Eastern Indian 3800-million-year-old crust and early mantle differentiation

Samarium-neodymium data for nine granitic and tonalite gneisses occurring as remnants within the Singhbhum granite batholith in eastern India define an isochron of age 3775 +/- 89 x 10(6) years with an initial (143)Nd/(144)Nd ratio of 0.50798 +/- 0.00007. This age contrasts with the rubidium-strontium age of 3200 x 10(6) years for the same suite of rocks. On the basis of the new samarium-neodynium data, field data, and petrologic data, a scheme of evolution is proposed for the Archean crust in eastern India. The isotopic data provide evidence that parts of the earth's mantle were already differentiated with respect to the chondritic samarium-neodymium ratio 3800 x l0(6) years ago.     

Sm-nd and rb-sr chronology of continental crust formation

Samarium-neodymium and rubidium-strontium isotopic systematics together with plausible assumptions regarding the geochemical evlution of continental crust material, have been used to ascertain the times at which segments of continental crust were formed. Analyses of composites from the Canadian Shield representing portions of the Superior, Slave, and Churchill structural provinces indicate that these provinces were all formed within the period 2.5 to 2.7 aeons. It has been possible to determine the mean age of sediment provenances, as studies of sedimentary rocks suggest that the samarium-neodymium isotopic system is not substantially disturbed during sedimentation or diagenesis.     

Field measurement of slow metamorphic reaction rates at temperatures of 500 degrees to 600 degrees C

High-temperature metamorphic reaction rates were measured using strontium isotopic ratios of garnet and whole rock from a field site near Simplon Pass, Switzerland. For metamorphic conditions of cooling from 612 degrees +/- 17 degrees C to 505 degrees +/- 15 degrees C at pressures up to 9.1 kilobars, the inferred bulk fluid-rock exchange rate is 1.3(-0.4)(+1.1) x 10(-7) grams of solid reacted per gram of solid per year, several orders of magnitude lower than laboratory-based estimates. The inferred reaction rate suggests that mineral chemistry may lag the evolving conditions in Earth's crust during mountain building.     

新型热管防烫筷子的快速导热性研究

为了解决高温食物不能立即食用的缺陷,基于热管技术,本文设计并制作了一种能够使高温食物快速冷却的热管防烫筷子,主要由微型热管、防滑螺纹和隔热握柄等组成.以食物冷却速度为指标,测试了使用热管防烫筷子搅拌冷却高温食物(90 ℃)的降温效果.试验结果表明,高温食物降低相同的温度,使用热管防烫筷子能够明显缩短冷却时间,相比同材质金属筷,使用热管防烫筷子冷却高温水、油菜、龙须面和方便面的速度分别提高28.8%,29.0%,28.7%和28.5%,相比竹筷,冷却速度分别提高36.7%,37.6%,35.2%和35.4%.     

Neodymium and strontium isotope evidence for crustal contamination of continental volcanics

Combined neodymium and strontium isotope studies on Tertiary volcanics from northwest Scotland indicate that their parental mantle isotopic compositions have been substantially modified in many instances by contamination with the Precambrian continental crust through which they were erupted. The occurrence of samarium-neodymium and rubidium-strontium "pseudoisochrons" of different ages in these contaminated continental volcanics indicates that they are artifacts of the contamination processes and have no temporal significance with respect to mantle fractionation events.     

生物质炭对城市污泥堆肥温室气体排放的影响

采用城市脱水污泥为研究对象,设置两种堆肥处理(试验组:添加水稻生物质炭;对照组:未添加生物质炭),考察污泥堆肥过程温室气体动态变化特征以及添加生物质炭的影响。结果表明:生物质炭能提高堆体温度、延长堆体高温期、加快堆体腐熟,减少堆体TC(总碳)、TOC(总有机碳)和氮素损失(特别是减少NH_4~+-N的损失),两种处理TC、TOC和TN(总氮)均呈显著性差异(P0.05)。CH_4排放主要集中在高温期和降温期,占CH_4总排放量的76.40%~82.40%,添加生物质炭会促进CH_4排放。CO_2排放主要集中在高温期和降温期,占排放总量的78.77%~78.83%,添加生物质炭能减少CO_2排放。超过84%的N_2O排放集中在腐熟期,添加生物质炭能减少堆肥过程中N_2O排放,试验组N_2O累积排放量比对照组低18.94%。添加生物质炭对污泥堆肥处理具有一定的温室气体减排作用,试验组与对照组CO_2排放当量(以干污泥计)分别为60.21 kg·t~(-1)和67.19 kg·t~(-1),添加生物质炭能减排温室气体10.39%。     

温度对螟黄赤眼蜂不同品系的影响

在室内不同发育温度下,对螟黄赤眼蜂3个品系在柞蚕卵上的发育历期、有效积温、寄生率、羽化出蜂率、单卵蜂数和雄蜂率进行了初步试验研究。分析比较得出,3个品系之间存在较大差异,TC品系在不同温度下均优于其它两个品系,在工厂化大量繁殖上具有应用价值。     

冷却模拟技术在注射模设计中的应用

阐述了注射模冷却模拟技术的基本原理，利用模拟软件给出了冷却时间、模具型腔与型芯的温差、冷却液的流量、雷诺数(Re)分布及温升和模壁的温度及热流等设计参数，通过实例说明了冷却模拟技术在注射模设计中的作用和意义．     

管流剪切对加剂原油低温流动性的影响

在长距离的加剂常温输送管道中,加剂原油必然经受长时间的管流剪切。研究表明,在缓慢降温过程中的管流剪切会对油样的低温流动性产生显著影响,影响程度的大小与降温速率及剪切时间密切相关,而且存在一个“最佳降温剪切率”。描述了最佳降温剪切率在加剂原油粘度变化和倾点(凝固点)变化中的体现。研究证实,油样中高碳蜡的含量对中低速剪切效应有影响,影响程度的大小与降温速率及剪切时间密切相关。     

Short-lived chemical heterogeneities in the archean mantle with implications for mantle convection

The neodymium isotope and samarium-neodymium systematics of 2.7-billion-year-old mantle-derived magmas indicate that the lifetime of chemical heterogeneities was much shorter in the Archean mantle than in the modern mantle. Isotopic evidence is compatible with a Rayleigh number 100 times larger and convection 10 times faster in the Late Archean compared with the present-day mantle. Modern plate tectonics thus may be an improbable analog for the Archean. Chemical heterogeneities in the mantle may originate upon magma migration and mineralogical phase changes rather than by recycling of oceanic and continental crust.     

低温弱光条件下砧穗互作对茄子嫁接苗抗冷性的影响

 【目的】探讨茄子砧木及接穗对嫁接苗抗冷性的贡献大小,为茄子越冬嫁接栽培合理选用品种提供参考。【方法】以抗冷性显著不同的台茄（T）和赤茄（C）互为砧穗,采用靠接法进行组合嫁接,测定低温（10 ℃/2 ℃）胁迫前后嫁接苗叶片电解质渗漏率、丙二醛（MDA）含量及主要渗透调节物质含量的变化。【结果】低温胁迫下,TC/TC、TC/C、TC/T等组合嫁接苗中台茄叶片的的电解质渗透率及MDA含量均显著高于同株的赤茄叶片,但显著低于T/T,且组合嫁接苗中台茄叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量较T/T显著升高,表明抗冷性较强的赤茄根系及叶片,均对嫁接苗台茄接穗抗冷性具有正向效应。虽然TC/C的抗冷性较强,TC/TC次之,TC/T较差,但三者均显著低于C/C,表明抗冷性较弱的台茄无论根系还是叶片,均对嫁接苗赤茄接穗抗冷性具有负向效应。【结论】由于TC/C的抗冷性显著高于TC/T,表明嫁接苗抗冷性以根系的贡献大于接穗。     

从小桐子油提取分离醇溶性二萜的工艺研究

采用甲醇萃取的方法提取分离小桐子油中醇溶性二萜和脂肪酸;在确定萃取温度和搅拌速率的基础上,探讨了液液比(甲醇/小桐子油)、搅拌时间和提取次数对二萜提取率的影响,分析了冷冻温度和时间与脂肪酸分离的关系;并建立了紫外分光光度法测定小桐子油中二萜的含量的方法。结果表明:当萃取温度30℃,搅拌速率120 r/min,搅拌时间20 min,萃取次数为4次,4次液液比(甲醇/小桐子油)依次为2.5、2.0、1.5和1.0时,萃取效率最佳。     

142Nd evidence for early (>4.53 Ga) global differentiation of the silicate Earth

New high-precision samarium-neodymium isotopic data for chondritic meteorites show that their 142Nd/144Nd ratio is 20 parts per million lower than that of most terrestrial rocks. This difference indicates that most (70 to 95%) of Earth's mantle is compositionally similar to the incompatible element-depleted source of mid-ocean ridge basalts, possibly as a result of a global differentiation 4.53 billion years ago (Ga), within 30 million years of Earth's formation. The complementary enriched reservoir has never been sampled and is probably located at the base of the mantle. These data influence models of Earth's compositional structure and require revision of the timing of global differentiation on Earth's Moon and Mars.     

Lu-Hf Isotope Systematics of Garnet Pyroxenites from Beni Bousera, Morocco: Implications for Basalt Origin

Six garnet pyroxenites from Beni Bousera, Morocco, yield a mean lutetium-hafnium age of 25 +/- 1 million years ago and show a wide range in hafnium isotope compositions (varepsilonHf = -9 to +42 25 million years ago), which exceeds that of known basalts (0 to +25). Therefore, primary melts of garnet pyroxenites cannot be the source of basalts. The upper mantle may be an aggregate of pyroxenites that were left by the melting of oceanic crust at subduction zones and peridotites that were contaminated by the percolation of melts from these pyroxenites. As a consequence, the concept of geochemical heterogeneities as passive tracers is inadequate. Measured lutetium-hafnium partitioning of natural minerals requires a reassessment of some experimental work relevant to mantle melting in the presence of garnet.     

40Cr钢磨削强化温度与冷却速度研究

以40Cr调质钢为磨削强化试验对象,进行了磨削强化温度的测量和冷却速度的确定,并对强化效果进行了分析研究。试验结果表明：预估温度与测量温度接近,可以获得所要求的磨削强化温度和冷却速度;获得了理想的强化效果,强化层平均显微硬度为HV670,厚度接近1．3mm,组织为细小的针状马氏体。     

活性污泥对四环素类抗生素的吸附特性研究

采用间歇吸附实验,研究了活性污泥对3种四环素类抗生素的吸附特性,探讨了吸附初始浓度、温度和溶液pH对吸附的影响。结果表明,当起始浓度为1～2 mg/L、pH为6、温度为25℃、污泥量为0.1 g时,盐酸四环素(TC)、盐酸土霉素(OTC)和盐酸金霉素(CTC)的吸附平衡时间分别为120、90和90 min。假二级动力学较假一级动力学能更好地模拟3种四环素类抗生素的吸附动力学,模型中TC、OTC和CTC的吸附容量qeq(mg/g)值分别为1.638、1.548和1.325,二级吸附速率常数k2[×103g/(mg.min)]值分别为65.52,66.70和67.28。等温线模拟结果表明,Freundlich方程较Langmuir方程能更好地模拟等温吸附过程,TC,OTC和CTC吸附方程分别为qeq=8.485c1/0.915,qeq=8.170c1/1.063和qeq=7.573c1/1.076。活性污泥吸附3种四环素类抗生素的最优pH和温度分别为6.0和25℃,吸附容量随初始浓度的增加而增加,但达到吸附平衡的时间延长且平衡浓度上升。研究亮点:抗生素类污染物作为一种对人类和环境有潜在危险的微污染物直到最近才被引起重视,而常规的污水处理厂也不能很好地去除这类污染物。通过活性污泥对3种四环素类抗生素进行吸附研究,为将来进一步研究抗生素在污水处理工艺中的迁移转化提供参考。     

轻石脑油降温降压储存设施的选择及比较

介绍了轻石脑油降温降压立式储罐的摧型及制冷设备的选型,并与球罐储存进行了经济技术比较,认为轻石脑油降温降压的立式储储存方式优于球罐的常温低压储存方式。     

细胞冷冻保存的最佳降温速率及其影响因素

细胞的长期保存在生物学、医学、制药等学科中具有重要意义和广泛的应用价值.细胞的低温保存对细胞产生一定的损伤作用,而其损伤机理与降温速率、细胞膜的水透过率、冷冻保护剂类型及其浓度等因素有关.文章在分析细胞冷冻保存的最佳降温速率、细胞膜水的通透性、低温保护剂及其浓度等影响因素的基础上,提出若干优化措施来防止或减轻低温损伤.     

毛白杨叶片离体再生培养的基因型效应

以5个毛白杨基因型(TC121、TC152、TC332、TC510和TC970)叶片为外植体,研究毛白杨不同基因型叶片再生能力的差异,通过单因子和正交试验设计,建立并优化毛白杨叶片再生体系.结果表明,毛白杨叶片离体再生能力受基因型的影响,基因型间的叶片再生率差异显著.其中基因型TC152再生率最高,在MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.05 mg/L + 蔗糖 30 g/L + 琼脂 6 g/L 培养基上可达到97.0%;基因型TC970在MS + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.05 mg/L + 蔗糖 30 g/L + 琼脂 6 g/L 培养基上再生率可达到94.7%;经培养基优化后,基因型TC332再生率提高至72.3%,而基因型TC510和TC121再生率仍低于50.0%.      

输油泵机组轴瓦冷却装置的研发与应用

针对大型输油泵机组轴瓦温度超高的问题,提出采用氟利昂制冷、PLC温控、超导热管等多种技术,设计研发了一种实用的氟利昂制冷降温系统。实际应用结果表明,该系统能有效冷却输油泵与电机的轴瓦高温,降低了输油泵机组的停机故障率,节省了维护成本。