从宁夏原州区的调查看退耕还林政策的不足

退耕还林政策实施5年来成效明显，但还存在一些问题。国家放缓退耕还林进度，检讨政策不足十分必要。依据在宁夏原州区各相关部门和73个农户的实地调查，提出了退耕还林政策4个方面的问题和初步改进建议。即补助标准总体较高，长期大面积补偿，国力难以支撑，还会扭曲退耕还林还草的目标；退耕补助期限过短，在补助到期之后与退耕地见效之前的过渡期太长，不利于巩固退耕还林成果；粮食补贴政策的变化不利于稳定退耕农户的生计；退耕还林地产权安排仍显僵硬，农民受益没有保障。     

固原市发展退耕还林草后续产业探讨

对固原市退耕还林草后续产业的现状及问题进行了总结,提出了发展退耕还林草后续产业的思路和措施,并根据固原实际,选择了四个产业作为固原市今后重点发展的退耕还林后续产业,为固原市区域经济发展提供借鉴和参考。     

基于土地适宜性评估退耕还林还草工程的效果——以科尔沁左翼后旗吉尔嘎朗镇为例

选取科尔沁沙地典型区域为研究对象,运用遥感数据和GIS空间信息技术,基于土地的自然适宜性,对2000─2007年研究区退耕还林还草工程实施情况做出评价,并指出今后退耕任务和需要注意的问题。研究发现:退耕还林还草工程实施以来,吉尔嘎朗镇耕地明显减少,林地、草地明显增加,草地覆盖度显著提高;从7年间实际退耕还林还草方向、数量和空间分布来看,存在许多不合理的地方,主要是还林还草选择不合理,不宜耕作的土地还有很多没有退耕,实际退耕土地只占应退耕土地的28.63%;还有8 172.00 hm2土地应当逐步实现退耕,其中以退耕还林为主,占73.29%。政策方面,建议发展地区优势产业,积极推动农村富余劳动力转移就业,一方面增加农牧民家庭收入,另一方面减小人口对土地的压力,保证生态退耕工程持续见效。     

退耕还林还草工程生态补偿主要关系构建与工程持续运行的对策研究

利用系统和综合理论相关的分析方法,分析了退耕还林还草生态补偿的主要关系和补偿与被补偿的相关内容,构建了退耕还林还草生态补偿之间的量化联系。结果认为：（1）退耕区域和下游（下风向）区域是退耕还林还草工程的直接受益者和间接受益者,国家和退耕区域居民是受损者;（2）生态补偿的关系所包含的内容共分为14项,其中被补偿8项,补偿6项,如果两者量化关系始终处于平衡状态,是退耕还林还草工程生态环境效益持续发展最理想的模式;（3）以流域作为水土保持效益的补偿与被补偿的界限,以上下风的强弱区域作为减沙效益的补偿与被补偿的界限,最后提出了几点相关建议。分析结果可对维护退耕还林还草工程的成果持续发展具有一定的意义。     

云南高原山地公路沿线植被群落调查分析--以昆-石高速公路为例

为了校正退耕还林草工程操作方面的偏差,用正确的路径保证政策目标的实现,对案例地区———宁夏原州区做了有关政府部门和典型村的农户等2个层面的调查。考察了退耕还林草实施的目标、过程、方式、进度安排,其中存在的问题及各部门的政策建议;访问农户的家庭基本情况、退耕还林草工程参与情况、农地地块退耕前后的利用和投入产出状况、家庭各业生产情况等。结果表明,原州区在实施退耕还林路径上尚存在以下4个方面的主要问题:(1)尊重农民意愿不够;(2)对工程完成后农民的生计考虑不够;(3)工程操作中的乔灌草搭配与自然地理环境不相符;(4)退耕还林工程没有科学规划,操作上的随意性较大。为此提出3条基本建议:(1)加强对退耕还林科学问题的研究,增强政策的科学性;(2)科学规划,实事求是地做好退耕还林还草工作;(3)创造公正的政策环境,让农民做出正确选择。     

退耕还林(草)政策主要成效及趋势分析--基于西北5省和内蒙古793个退耕农户的统计分析

根据退耕还林（草）县区和调查人员的分布布局,对西北5省和内蒙古793个退耕还林（草）农户进行了问卷调查,分析了退耕还林（草）政策的主要成效及趋势,总结了农户对退耕还林（草）的评价,并提出了结论和政策性建议。研究表明,退耕还林（草）工程显著地改善了研究区域的生态状况,提高了退耕农户的生态意识和生计水平;农户拥护退耕还林（草）政策,有进一步实施退耕还林（草）的意愿;农户对退耕补助依赖性较大,如果降低补助标准,农民毁林复耕的可能性较大;提高补助标准,扩大退耕还林（草）面积,提供技术支持并大力发展后续产业是当前退耕农户的普遍愿望。     

西北地区新一轮退耕还林还草规模分析

西北地区干旱少雨、水土流失严重、生态环境脆弱,退耕还林还草工程是西北地区生态环境建设的重大举措,也是全国生态环境建设的一项宏伟生态工程。通过对退耕还林还草工程实施现状、生态效应及存在问题的整合分析,探讨了西北地区新一轮退耕还林还草工程的实施规模。结果表明:(1)西北地区1999—2011年退耕还林还草面积累积751.99万hm~2,占全国同期退耕还林还草面积的36.14%;陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆、山西和内蒙中西部地区退耕还林还草的实施面积分别占西北地区同期退耕还林还草面积的27.89%,21.29%,4.62%,9.80%,10.80%,13.57%和12.03%。(2)自退耕还林工程实施以来,2002—2012年西北地区农民纯收入逐年增加,且各省(区)增加趋势一致。(3)西北地区植被覆盖在提高,植被NDVI整体呈上升趋势,但存在明显的空间差异,空间分布是从东南向西北逐渐递减,而陕北地区是黄土高原近10年植被恢复最快的区域。(4)2003—2014年黄河流域径流量和侵蚀量均低于1950—1995多年平均值,且年际间波动较大。(5)25°以上的坡耕地可退耕180.1万hm~2,占现有耕地的6.0%,15°~25°的坡耕地退耕面积可达296.5万hm2,占现有耕地面积的9.9%,并厘清了各省(区)的退耕规模,最后针对新一轮退耕政策的顺利实施,提出了4点建议。     

西北地区退耕还林还草工程中存在问题与对策

西北地区退耕还林还草工作还存在一些问题。加强退耕还林还草检查验收工作力度和退耕还林还草政策宣传力度，加速退耕工程管理信息化和后续产业建设步伐，切实落实退耕补贴政策，是顺利开展退耕还林还草工程和有效保护退耕成果的重要途径。     

基于GIS的彭阳县退耕还林(草)决策分析

以彭阳县为例,根据退耕还林(草)原则,应用GIS技术的空间分析功能,提取15°坡以上耕地、未利用土地的数据,进行与退耕还林(草)决策相关的坡度、土壤侵蚀、水系等多源数据的GIS叠加分析,确定了彭阳县退耕还林(草)的区域,将退耕还林(草)的任务落实到了具体的地块,并将退耕区域划分为急需退耕区、后续退耕区、规划退耕区三个级别,以指导退耕工作的合理有序进行。     

米脂县退耕还林(草)可持续发展研究

农户是退耕还林(草)的主体,他们的经济行为和认知响应对退耕还林(草)工程的实施具有重要的作用.基于参与性农村评估调查( participatory rural appraisal,PRA)方法,对米脂县退耕区8个行政村的325户退耕农户的退耕认知、退耕后家庭收入结构进行调查研究.研究表明,虽然农户对退耕还林工程持支持态度,但是巩固退耕还林(草)成果,保证退耕还林(草)工程的可持续发展,必须调整农业产业结构,提高农户收入.为此,需要协调好3个方面的关系:(1)劳务输出与退耕区的发展;(2)退耕区与农业产业发展;(3)农业补贴与农户增收.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析

通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究.结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田.菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍.另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%.3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题.