木质素改性产物对钾肥的缓释作用与作物吸钾量的影响

利用木质素改性产物作为肥料添加剂 ,与氯化钾复混制成木质素钾肥 ,通过土柱淋溶与盆栽试验 ,验证木质素对钾肥的缓释作用与作物对钾肥利用情况。结果表明 ,木质素不仅可以减少钾肥流失 ,而且可以促进番茄与玉米生长 ,提高作物对钾的吸收。木质素来源于造纸废液 ,作为钾肥的缓释材料 ,其资源环保意义重大。     

施用硅钾肥对冬小麦抗旱性的影响

本文就不同水分条件下硅钾对冬小麦抗旱性进行初步研究,结果表明：无论是充分供水还是干旱条件下,施用硅钾肥均能增强小麦的根系活力;提高叶绿素含量延和绿叶功能期;增加叶片中游离脯氨酸含量,减少叶片中丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性,从而增强小麦抗旱性。     

施用硅钾肥对冬小麦抗旱性的影响

本文就不同水分条件下硅钾对冬小麦抗旱性进行初步研究,结果表明:无论是充分供水还是干旱条件下,施用硅钾肥均能增强小麦的根系活力;提高叶绿素含量延长绿叶功能期;增加叶片中游离脯氨酸含量,减少叶片中丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性,从而增强小麦抗旱性.     

冬小麦硅钾肥施用效应的研究

微区试验的结果表明，硅、钾肥能促进冬小麦对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｓｉ养分吸收与积累，减轻作物病害，提高作物的抗倒伏能力，从而增加产量，尤以硅、钾肥配合施用效果最为显著。     

用缓释指数评价化学缓释肥的缓释特性及其生物效应

在实验室条件下,采用简化的工艺制备了对氮、磷、钾三元素均有部分缓释作用的复混肥(化学缓释肥),用特定淋洗装置测定肥料各养分随时间的溶出率,通过双曲线方程Xt=b-a/t对其养分累计溶出率与时间的关系进行拟合,以方程常数b和a计算出的缓释指数(SR I)来定量评价肥料缓释特性,同时进行盆栽试验,探讨了缓释指数与复混肥中相应缓释添加剂百分含量(X)之间、各复混肥处理的油菜产量与复混肥中缓释添加剂总含量(X')之间的关系。结果表明:各养分的缓释指数(SR I)与相应缓释添加剂含量(X)均有很好的线性正相关;各化学缓释肥处理的油菜产量随缓释添加剂总含量(X')增加而增加;化学缓释肥以较少的荚数获得更高的产量。这预示着通过肥料的室内淋洗试验得到的缓释指数SR I不仅可以用来评价肥料的缓释性能,且在一定程度上可预测肥料的增产效应。     

硅钾肥配施对小麦抗条锈病及产量的影响

本文研究了不同土壤水分条件下 ,施用硅肥、钾肥及硅钾肥对冬小麦产量和小麦抗条锈病的影响 ,结果表明 :施用硅肥可减轻小麦病害 ,增强其抗病性 ,硅钾肥配施次之。低水分条件下 (土壤含水量为田间持水量的 35 %～ 4 0 % )施硅钾、硅肥对冬小麦抗条锈的影响优于充足水分条件下 (土壤含水量为田间持水量的 70 %～ 75 % )。施用硅、钾肥能明显增加冬小麦产量。     

腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤钾素含量和甘薯吸收利用的影响

利用腐植酸和硫酸钾制备一种腐植酸钾肥(HA-K),沙柱淋溶试验结果表明其对钾素具有一定的缓释作用。为阐明施用腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤不同形态钾素含量的影响,在田间小区试验条件下,研究了腐植酸缓释钾肥对土壤不同形态钾素含量以及甘薯产量和对钾素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与不施钾（空白对照）相比,施用腐植酸促进了甘薯对钾素的吸收,降低了甘薯全生育期土壤中的速效钾和缓效钾含量以及生长前期土壤有效钾含量,但是提高了甘薯生长中、后期土壤有效钾含量。与施等量氧化钾对照相比,施用腐植酸缓释钾肥促进了甘薯对钾素的吸收,降低了甘薯全生育期土壤缓效钾含量和甘薯生长前、中期土壤速效钾和有效钾的含量,提高了甘薯生长后期土壤速效钾和有效钾的含量。与施等量氧化钾对照相比,施用腐植酸缓释钾肥显著提高了钾肥吸收利用率(REK)、农学利用率(AEK)、偏生产力(PFPK)和甘薯块根产量,增幅分别为20.09 %,42.69 %,5.89%和22.83%。     

硅钾肥配施对小麦抗条锈病及产量的影响

本文研究了不同土壤水分条件下，施用硅肥、钾肥及硅钾肥对冬小麦产量和小麦抗条锈病的影响，结果表明；施用硅肥可减轻小麦病害，增强其抗病性，硅钾肥配施次之。低水分条件下（土壤含水量为田间持水量的35％－40％）施硅钾、硅肥对冬小麦抗条锈的影响优于充足水分条件下（土壤含水量为田间持水量的70％－75％）。施用硅、钾肥能明显增加冬小麦产量。     

胶基有机复混颗粒肥养分缓释特性的研究

采用颗粒肥的静态水浸法和动态淋溶法,研究了自行开发研制的PVA改性淀粉粘结剂和DPS-2改性淀粉粘结剂生产的有机复混颗粒肥(A、B)及传统无机粘结剂硅酸钠作为对照生产的有机复混颗粒肥(C)的养分缓释特性。试验结果表明:在静态水浸条件下,3种颗粒肥均具有缓释效果,颗粒肥A和B的缓释效果均优于颗粒肥C,以颗粒肥A的缓释效果最为显著,7d内全氮、全磷及全钾的累积溶出率分别为36.3%、4.5%及31.4%。动态的养分淋溶试验结果显示颗粒肥的养分释放速率快于静态条件下养分释放,当淋溶液为500 ml时,颗粒肥B的全氮、全磷及全钾的累积溶出率为72.3%、18.5%和69.9%,其缓释效果最优,其次是颗粒肥A和C。3种颗粒肥的养分初级溶出率和微分溶出率分别在3.2%~24.7%和0.2%d-1~4.5%d-1之间。由此可以看出,改性淀粉粘结剂生产的颗粒肥具有缓释效果,用它代替传统的无机粘结剂生产高浓度的胶基有机复混颗粒肥是可行的。     

蛋白水解物改性脲甲醛缓释肥的结构及氮素释放特征

针对脲甲醛养分释放与作物生长曲线不匹配的问题,该研究采用蛋白水解物来改善脲甲醛的氮素释放率。土柱淋洗结果表明,蛋白水解物降低了脲甲醛初期的氮素释放率,加快了脲甲醛在后期的氮素释放率。在当量尿素与甲醛的摩尔比为1.2时,蛋白水解物水解度越小,氮素释放率越快。到第7周,蛋白水解物改性脲甲醛的氮素释放率和未改性的脲甲醛相比,氮素释放率提高了58.9%。采用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重和扫描电镜分析了蛋白水解物和蛋白水解物改性脲甲醛的结构,发现:蛋白水解物的活性基团能够与甲醛反应,并与尿素聚合,以嵌段的方式引入到脲甲醛的分子结构中;蛋白水解物水解度越低,改性脲甲醛结晶度降低的越多;和未改性的脲甲醛相比,改性的脲甲醛的最大分解温度有所降低,并且改性后的脲甲醛疏松多孔。因此,可以通过蛋白水解物的水解度来调控改性脲甲醛的氮素释放率,进而适应不同作物的生长周期,提高氮肥的利用率。     

Kinetics of water‐extractable zinc release from seaweed (Fucus serratus) as soil amendment

Soil fertilization with trace‐metal rich organic fertilizers such as Fucus serratus seaweed may be an effective way to combat micronutrient deficiency. In this study the kinetics of zinc release from Fucus serratus seaweed was investigated in a packed soil column leaching experiment over 1,776 h. The release of zinc from control (soil only) and treatment (soil + seaweed; equivalent zinc application rate of 1.42 kg ha^?1) columns, measured by ICP‐MS, demonstrated two distinct release stages. The cumulative zinc release data for each phase were fitted to five kinetic models: zero order, first order, Elovich, power function and parabolic diffusion. In the first stage (0–400 hours) the release of zinc from both control and treatment was best described by a parabolic rate law, indicating release of zinc from a soluble soil reservoir. In the second stage (400–1,776 h) zinc release followed a zero order rate law indicative of slow release from an essentially insoluble reservoir. The modelled difference between the amount of zinc released from treatment and control columns in stage 1 (230 ± 11 µg) represented the total amount of zinc added via seaweed. The parabolic rate constant for seaweed zinc release was 12.09 µg g^?1 h^?0.5. In summary, the addition of F. serratus to soil is a viable source of labile zinc and a low cost agronomic option for mitigating zinc deficiency in soils.     

Kinetics of Iron and Manganese Release from Contaminated Calcareous Soils

Knowledge of the release of heavy metals (HM) and their chemical speciation is necessary for characterizing HM behavior in soils. The kinetics and characteristics of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) release were studied in 10 contaminated calcareous soils using 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂), 0.01 M ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 0.01 M malic acid (malic acid) extractions. Iron and Mn in soil samples were fractionated before and after 2084 h kinetic release using a sequential extraction procedure. The proportion of Fe and Mn released by EDTA was greater than that with CaCl₂ and malic acid. A power model satisfactorily described Fe and Mn release from soils. In general, the mean release rate of Fe was greater than that of Mn, indicating a greater rate of Fe release from contaminated soils. It was shown that Fe and Mn distributions were similar in native soils and they were mainly found in Fe-Mn oxides and organic-matter (OM) fractions. There were changes in the proportional distribution of Fe and Mn in all soils during the 2084 h kinetic study with different extraction solutions. In general, the proportions of Fe and Mn associated with carbonate (CARB) and OM fractions tended to decrease, with corresponding increases in the Fe-Mn oxides for Mn and residual (RES) fractions for Fe during the kinetic study with all extraction solutions. The Fe and Mn solubility at the initial and final stages of release was controlled by siderite (FeCO₃), vivianite [(Fe)₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O], MnCO₃(am), MnHPO₄, and rhodochrosite (MnCO₃) minerals in all extraction solutions. Based on a risk assessment and percentage of release of metals, there is a high potential for Mn release into the food chain from contaminated soils.     

中国控释肥料的现状与发展前景

分析我国肥料目前的生产与施用情况,针对肥料(特别是氮肥)利用率低的状况,提出我国发展控释肥料的必要性,介绍了控释肥料定义、优良特性以及它的应用前景,使更多的人能够认识控释肥料,从经济、生态、社会等多方面正确地评价控释肥料,旨在为控释肥料能在我国推广应用提供理论依据。     

聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖膜制备及其包膜尿素特性

为解决传统肥料养分利用率低,以及一般聚合物包膜肥料的膜材料难以降解、养分释放速率不可控等问题,该研究以聚乙烯醇（PVA）为膜基材,通过与壳聚糖（CS）共混、使用戊二醛（GA）交联、添加纳米SiO₂ 3种不同的方式,制备了3种膜：PVA/CS膜、PVA/CS/GA膜、PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO₂膜,此外,制备了纯PVA膜作为对比。对4种膜进行了吸水率（Q）、生物降解性（D_e）、养分渗透系数（P_s）等表征,结果表明：CS的添加提升了膜的生物降解率,GA交联可以延缓膜在土壤中的生物降解速率,而纳米SiO2的添加对膜的生物降解性影响不大,总体来说4种膜都显示出良好的生物降解性（77 d内的生物降解率在30%～60%）;相比于PVA膜,PVA/CS、PVA/CS/GA和PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO₂膜的吸水率分别降低43.00%、68.79%和82.73%;相比于PVA/CS膜,PVA/CS/GA和PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO₂膜的养分渗透系数分别降低48.51%和57.59%,说明CS的添加、GA的交联和纳米SiO₂的添加都增强了PVA膜的疏水性。将4种膜液通过转鼓包衣机包覆在尿素颗粒表面制得了4种包膜尿素（PCU）颗粒（PCU-PVA、PCU-PVA/CS、PCU-PVA/CS/GA和PCU-PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO₂）,分别使用土埋法测定和数学模型拟合了氮素释放行为,结果显示4种PCU的氮释放量达到90%时所需的时间分别为5、11、23、28 d;氮素释放行为符合一级动力学模型,释放速率常数（k）依次减小,分别为0.3 654、0.2 333、0.1 127、0.0 926,且与膜的养分渗透系数（P_s）呈线性关系$k = 377.51{P_{{s}}} $,相关系数（R²）为0.9 991。该研究提供了系列生物降解性能良好、养分释放速率可控的聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖膜材料,并成功地应用于包膜尿素颗粒的制备,更方便和有效地指导PCU的施用。     

掺玉米秸秆脲醛缩合物的制备及缓释性能研究

以尿素和甲醛为原料,玉米秸秆粉末为填料,制备出低成本脲醛缓释化肥。获得了适宜的合成工艺参数:尿素和甲醛配比为1.4∶1(m∶m),加入玉米秸秆粉末量为尿素质量的20%;加成反应温度为75~80℃,pH值为8.5~9.0,反应时间为90 min,缩合反应温度为80℃,pH值为4.5~5.0,反应时间为30~45 min。以水溶液和模拟土壤法对合成得到的脲醛缩合物进行了尿素缓释性能测定,结果表明,在优化条件下合成得到的缓释化肥,其7 d水中溶出率低于25%,7 d土壤中溶出率低于20%。     

Assessment of Potential Nutrient Release from Phosphate Rock and Dolostone for Application in Acid Soils

Finding alternative local sources of plant nutrients is a practical, low-cost, and long-term strategy. In this study, laboratory column experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate the feasibility of using phosphate rock and dolostone as fertilizers or acid-neutralizing agents for application in tropical acid soils. The dissolution rates of different particle-size fractions(0.063–0.25, 0.25–0.5, and 0.5–2 mm) of both rocks were studied by citric acid solution at p H 4 and 2 and water, with extraction times of 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 24, 72, 144, 240, and 360 h. The results showed that the dissolution of both rocks depended on the particle size,leaching solution, and extraction time. The dissolution rate of rock-forming minerals increased as the specific surface area increased,corresponding to a decrease in particle size. In all cases, the release kinetics was characterized by two phases: 1) a first stage of rapid release that lasted 24 h and would ensure short-term nutrient release, and 2) a second stage of slow release after 24 h, representing the long-term nutrient release efficiency. Both rocks were suitable as slow-release fertilizers in strongly acid soils and would ensure the replenishment of P, Ca, and Mg. A combination of fine and medium particle-size fractions should be used to ensure high nutrient-release efficiency. Much work could remain to determine the overall impact of considerable amounts of fresh rocks in soils.     

包膜肥料氮释放特性及快速检测方法研究

该文采用“盆栽法”和“水浸泡法”测试了美国Scotts公司生产的Osmocote聚合物包膜肥料,结果表明该肥料氮释放规律符合线性关系,“盆栽法”得出的肥效期为118．1d,与肥料标示的肥效期（31℃）3～4个月基本一致;国际常用方法和水浸泡法得出的肥效期分别为86．4d和54．7d,有一定的误差。文中提出了“强化浸泡法”,即以80℃、1：20（w／w）的2％盐酸溶液浸泡肥料,并用搅拌器以150r／min的速度搅拌上层溶液。建立了“盆栽法”与“强化浸泡法”测试结果的相关性方程,给出了工业生产中在线检测并预测肥料释放特性的方法,为编制肥料施用说明提供参考。验证结果表明,该法与“盆栽法”相比,平均绝对误差为0．525%,平均相对误差为1．71%。     

包膜肥料ZP氮素释放特点及在夏玉米上的施用效果

通过田间试验研究了包膜肥料ZP氮素释放特点和在夏玉米上施用效果。结果表明:包膜肥料ZP氮素在土壤中的释放有效期可达80天左右,其释放动态大体可分为三个阶段,其中快速释放期在施入后24~42天。等氮量的不同施氮处理中,包膜肥料所占比例越高的处理玉米全生育期吸收氮素越多,产量越高,氮素的利用率也越高。全部施用包膜肥料的处理较全部供给尿素的处理氮肥利用率高出14.4%。     

松香甘油酯包膜材料对尿素缓释性的影响

该文以松香甘油酯为包膜材料,生产包膜尿素,并利用盆栽土壤试验法,研究以松香甘油酯为包膜材料的包膜尿素缓释性能。结果表明：C=5%其初溶出率均为12.9%。用LOGISTIC生长曲线模型进行模拟,得到涂层覆盖率C=5%时,其最大养分释放量为96%,养分释放期为146 d;涂层覆盖率C=8.1%时,其最大养分释放量为97%,养分释放期为194 d,这表明：控制涂层覆盖率,可控制肥料释放周期;松香甘油酯为包膜材料的选用开辟了新的途径。