32.33 to 33.00 mg L-1 and in vegetated area from 25.00 to 30.50 mg L-1 in 2007.At another area,Chaliatali Chara,SO 4 2concentration in a shifting-cultivation watershed ranged from 4.46 to 10.51 mg L-1,lower than in a vegetated watershed that ranged from 11.69 to 19.98 mg L-1 in 2007.SO 4 2concentration in this shifting-cultivation area ranged from 1.28 to 1.37 mg L-1 and in the vegetated area from 1.37 to 3.50 mg L-1 in 2008.     

本溪山区森林枯落物对水质的影响

以本溪山区主要水源涵养林红松、落叶松、蒙古栎、水曲柳、核桃楸纯林为研究对象,运用定位观测法,对5种类型林分的林外雨与枯落物渗透雨(枯透雨)的水质进行了研究,以及利用5种类型林分之间枯落物渗透水的水质对比,测定林外降雨及各林分枯落物渗透水的pH值、硝酸盐(以N计)、氨氮(以N计)、硫酸盐(以SO_4~(2-)计)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、氟离子(F~-)、氯离子(Cl~-)、钙(Ca~(2+))、钠(Na~+)、镁(Mg~(2+))、钾(K~+)等12种指标,结果表明:大量化学元素和离子通过枯落物后均显著增加,其中变幅最大的K~+,浓度为4.19mg·L~(-1),是林外雨20倍。林外雨各指标浓度依次为SO_4~(2-)TNCa~(2+)Cl~-Na~+NH_3-NNO_3~-NMg~(2+)K~+F~-TP;枯透雨各指标浓度依次为SO_4~(2-)Ca~(2+)TNNO_3~-NCl~-K~+Mg~(2+)NH_3-NTPF~-Na~+。枯透雨中SO_4~(2-)浓度最高,为12.59mg L~(-1);TP浓度最小,为0.25mg L~(-1)。5种纯林在调查期间林外雨和枯透雨的pH趋于中性,而在经过枯枝落叶层的淋溶后,有明显的酸化现象,pH范围在5.1~6.6。     

闽东湿地公园水环境时空异质性内演机制研究

根据闽东湿地2003—2009年水质长期监测数据,采用污染指数法和水质改善指数对水环境质量进行全面评价,并引入灰色关联度技术探讨闽东湿地水环境变化的驱动力机制。结果表明:东湖湿地不同河段水质污染状况呈现明显的时空异质性,五里亭为东湖湿地的主要污染源,其中NH3-N(82.1 mg.L-1)、BOD5(52.6 mg.L-1)和TP(27.9 mg.L-1)等污染物严重超标;兰田水质污染较轻,主要污染物为DO(3.4 mg.L-1)和COD(3.4 mg.L-1)。五里亭—东湖断面改善程度较明显,其中以DO(418.01%)、NH3-N(88.33%)、石油类(67.32%)、BOD5(61.79%)等改善最为明显;兰田—东湖断面水质改善程度较低,除DO(12.9%)有所改善外,其他水质参数均呈不同程度恶化。东湖湿地水质变化与宁德市蕉城区社会经济的关联值较高,其中蕉城区第三产业总产值是影响水环境质量变化的主导因子,灰色关联度达0.9093～0.9787;蕉城区第一产业占GDP比例和蕉城区第二产业总产值是影响水环境质量的重要因子,灰色关联度分别达0.8981～0.9497和0.869～0.9444。     

东北刺人参组培快繁培养基的筛选

东北刺人参(Oplopanax elatusNakai.)又称刺参,五加科(Araliaceae)多年生落叶灌木,其干燥根和茎均可入药,是一种用途广泛的中药材。近些年来,医药科研工作者对其成分及药理进行了大量的试验和研究,其结果表明,根、茎入药有类似于人参的作用,可用于治疗神经衰弱、低血压和风湿性     

Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow fromSchima superba andCunninghamia lanceolata plantations in subtropical China

Despite growing attention to the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in forest nutrient cycling, their monthly concentration dynamics in forest ecosystems, especially in subtropical forests only were little known. The goal of this study is to measure the concentrations and monthly dynamics of DOC and DON in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow for two plantations ofSchima superba (SS) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata, CF) in Jianou, Fujian, China. Samples of precipitation, throughfall and stemflow were collected on a rain event base from January 2002 to December 2002. Upon collection, all water samples were analyzed for DOC, NO₃ ⁻−N, NH₄ ⁺−N and total dissolved N (TDN). DON was calculated by subtracting NO₃ ⁻−N and NH₄ ⁺−N from TDN. The results showed that the precipitation had a mean DOC concentration of 1.7 mg·L⁻¹ and DON concentration of 0.13 mg·L⁻¹. The mean DOC and DON concentrations in throughfall were 11.2 and 0.24 mg·L⁻¹ in the SS and 10.3 and 0.19 mg·L⁻¹ in the CF respectively. Stemflow DOC and DON concentrations in the CF (19.1 and 0.66 mg·L⁻¹ respectively) were significantly higher than those in the SS (17.6 and 0.48 mg·L⁻¹ respectively). No clear monthly variation in precipitation DOC concentration was found in our study, while DON concentration in precipitation tended to be higher in summer or autumn. The monthly variations of DON concentrations were very similar in throughfall and stemflow at both forests, showing an increase at the beginning of the rainy season in March. In contrast, monthly changes of the DOC concentrations in throughfall of the SS and CF were different to those in stemflow. Throughfall DOC concentrations were higher from February to April, while relatively higher DOC concentrations in stemflow were found during September–November period. Foundation item: This study was supported by the Teaching and Research Award program for MOE P.R.C. (TRAPOYT). Biography: Guo Jian-fen (1977-), female, Ph. Doctor in College of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Soil nitrogen transformations varied with plant community under Nanchang urban forests in mid-subtropical zone of China

Soil N transformations using the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) closed-top tube in situ incubation method were studied in Nanchang urban forests of the mid-subtropical region of China in different months of 2007. Four plots of 20 m × 20 m were established in four different plant communities that represented typical successional stages of forest development including shrubs, coniferous forest, mixed forest and broad- leaved forest. Average concentrations of soil NH 4 + -N from January to December were not different among the four plant communities. The concentrations of soil NO 3 - -N and mineral N, and the annual rates of ammonification, nitrification and net N-mineralization under the early successional shrub community and coniferous forest were generally lower than that of the late successional mixed and broad-leaved forests (p<0.05). Similar differences among the plant communities were also shown in the relative nitrification index (NH 4 + -N/NO 3 - -N) and relative nitrification intensity (nitrification rate/net N-mineralization rate). The annual net N-mineralization rate was increased from younger to older plant communities, from 15.1 and 41.4 kg·ha -1 ·a -1 under the shrubs and coniferous forest communities to 98.0 and 112.9 kg·ha -1 ·a -1 under the mixed and broad-leaved forests, respectively. Moreover, the high annual nitrification rates (50-70 kg·ha -1 ·a -1 ) and its end product, NO 3 - -N (2.4-3.8 mg·kg -1 ), under older plant communities could increase the potential risk of N loss. Additionally, the temporal patterns of the different soil N variables mentioned above varied with different plant community due to the combined affects of natural biological processes associated withforest maturation and urbanization. Our results indicated that urban for- ests are moving towards a state of "N saturation" (extremely nitrification rate and NO 3 - -N content) as they mature.     

Cd及矿质营养元素在结缕草植株中的积累特性

以水培方法研究了镉在结缕草中的积累特性及对矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明:Cd²⁺处理下结缕草根、叶中镉的分布比例为细胞壁>胞液>细胞器。低浓度(1、10 mg·L^-1)处理下,结缕草茎细胞液中镉的比例分别较细胞壁中镉的比例高出61.70%、69.60%;高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)处理下,细胞壁中镉的比例较细胞液中镉的比例高出47.70%。低浓度(1、10 mg·L^-1)处理的结缕草地下部的镉含量显著高于地上部,而高浓度下(100 mg·L^-1)结缕草地上部的镉含量较地下部显著提高37.31%;随着处理浓度的升高,镉转运系数显著提高,100 mg·L^-1处理下镉转运系数分别较1、10 mg·L^-1提高了4.12、2.45倍。高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)处理下,结缕草地下部N、K、Ca、Mg含量下降,P、S含量有所提高。高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)镉处理下,地上部N含量较对照显著上升16.11%,Ca、Mg的含量均较对照升高;不同浓度镉处理的地上部P、K、S含量均较对照降低。     

宽叶杜香叶柄再生体系建立及种质离体保存研究

The tender leafstalks of Ledum palustre var.dilatatum were used as explants for the experiment.Uniform design for the most suitable media for shoots regeneration immediately at base of tender leafstalks,rooting and germplasm conservation in vitro was screened.The results showed that N6+ZT 2.65 mg·L-1+IAA 0.05 mg·L-1 was fits for shoots regeneration,the frequency of shoots induction was higher than 92.5%;MS(modified)+IAA 0.1 mg·L-1+Kt 0.75 mg·L-1 for rooting,the rate of rooting was 98%;N-68+B9 2.5 mg·L-1+ Ph...     

降雨特征对兴安落叶松林降雨再分配过程中钾元素影响分析

[目的]以大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林为研究对象,分析降雨特征对兴安落叶松林降雨再分配过程中K~+的影响。[方法]对林外降雨、穿透雨、灌木穿透雨、树干径流和枯透水进行了野外观测、取样和室内实验测定。[结果]结果表明:(1)研究期间兴安落叶松林林外降雨总量为266.0 mm,平均次降雨强度0.074 mm·min~(-1);降雨再分配过程中K~+含量平均值排序为枯透水树干径流灌木穿透雨穿透雨林外降雨,其中林外降雨中K~+含量在0.227 2.631 mg·L~(-1)之间,变化幅度较大,穿透雨中K~+含量波动在2.198 3.053 mg·L~(-1)之间,枯透水中K~+含量波动较小,稳定在3.077 3.281 mg·L~(-1)之间。(2)降雨量和降雨历时对降雨再分配过程中K~+含量均表现为正相关,随降雨量和降雨历时的增加K+含量的增加幅度呈上升趋势;而降雨强度和降雨间隔期对K~+含量增加幅度的影响则反之,但当降雨强度大于0.041 mm·min~(-1)时,K+含量的增加幅度开始出现转折,呈上升趋势;当降雨间隔期增大至233.28 h时,K~+含量的增加幅度趋于稳定。(3)影响林外降雨中K~+含量的主导因子是降雨间隔期,影响穿透雨、灌木穿透雨和树干径流中K~+含量的主导因子均为林外降雨量,而对枯透水中K~+含量起主导作用的则为降雨强度。[结论]降雨量、降雨历时、降雨强度以及降雨间隔期均会对降雨再分配过程中各个层次的K~+含量产生不同程度的影响。降雨再分配过程中K~+含量平均值大小排序为枯透水树干径流灌木穿透雨穿透雨林外降雨,其中大气降雨中K~+含量在5月和9月较高,穿透雨中K~+含量在5—10月呈波动式变化,灌木穿透雨中K~+含量变化幅度较大,而树干径流和枯透水中K~+含量较稳定。降雨量和降雨历时对降雨再分配过程中K~+含量的影响均表现为正相关。对林外降雨中K~+含量影响程度由大到小排序依次为降雨间隔期降雨强度降雨历时降雨量,穿透雨中K~+含量与各影响因素的灰关联度大小顺序依次为降雨量降雨历时降雨强度降雨间隔期,灌木穿透雨和树干径流中K~+含量与各影响因素的灰关联度排序和穿透雨一致,影响的主导因子均为降雨量,枯透水中K~+含量与各影响因素的灰关联度大小顺序依次为降雨强度降雨间隔期降雨历时降雨量。     

尖峰岭热带林集水区一组水质背景值及水质生态效应

采用定位观测和多流域检测的方法,研究分析了尖峰岭热带要集水区不质及水质生态效应,４１个检测集水区径流７．０１≤ＰＨ〈８．０４的区域占８１％,ＰＨ值随海高度增加而减波,ＤＯ≥６．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的占９０％。随海拔高度中而增加;ＢＯＤ８≤３．０ｃｍ／Ｌ占９０％,ＴＤＳ≥１１．１ｍｇ／Ｌ占９８％,随海拔高度增加而减小,４项检测值为１类水质标准,热带山地雨林系统对雨水水质项的有效功能为：径流中ＤＯ、ＰＨ、ＴＤＳ