几种杀虫剂防治茶假眼小绿叶蝉田间药效试验

田间药效试验结果表明,苦参碱0.6%水剂、联苯菊酯100克/升乳油、虫螨腈240克/升悬浮剂、联苯菊酯25克/升乳油对茶假眼小绿叶蝉均具有较高的防效,同时具有较好的持效性。药后7d,各药剂防效均在71.4%以上,其中虫螨腈240克/升悬浮剂防效最好,达97.8%。各药剂可作为防治假眼小绿叶蝉的良好药剂推广使用。     

昆虫生长调节剂和生物农药防治韭蛆田间药效试验

对3种昆虫生长调节剂和2种生物农药对韭蛆田间防效进行了初步评价。春季试验结果表明,10%高渗烟碱水剂1000倍液防效最好,达70.0%以上;70%灭蝇胺可湿性粉剂3000倍液和0.3%印楝素乳油1000倍液次之;而5%卡死克乳油800倍液和5%抑太保乳油1000倍液的防效较差。将春季试验药效较好的3种农药用于秋季田间试验,结果表明,10%高渗烟碱水剂1000倍液和70%灭蝇胺可湿性粉剂3000倍液防效较好,特别是10%高渗烟碱水剂的防效达到79.8%,几乎与40%辛硫磷乳油1000倍液相当。0.3%印楝素乳油1000倍液的防效较差,仅为69.2%。     

烯啶虫胺对枸杞蚜虫的室内毒力和田间防效

为明确10%烯啶虫胺水剂对枸杞蚜虫的抑制作用与防效,以70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂为对照药剂,采用浸虫法测定了药剂对枸杞蚜虫的室内毒力,并在田间进行小区药效试验。测得烯啶虫胺对枸杞蚜虫的LC_(50)为42.8382 mg/L。田间防效在药后7 d内持续上升,第1天除10%烯啶虫胺水剂50 mg/L以外的药剂处理均表现出较好的速效性,至第7天,10%烯啶虫胺水剂50 mg/L处理防效为94.18%,66.67 mg/L处理防效为95.42%,100.00 mg/L处理防效最高,为98.72%,已与70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂142.90 mg/L处理防效无显著差异。     

0．3％印楝素乳油防治茶小绿叶蝉田间药效试验

茶小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis是融水县茶叶上的主要害虫之一,已严重影响到茶叶的产量和品质.为了寻求高效、低毒、无公害、无残留药剂以控制茶小绿叶蝉的发生与为害,作者开展了本试验.0.3%印楝素是一种植物源农药,对环境无污染,对茶叶产品无残毒.通过田间药效试验,探讨0.3%印楝素EC对茶小绿叶蝉的防治效果和使用技术,为大面积防治工作提供科学依据.     

橙油5.6%水剂对联苯菊酯2.5%乳油防治茶树假眼小绿叶蝉的增效作用

为了探索植物油助剂橙油5.6%水剂对联苯菊酯2.5%乳油防治茶树假眼小绿叶蝉的增效作用,在浙江松阳县茶园进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,橙油5.6%水剂与联苯菊酯2.5%乳油混用后速效性和持效期均高于单用联苯菊酯2.5%乳油。药后1、3、7和14d,橙油5.6%水剂300倍与联苯菊酯2.5%乳油694倍(降低20%用量)混用对茶树假眼小绿叶蝉的防效分别为81.52%、90.91%、90.17%和80.35%,显著高于联苯菊酯2.5%乳油556倍的防效(分别为67.53%、75.40%、61.54%和62.89%)。橙油5.6%水剂600倍与联苯菊酯2.5%乳油556倍混用防效分别为73.15%、86.02%、82.43%和82.40%,速效性和持效性也均显著优于联苯菊酯2.5%乳油同等剂量单用的效果;对照矿物油99%乳油300倍与联苯菊酯2.5%乳油556倍混用的防效分别为70.63%、83%、74.97%、69.33%,与联苯菊酯2.5%乳油556倍单用防效相比,对速效性和持效性均无明显的增效作用。     

不同杀虫剂对烟草斜纹夜蛾的室内及田间防效

结合室内防效测定与田间防效验证,比较多种杀虫剂对烟草斜纹夜蛾的防治效果,筛选出适用的防治药剂。通过测定室内防效筛选出杀虫活性较高的药剂150 g/L茚虫威悬浮剂、200亿PIB/g斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒水分散粒剂、16 000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌、5%高氯甲维盐微乳剂、0.5%苦参碱水剂、0.3%印楝素乳油。田间验证发现,斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒、印楝素在药后7d的防效达90%以上,茚虫威、苏云金杆菌、高氯甲维盐、苦参碱的防效达80%以上。生物农药斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒、印楝素的防效与对照化学农药相当。     

印楝素防治茶小绿叶蝉试验

印楝素是从印楝种子中提取的天然物质,是一种高效、低毒、低残留的无公害植物源杀虫药剂,对多种农业害虫具有良好的驱虫效果。为综合治理茶小绿叶蝉,减少农药对环境的污染,我们于2003年9月用0.3%印楝素EC对照常规农药进行了防治茶小绿叶蝉试验。1试验方法1.1试验地点、作物试验     

风力除虫机对假眼小绿叶蝉的控制效果

吹吸式风力除虫机对假眼小绿叶蝉成虫和若虫具有显著的控制作用,风力越大,控制效果越好.当风速为30m/s(±3%±0.1)时,处理后1d校正虫12减退率达76.25%,处理后7 d校正虫口减退率为61.49%,产卵量减退率为41.38%.吹吸式风力除虫机对假眼小绿叶蝉春季和秋季高峰期的虫口数量具有显著的控制效果,但其效果显著低于0.3%印楝素EC2.0 mg/L.     

两种植物源农药防治茶假眼小绿叶蝉药效试验

试验结果表明,0.5%黎芦碱SL 500倍液药后3d、7d、14d平均防效分别为94.5%、84.2%,和36.3%;1.5%苦参碱SL 800倍液药后3d、7d、14d平均防效分别为98.3%、67.8%和35.3%。对茶假眼小绿叶蝉均具有较好的防效,但持效性短。建议用0.5%黎芦碱SL 500倍液、1.5%苦参碱SL 800倍液防治茶假眼小绿叶蝉。     

茶小绿叶蝉绿色防控试验结果初报

通过开展防治茶小绿叶蝉的田间试验,比较了5种不同处理方式对茶小绿叶蝉的总体防效。防效从高到低的处理方式依次为信息素诱虫板20片/667m~2+100亿孢子/mL球孢白僵菌油悬浮剂100 mL/667m~2信息素诱虫板20片/667m~2+0.6%苦参碱水剂1 000倍液0.6%苦参碱水剂1 000倍液100亿孢子/mL球孢白僵菌油悬浮剂100 mL667m~2信息素诱虫板20/667m~2。处理后21 d,信息素诱虫板+球孢白僵菌的集成配套技术防效仍达84.33%,略高于信息素诱虫板+苦参碱组合,极显著高于单项技术处理的防效。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.